表油菜素内酯对冬小麦产量及氮素吸收、积累和分配的影响

为明确表油菜素内酯对高产小麦氮素吸收积累和产量的调控作用,以小麦品种石麦18为材料,设置起身期、起身期+孕穗期、孕穗期3个喷施时期为主区,0~0.15mg·L-1 4个喷施浓度为副区的裂区试验,测定小麦各器官含氮量、产量及其构成因素。结果表明,起身期或孕穗期1次喷施或起身期+孕穗期2次喷施0.05或0.1mg·L-1表油菜素内酯时,小麦穗粒数、千粒重和产量均提高。喷施以后植株含氮量和氮积累量增加,生育后期氮在茎和穗中的分配比例提高,氮的净吸收量和花后向籽粒的净转运量增加。其中,起身期喷施或起身期+孕穗期2次喷施0.1 mg·L-1表油菜素内酯的上述作用最显著,孕穗期喷施0.05mg·L-1的上述作用最显著。在所有处理中,起身期+孕穗期2次喷施0.1mg·L-1的效果最明显,其次为起身期喷施0.1mg·L-1。起身期喷施的作用高于孕穗期喷施。因此,冬小麦应用表油菜素内酯,以起身期或起身期+孕穗期2次喷施0.1mg·L-1为宜。     

Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Yield Responses of Winter Wheat to Waterlogging at Different Growth Stages

Abstract

The agronomic and physiological effects of waterlogging in winter wheat were examined at four growth stages in the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons. In both seasons, the greatest yield penalties occurred by waterlogging at the tillering stage (10%–15% decrease), followed by the jointing stage; however, waterlogging at the grain filling stage had less effect on the yield. The lower grain yield caused by waterlogging at the tillering stage was primarily reflected in reductions in spike and grain numbers per m². Waterlogging at the jointing and booting stages reduced grain weight through reduced dry matter translocation. In addition, waterlogging at the tillering stage significantly reduced chlorophyll content and thus photosynthetic capacity, resulting in a lower F_v /F_m ratio, apparent electron transport rate (ETR), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and photochemical quenching (qP). However, waterlogging at the grain filling stage improved the leaf photosynthetic capacity and grain yield. We found that the tillering stage was most the susceptible to waterlogging in wheat; therefore, the maintenance of photosynthetic performance after anthesis could be a reasonable strategy for increasing grain yield.     

滴灌春小麦群体质量与产量的关系

为探讨滴灌春小麦的高产机理,以新春6号为材料,分析了不同水肥条件下滴灌春小麦群体质量及其与产量的关系。结果表明,滴灌春小麦的茎蘖成穗率、粒叶比及花后干物质对产量的贡献率与产量均呈极显著正相关,孕穗期LAI与产量呈二次抛物线的关系;在拔节期滴灌春小麦的群体茎蘖数量为775.2×104·hm-2、茎蘖成穗率为88.7%、孕穗期和籽粒形成期的LAI分别为7.83和6.22、粒数叶比和粒重叶比分别为4 314.4粒·m-2和224.3g·m-2、花后干物质积累量为7 001.95kg·hm-2、花后干物质贡献率为79.14%时,产量最高(10 967.4kg·hm-2)。说明通过提高茎蘖成穗率,保持适宜孕穗期群体叶面积和提高粒叶比,促进花后物质生产和贮存物运转,协调源库关系,可以实现滴灌春小麦高产。     

Characteristics of canopy structure and contributions of non-leaf organs to yield in winter wheat under different irrigated conditions

Non-leaf green organs of wheat plants may have significant photosynthetic potential and contribute to grain yield when the plants are subjected to stress at late growth stages. Canopy structure, change of green non-leaf organ area (e.g., ear, peduncle, sheath), the proportion of green non-leaf organs area to total green area and the contribution proportion from different organs’ photosynthate to grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied at Wuqiao Experiment Station of China Agricultural University, Hebei, China, in 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 using two winter wheat cultivars, Shijiazhuang8 (SJZ-8) and Lumai21 (LM-21). Four irrigation treatments used were W0 (no water applied during spring), W1 (750 m³ ha⁻¹ water applied at elongation), W2 (1500 m³ ha⁻¹ applied 50% at elongation and 50% at anthesis) and W4 (3000 m³ ha⁻¹ applied 25% at upstanding, booting, anthesis and grain filling), respectively. Results showed that the area of top three leaf blades decreased and the proportion of green non-leaf organ area to the total green area at anthesis increased with the decreasing of water supply. Root weight increased in the 0-100 cm soil layer and decreased in the 100-200 cm layer when water supply increased, suggesting reducing irrigation enhanced root weight in deep soil layer. The photosynthetic contribution of non-leaf organs above flag leaf node to grain yield increased with decreasing water supply, and was significantly higher than that of the flag leaf blade contribution. Winter wheat grain yield increased, but water use efficiency (WUE) decreased, with increase in water supply. Higher light transmission ratio in the canopy after anthesis was achieved with smaller size and high quality top leaf blades, higher grain-leaf ratio and larger proportion of green non-leaf area, which lead to higher canopy photosynthetic rate and WUE after anthesis. Irrigation of 1500 m³ ha⁻¹ applied in two parts, 750 m³ ha⁻¹ applied at elongation and another 750 m³ ha⁻¹ applied at anthesis, was the best irrigation scheme for efficient water use and for high yield in winter wheat.     

