大豆对豆卷叶螟Lamprosema indicata (Fabricius)抗性的遗传分析

豆卷叶螟是我国南方大豆的主要食叶性害虫之一, 危害严重。本文在观察豆卷叶螟田间发生情况及其在大豆上特殊的卷叶危害特征基础上, 以虫包数、卷叶率、子粒产量为抗性(危害)指标, 应用3个抗感杂交组合[科丰1号×南农1138-2(NJRIKY)、皖82-178×通山薄皮黄豆甲(NJRIWT)和苏88-M21×新沂小黑豆(NJRISX)]衍生的重组自交系群体, 在田间自然虫源条件下于2004—2006年对大豆抗豆卷叶螟的植株反应进行了抗性鉴定。各类指标在各群体均表现有相当大的遗传变异和遗传率, 其中卷叶率指标比其他2类指标遗传变异和遗传率相对较大, 年度间更稳定且与产量的负相关更明显, 因而提出9月上旬卷叶率为鉴定大豆对豆卷叶螟抗性的最佳指标。对NJRIKY、NJRIWT和NJRISX 3个群体抗性遗传分离分析的结果一致表明, 大豆对豆卷叶螟抗性符合2对主基因+多基因的混合遗传模型, 主基因遗传率分别为51.0%、80.5%和56.3%, 多基因遗传率分别为39.1%、11.4%和29.1%。2对主基因的作用方式表现组合间有差异。在此基础上对群体各家系的主基因基因型作了归类, 可供家系抗性选择参考。     

大豆对胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) 1号和4号生理小种抗性的遗传分析

大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)是我国大豆的全国性主要病害之一。1号和4号生理小种是黄淮地区的优势小种。以Essex×ZDD2315、Peking×ZDD2315、PI88788×ZDD2226、Peking×ZDD2226的P₁、P₂、F₁、BC₁F₂为材料,用主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型分析大豆对胞囊线虫1号和4号生理小种抗性的遗传机制。结果表明,ZDD2315、ZDD2226对1号生理小种的抗性受主效基因控制,未发现多基因效应,且与Peking存在相同的抗病基因;抗性遗传表现组合特异性,Essex×ZDD2315组合为3对加性主基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率72.02%,PI88788×ZDD2226组合为2对显性上位主基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率62.33%。对4号生理小种的抗性为主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型,Essex×ZDD2315、Peking×ZDD2315、PI88788×ZDD2226等3个组合为3对主基因+多基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率分别为67.76%、72.46%和53.25%,多基因遗传率分别为24.48%、21.31%和35.77%;Peking×ZDD2226表现为2对主基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率45.40%。抗性基因表现为隐性,育种上可以在早代选择。培育多抗品种应以抗4号生理小种为主要目标进行基因聚合。     

小麦品种太空6号对Heterodera avenae郑州群体的抗性遗传分析

通过多年接虫和田间病圃抗性鉴定,发现普通小麦品种太空6号对燕麦孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)郑州群体具有较好的抗性。以抗病品种太空6号为父本、感病品种豫麦47为母本配置杂交组合构建遗传分离群体,通过田间病圃鉴定和室内接虫鉴定对太空6号进行了抗性遗传分析,发现豫麦47×太空6号杂种F₂代单株孢囊量为连续分布,具有数量性状特征;F₂代群体单株孢囊量分布图呈偏态分布,说明存在明显的主效基因。应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型单个分离世代分析方法,分析豫麦47×太空6号杂种F₂代群体在室内接种二龄幼虫和田间病圃中对H. avenae郑州群体的抗性遗传效应均符合B-2模型,推测太空6号对H. avenae的抗性由2对主基因+多基因控制,主基因表现为加性-显性效应,在室内人工接种和田间病圃鉴定条件下主基因的遗传率分别为73.54%和86.90%,说明太空6号对燕麦孢囊线虫郑州群体的抗性是主效基因起主要作用。     

大豆抗斜纹夜蛾幼虫的遗传研究

网室人工接虫条件下, 大豆对斜纹夜蛾幼虫抗性的遗传, 在高感×高抗组合中, 表现出主基因+多基因控制的遗传模式, 都存在一对主基因, 抗性为部分显性; 而在高感×抗组合中, 则表现为多基因控制的遗传模式。 有主基因的组合中, 主基因遗传率较高, 一般在50%～70%, 多基因遗传率相对较低, 只有10%～30%, 抗虫性的遗     