Economic injury levels for southern green stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in R7 growth stage soybeans

Stink bugs, primarily southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), are a major pest complex of soybeans (Glycine max) throughout the southern United States. Densities sometimes peak during late R6 and R7 soybean growth stages when soybeans are approaching physiology maturity and the rate of injury from stink bugs is reduced. Field cage trials were conducted from 2005 to 2008 to examine the type and extent of soybean damage caused by southern green stink bugs during the R7 growth stage. The yield response was variable, but overall was not significant. The impact of southern green stink bugs on quality was more consistent. Test weight decreased, and heat damage and total damage increased as stink bug density increased. Based on these data, three economic injury models were developed using different assumptions. The model that assumes no yield loss, does not predict economic injury within the range of stink bug densities tested. However, if the statistically non-significant yield losses are accepted as real, then the models suggest that the southern green stink bug economic injury level and action threshold for soybeans during R7 stage is generally between nine and 15 stink bugs per row m.     

灌溉模式对不同密度小麦群体质量和产量的影响

为明确灌溉模式对不同密度小麦群体的调控效应,在大田条件下设置了不灌水（W0）、灌1水（W1j,拔节期灌水;W1b,孕穗期灌水）、灌2水（W2,拔节期和孕穗期灌水）、灌3水（W3,拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期灌水）5种灌溉模式和基本苗180万.hm-2（D1）、300万.hm-2（D2）、450万.hm-2（D3）3种密度的二因素试验,研究了灌溉模式对不同密度小麦群体质量指标和产量的影响。结果表明,在灌溉拔节水的基础上增加灌溉显著提高了群体总茎数、叶面积指数和成穗率,三个指标基本上均表现为W3〉W2〉W1j〉W1b〉W0。花后干物质积累量高低表现为W2〉W1j〉W1b〉W3〉W0。产量则随着灌溉次数的增多呈低-高-低的变化趋势,表现为W2〉W3〉W1b〉W1j〉W0。密度从D1增加到D3,总茎数、叶面积指数和干物质积累量显著增加,籽粒产量则呈低-高-低的变化趋势。因此在春季降雨较少的条件下,灌溉模式W2即灌拔节水和孕穗水,就可以满足小麦正常生长发育、群体合理构建和高产的需要,其适宜密度为300万.hm-2基本苗。     

灌水对强筋小麦籽粒产量及营养品质的影响

为明确水地强筋冬小麦高产、优质、高效的灌溉技术,试验设3个灌水时期8个灌溉处理［越冬期灌1水（W₁）,拔节期灌1水（W₂）,孕穗期灌1水（W₃）,越冬期和拔节期灌2水（W₁₂）,越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）,拔节期和孕穗期灌2水（W₂₃）,越冬期、拔节期和孕穗期灌3水（W₁₂3）,全生育期不灌水处理（CK）］,于小麦成熟期测定籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量和淀粉含量。结果表明,与不灌水的CK比较,所有灌水处理的籽粒产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、蛋白质产量以及籽粒淀粉含量均显著增加,但籽粒的总蛋白及其组分含量均呈不同程度降低（W₁处理除外）。越冬期灌水对有效穗数、籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量、淀粉含量的提升作用较大;拔节期灌水对穗粒数的提升作用较大,但对淀粉含量的提升作用较小,对总蛋白及其组分含量的降低作用较大;孕穗期灌水对千粒重的提升作用较大,对蛋白质产量的提升作用较小。随着灌水次数增加,小麦籽粒产量显著提高,淀粉含量先显著提高后基本不变,而籽粒总蛋白及其组分含量降低。W₁₂3处理籽粒产量最高,其次是W₁₃处理;W₁处理籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量最高,其次是W₁₂及W₁₃处理;W₂₃处理淀粉含量最高,其次是W₁₂或W₁₃处理。综合各项指标,最好的灌水组合是越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）。     

The contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain filling in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain filling in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is not well known. The main objective of this work was to evaluate this contribution through three different experimental approaches: (1) ear photosynthesis was reduced by removing awns or shading the ears (in combination with a defoliation treatment), (2) grain weight per ear was compared in an ‘all shaded’ crop versus plants where only the vegetative parts were shaded (‘ear emerging’), and (3) ear photosynthesis was reduced with DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), a specific inhibitor of photosystem II.     

Impact of different crop rotations and tillage systems on weed infestation and productivity of bread wheat

Crop rotation and tillage systems have important implications for weed infestation and crop productivity. In this study, five tillage systems viz. zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT), deep tillage (DT), bed sowing (60/30 cm with four rows; BS₁) and bed sowing (90/45 cm with six rows; BS₂) were evaluated in five different crop rotations viz. fallow-wheat (FW), rice-wheat (RW), cotton-wheat (CW), mungbean-wheat (MW) and sorghum-wheat (SW) for their effect on weed infestation and productivity of bread wheat. Interaction between different tillage practices and cropping systems had significant effect on density and dry biomass of total, broadleaved and grass weeds, agronomic and yield-related traits, and grain yield of bread wheat. The un-disturbed soils (ZT) under fallow-wheat or mungbean-wheat rotations favoured the weed prevalence (a total weed dry biomass of 72.4–109.6 and 105.6–112.1 g m⁻² in first and second year, respectively). Contrary to this, the disturbed soils (CT, DT, BS₁ and BS₂) had less weed infestation with either of the rotations (a total weed biomass of 0.4–7.1 and 1.1–5.4 g m⁻² in first and second year, respectively). Sorghum-wheat rotation had strong suppressive effect on weed infestation in all tillage systems. The impact of crop rotation was more visible during second year of experimentation. Bed sown wheat (BS₁ and BS₂) in mungbean-wheat rotation had the highest wheat grain yield (6.30–6.47 t ha⁻¹) compared to other tillage systems in different crop rotation combinations.     

渍害胁迫时期和持续时间对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

为研究渍害胁迫时期和持续时间对小麦产量及其构成因素的定量化影响,以扬麦13号为供试品种,在拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期,开展不同渍害胁迫持续时间（0、5、10和15 d）的盆栽试验,观测不同渍害胁迫处理下小麦产量及其构成因素的变化。结果表明,不同生育时期发生渍害胁迫均可导致小麦减产,且随渍害胁迫时间的延长,小麦产量下降均达到显著水平（P<0.05）。渍害胁迫造成的减产呈现为孕穗期>拔节期>灌浆期,渍害胁迫每增加1天,孕穗期、拔节期和灌浆期小麦单株产量分别下降0.79、0.59和0.48 g,表明孕穗期是小麦渍害胁迫的敏感期。此外,不同生育时期渍害胁迫对小麦产量构成的影响存在明显差异。拔节期渍害胁迫同时降低小麦株穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,但主要通过降低小麦穗粒数造成产量下降;灌浆期渍害胁迫对小麦株穗数和穗粒数的影响较小,主要通过降低千粒重造成小麦产量下降;孕穗期处于小麦从营养生长转为生殖生长阶段,此时发生渍害胁迫,对小麦株穗数和穗粒数的影响大于灌浆期,对千粒重的影响大于拔节期,因此,孕穗期渍害胁迫造成小麦减产最严重。为预防渍害胁迫造成小麦严重减产,应在孕穗期前后密切关注天气状况,在田间及时开沟排水。     

Plant age effect of rice cultivar IR46 on susceptibility to the yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Plant damage and grain yield losses of rice cultivar IR46 under field conditions were highest when attacked by yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) larvae in the tillering and flowering stages and lowest when plants were at the panicle initiation stage of growth. A screenhouse tests indicated that S. incertulas development was most rapid on the tillering and flowering stages and lowest on the panicle initiation stage. An action threshold of one egg mass per m² is suggested.     

Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage to Seedling Corn and Impact on Grain Yield

Brown stink bugs, Euschistus servus, are an important early-season pest of field corn in the southeastern United States. Feeding in the early stages of corn development can lead to a number of growth deformities and deficiencies and, ultimately, a reduction in yield. An observational and two experimentally manipulated trials were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to 1) determine optimal timing for assessing brown stink bug damage, 2) assess the level of damage from which yield compensation can occur, and 3) examine the relationship between brown stink bug density and early-season damage and yield. Fields were identified with infestations of brown stink bugs and a damage rating system for early stages of corn was established. Varying rates of brown stink bug densities were introduced using field cages and damage was assessed throughout the season. The density and duration of stink bug infestations were critical factors for damage potential, with each day of active feeding per plant resulting in a loss of ~14 kg/ha in yield. The level of damage in early stages of corn was categorized into easily identifiable groups, with only the most severe damage leading to a reduction in yield. Moderate and minimal feeding damage did not result in yield loss. This study emphasizes the need for early and frequent scouting of corn to determine the risk of damage and yield loss from brown stink bugs. Results from this study can be used to help develop management programs for brown stink bugs in the early vegetative stages of field corn.     

Growing maize in clumps as a strategy for marginal climatic conditions

Under dryland conditions of the Texas High Plains, maize (Zea mays) production is limited by sparse and erratic precipitation that results in severe water stress particularly during grain formation. When plant populations are reduced to 2.0–3.0 plants m⁻² to conserve soil water for use during grain filling, tillers often form during the vegetative growth and negate the expected economic benefit. We hypothesized that growing maize in clumps spaced 1.0 m apart would reduce tiller formation, increase mutual shading among the plants, and conserve soil water for grain filling that would result in higher grain yield. Studies were conducted during 2006 and 2007 at Bushland, TX. with two planting geometries (clump vs. equidistant), two irrigation methods (low-energy precision applicator, LEPA, and low-elevation spray applicator, LESA) at three irrigation levels (dryland, 75 mm and 125 mm in 2006; and dryland, 50 mm and 100 mm in 2007). For dryland plots in 2007, clump plants had only 0.17 tillers (0.66 tillers m⁻²) compared with 1.56 tillers per plant (6.08 tillers m⁻²) for equidistant spacing. Tillers accounted for 10% of the stover for the equidistant plants, but less than 3% of the grain. Clump planting produced significantly greater grain yields (321 g m⁻² vs. 225 g m⁻² and 454 g m⁻² vs. 292 g m⁻² during 2006 and 2007, respectively) and Harvest Indexes (0.54 vs. 0.49 and 0.52 vs. 0.39 during 2006 and 2007, respectively) compared with equidistant plants in dryland conditions. Water use efficiency (WUE) measurements in 2007 indicated that clumps had a lower evapotranspiration (ET) threshold for initiating grain production, but the production function slopes were 2.5 kg m⁻³ for equidistant treatments compared to 2.0 kg m⁻³ for clump treatments. There was no yield difference for method of irrigation on water use efficiency. Our results suggest that growing maize in clumps compared with equidistant spacing reduced the number of tillers, early vegetative growth, and Leaf Area Index (LAI) so that more soil water was available during the grain filling stage. This may be a useful strategy for growing maize with low plant populations in dryland areas where severe water stress is common.     

Effect of lowering the root/shoot ratio by pruning roots on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat

A pot and a field experiment were conducted to assess the effects of root/shoot ratio (R/S) on the water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield of winter wheat. The R/S was regulated by pruning the roots during the stem elongation stage, resulting in reduced root systems of the plants. At the heading stage, the root dry weight of root-pruned plants was less than that of intact-root plants, but their R/S was similar to that of intact-root plants under both experimental conditions. After tiller pruning, the R/S of root-pruned plants was significantly lower than that of intact-root plants (p < 0.05). Root pruning reduced the rate of leaf transpiration and lowered the number of tillers per plant (p < 0.05) during the vegetative stage. As a result, root-pruned wheat showed reduced water use when compared to intact-root plants before heading (p < 0.05). At anthesis, there was no significant difference in transpiration between plants with intact roots and those with pruned roots in the pots. However, under field conditions, transpiration of root-pruned plants was significantly higher than that of intact-root plants at anthesis. Additionally, at anthesis root-pruned plants had a higher rate of leaf photosynthesis and lower rate of root respiration, which resulted in a significantly higher grain yield at maturity when compared to plants with intact roots. Under both experimental conditions, there were no significant differences in shoot dry weight per plant between root-pruned and intact-root plants grown in monoculture. When root-pruned plants were grown with intact-root plants, the root-pruned wheat was less productive and had a lower relative shoot dry weight (0.78 and 0.86, respectively) than the intact-root plants (1.24 and 1.16, respectively). These results suggest that plants with pruned roots had a lower ability to compete and to acquire and use the same resources in the mixture when compared with intact-root plants. Root pruning improved the WUE of winter wheat under both experimental conditions. This suggests that appropriate management for the root system/tillers in wheat crops can be used to increase grain yield and water use efficiency. Specifically, lowering the R/S improved the grain yield and WUE of winter wheat significantly by lowering its competitive ability and improving root efficiency. Therefore, drought-resistance breeding to improve the grain yield and WUE, at least for wheat, should be made by targeted selection of less competitive progeny with a small R/S for cultivation in arid and semiarid areas.     

氮水运筹对苏北平原稻茬麦干物质积累、产量和氮肥利用的影响

为明确苏北平原稻茬麦的最优氮水运筹模式,以淮麦30为材料,在大田测土施肥条件下,设置0 kg·hm^-2（N₀）、180 kg·hm^-2（N₁）、270 kg·hm^-2（N₂）3个施氮量和生育期不灌水（W₀）、灌拔节水（W₁）、灌拔节水+孕穗水（W₂）3个灌水处理,研究小麦干物质积累与转运、产量形成和氮素吸收与利用对不同氮水运筹的响应。结果表明,小麦干物质积累量、转运量和转运效率,氮素积累量、转运量和转运效率,花后干物质贡献率及氮素贡献率均随施氮量和灌水次数的增加而增加,各处理均以N₂W₂效果最佳。氮肥和灌水次数的增加对小麦成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量、氮素收获指数与氮素利用效率均有显著促进作用,以N₂W₂效果最佳。氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力则随施氮量增加而降低,以N₁W₂效果最佳;在相同氮肥水平下,灌水处理的上述三个指标较不灌水处理高。对本试验条件下各测定指标,氮肥在氮水运筹中起主导作用,且氮肥和灌水有显著的互作效应。综上,在苏北平原稻茬麦区,施氮量180 kg·hm^-2结合浇灌拔节水和孕穗水（W₂）的氮水模式可在协调小麦干物质和氮素的积累、转运与分配、促进增产的同时,提高氮肥利用效率,从而实现节氮增产的目标。     

Effect of free-air CO2 enrichment on the storage of carbohydrate fixed at different stages in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Increasing global atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are expected to influence crop production. To investigate the effect on rice (Oryza sativa L.), plants were grown under ambient CO₂ (AMB) or free-air CO₂-enrichment (FACE) at CO₂ concentrations ranged from 275 to 365 μmol mol⁻¹ above AMB. We supplied ¹³CO₂ to the plants at different growth stages so we could examine the contribution of carbohydrate stored during the vegetative stage or newly fixed carbohydrate produced during the grain-filling stage to ear weight at grain maturity. In plants supplied with ¹³C at the panicle-initiation or pre-heading stages, plants grown under FACE had more starch in the stems at heading, but there was no difference in stem ¹³C content. Furthermore, there were no differences between treatments in whole-plant ¹³C contents at heading and grain maturity. In contrast, plants supplied with ¹³C at the grain-filling stage had more ¹³C in the whole plant and the ears at grain maturity under FACE than under AMB, indicating that the increased amount of photosynthate produced at the grain-filling stage under CO₂ enrichment might be effectively stored in the grains. Furthermore, regardless of when the ¹³C was supplied, plants had more ¹³C in starch in the ears at grain maturity under FACE than under AMB. Therefore, CO₂ enrichment appears to promote partitioning of photosynthate produced during both vegetative and grain-filling stages to the grains.     

Pest-damage relationships for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on vegetative soybean

The response of vegetative soybean (Glycine max) to Helicoverpa armigera feeding was studied in irrigated field cages over three years in eastern Australia to determine the relationship between larval density and yield loss, and to develop economic injury levels. Rather than using artificial defoliation techniques, plants were infested with either eggs or larvae of H. armigera, and larvae allowed to feed until death or pupation. Larvae were counted and sized regularly and infestation intensity was calculated in Helicoverpa injury equivalent (HIE) units, where 1 HIE was the consumption of one larva from the start of the infestation period to pupation. In the two experiments where yield loss occurred, the upper threshold for zero yield loss was 7.51 ± 0.21 HIEs and 6.43 ± 1.08 HIEs respectively. In the third experiment, infestation intensity was lower and no loss of seed yield was detected up to 7.0 HIEs. The rate of yield loss/HIE beyond the zero yield loss threshold varied between Experiments 1 and 2 (−9.44 ± 0.80 g and −23.17 ± 3.18 g, respectively). H. armigera infestation also affected plant height and various yield components (including pod and seed numbers and seeds/pod) but did not affect seed size in any experiment. Leaf area loss of plants averaged 841 and 1025 cm²/larva in the two experiments compared to 214 and 302 cm²/larva for cohort larvae feeding on detached leaves at the same time, making clear that artificial defoliation techniques are unsuitable for determining H. armigera economic injury levels on vegetative soybean. Analysis of canopy leaf area and pod profiles indicated that leaf and pod loss occurred from the top of the plant downwards. However, there was an increase in pod numbers closer to the ground at higher pest densities as the plant attempted to compensate for damage. Defoliation at the damage threshold was 18.6 and 28.0% in Experiments 1 and 2, indicating that yield loss from H. armigera feeding occurred at much lower levels of defoliation than previously indicated by artificial defoliation studies. Based on these results, the economic injury level for H. armigera on vegetative soybean is approximately 7.3 HIEs/row-metre in 91 cm rows or 8.0 HIEs/m².     

Analysis of yield-attributing traits for high-yielding wheat lines in southwestern Japan

Development of wheat cultivars that achieve high yields despite the short growing season is essential for increasing wheat production in southwestern Japan. The objectives of this study were to assess the genetic progress in grain yield and to clarify yield-attributing traits of high-yielding wheat lines in southwestern Japan. We conducted field experiments for two growing seasons (2012–2013 and 2013–2014) using three commercial wheat cultivars (Shiroganekomugi, Chikugoizumi, and Iwainodaichi) and four high-yielding wheat lines including Hakei W1380 developed in southwestern Japan. In an ancillary field experiment, we compared a commercial cultivar, Shiroganekomugi, and a high-yielding line, Hakei W1380, in the 2014–2015 season. Across the two seasons, grain yield of high-yielding lines was generally higher than commercial cultivars. Hakei W1380 achieved the highest grain yield across the two seasons, and successfully produced more than 900 g m^?2 in the 2013–2014 season. Correlation analysis showed that recent yield progress of wheat lines in southwestern Japan was derived from enhanced biomass production and grain number m^?2. Larger numbers of grains m^?2 in high-yielding lines than in commercial cultivars were associated with higher crop growth rate at the pre-anthesis stage, and therefore higher spike dry weight m^?2 at anthesis. Genotypic differences in crop growth rate from jointing to anthesis resulted mainly from differences in leaf area index. These results indicate that further improvements in grain yield in southwestern Japan could be achieved by increasing the amount of radiation intercepted at the pre-anthesis stage and grain number m^?2.     

播期和播量对滴灌冬小麦群体性状及产量的影响

为了给滴灌冬小麦种植选择适宜的播期和播量组合, 以两个冬小麦品种新冬22号和新冬27号为材料,设置2个播期（9月27日和10月7日）和3个播量（150、225和300 kg·hm^-2）,通过大田裂区试验研究了播期和播量对滴灌冬小麦的群体性状、产量以及产量构成的影响。结果表明,冬前总茎数、返青后总茎数、成熟期收获穗数和主茎穗比重均随播量的增大而增加,且不同播量间差异显著;播期推迟,出苗数、冬前总茎数和返青后总茎数均降低。各处理均在孕穗期叶面积指数达到最大,且孕穗后10月7日播种的冬小麦叶面积指数下降比较慢。适当晚播有利于花后同化物和花前贮藏同化物在花后向籽粒的转运。播期和播量对滴灌冬小麦产量及其构成影响显著性,在10月7日播种、播种量为225 kg·hm^-2处理下产量达到最高。     

杂交早稻不同生育期对叶面损伤的反应：稻纵卷时螟危害的田间模拟试验

A field trial was conducted under natural ecological conditions and regular management to evaluate the effect of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, damage on the yield of early-season hybrid rice (Shanyou 402) by artificial defoliation. Foliar area of plants were cut off at the rate of 5%-30% at early tillering, peak tillering, elongation, booting, and milky stage, respectively, with each treatment including four 1 m² replications. The average yields from the plots defoliated at peak tillering were significantly higher than that of the control whereas the yields from the plots defoliated at the milky stage were lower than that of the control. Thus, the hybrid plants were apparently tolerant to foliar injury at tillering. This indicates that the current control thresholds recommended for the leaffolder should be reevaluated and that no spray one month after transplanting should be an acceptable practice for the strategy of the leaffolder control.