大豆抗筛豆龟蝽Megacota cribraria(Fabricius)的QTL分析

筛豆龟蝽是我国南方大豆的主要害虫之一,本研究旨在定位筛豆龟蝽抗性QTL,分析其稳定性,为大豆抗筛豆龟蝽育种提供参考.以科丰1号×南农1138-2组合衍生的含184个重组自交系的群体NJRIKY(简称KY)和皖82-178x通山薄皮黄豆甲组合衍生的含142个重组自交系的群体NJRIWT(简称WT)为材料,2004--2006在田间自然虫源下鉴定了筛豆龟蝽抗性.不同年份内以黑霉程度为指标的方差分析结果表明家系间差异在每年都达极显著水平,遗传变异系数都相当大,遗传率中等偏高.利用Windows QTL Cartographer Version 2.5的复合区间作图法(CIM),KY群体的抗性QTL主要位于D1a和C2连锁群,WT群体的抗性QTL主要位于H和D1b连锁群.KY群体3年均检测出的qRMC-d1a-1位于D1a连锁群,贡献率为7.6%～31.4%;2005和2006两年均检测出的qRMC-c2-1位于C2连锁群,与环境有互作,效应相对较小;抗性等位基因来自南农1138-2;qRMC-dla-1和qRMC-h-1在2005年和2006年存在显著的互作.WT群体连锁群H上的qRMC-h-1在3年中都被检测到,贡献率为16.3%～36.2%;D1b连锁群上的qRMC-dlb-2在2004年和2005年被检测到,效应相对较小;抗性等位基因来自通山薄皮黄豆甲.虽然WT群体Dlb和H连锁群上的这2个QTL在KY群体中也有一年被检测到,但2个群体抗性位点基本上是不同的.QTL在不同环境被重复检出,说明大豆对筛豆龟蝽的抗性由稳定的主效QTL所控制,其2侧邻近标记有希望用于标记辅助选择育种.     

大豆苗期耐淹性的遗传与QTL分析

洪涝灾害是大豆生产的主要逆境之一,培育耐涝品种是抗灾保收的重要措施。大豆耐涝性育种方案的设计必须以耐涝性遗传为前提。以苏88-M21(淹水不敏感)×新沂小黑豆(淹水敏感)衍生的175个重组自交系(NJRISX)为材料,在盆栽V2期土壤表层保持5~7 cm水层20 d的淹水条件下,研究大豆苗期耐淹性的遗传和QTL定位。通过对8个耐淹性有关性状的相关分析和主成份分析,确定以处理前后株高变化量、处理终叶龄和成熟期株高3个性状的平均耐淹指数为评价指标。NJRISX家系间耐淹性差异极显著,存在超亲分离。主基因+多基因分离分析表明该群体的耐淹性为2对连锁主基因+多基因遗传,主基因遗传率为62.83%,多基因的遗传率为8.90%。WinQTLCart2.5复合区间及多区间QTL定位分析均检测到2个QTL,位于连锁群L2上的satt229~satt527和satt527~satt286区间,对表型的解释率分别为11.76%~25.20%和10.10%~12.34%。大豆NJRISX群体苗期耐淹性遗传分离分析与QTL定位结果相对一致。     

大豆抗食叶性害虫育种的鉴定方法与标准

经田间大豆食叶性害虫普查及种群结构调查和６７２４份大豆资源对食叶性害虫抗性鉴定，提出在南京生态条件下可利用自然源在８月１０日至９月２０日，尤其８月２０日至９月１０日，进行大豆抗食叶在虫鉴定；提出与上应的以叶片损失率为指标的田间抗性指数目测标准；并在此基础上，提出以变异系数为权得以用加权平均数综合多次观察值进行抗虫性分级的方法。从供试的６７２４份材料中遴选出用地抗豆卷叶螟专项鉴定和抗豆卷叶螟、大造桥     

大豆对SMV抗侵染与抗扩展的遗传分析

大豆花叶病毒（SMV）抗性研究最早着重于系统病症,后来发现感病材料还存在发病程度上的遗传差异,抗侵染与抗扩展并不相同,从而鉴别出一批具不同类型抗性的抗源。本研究利用抗侵染和抗扩展品种（系）配置10个不同类型杂交组合,在分别接种Sa或SC8株系条件下,研究两类抗性的遗传模式。结果表明,大豆对大豆花叶病毒抗侵染和抗扩展分属不同遗传体系,抗侵染由一对主基因控制,抗病对感病表现为显性;抗扩展由一对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制,F₂代主基因和多基因遗传率分别为23.91%~74.97% 和18.43%~37.04%,F_2∶3代主基因和多基因遗传率分别为49.46%~82.42% 和17.42%~39.93%,抗性大小依亲本而异。两类抗性都有育种价值。因中抗×高感组合的遗传率明显低于高感×高抗组合,抗扩展育种应尽量选择抗性强的品种作亲本。     

中植棉2号抗黄萎病的主基因+多基因遗传特性分析

以感病品种861为父本、抗病品种中植棉2号为母本配制杂交组合,构建6个世代群体(P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和F_2),并在田间病圃进行抗病性鉴定,利用主基因￣多基因混合遗传模型的多世代联合分析法研究陆地棉抗黄萎病遗传特性。结果表明,中植棉2号抗性遗传符合E-1遗传模型,即2对加性￣显性￣上位性主基因+加性￣显性多基因遗传模型。2对主基因遗传以显性效应为主,且第2对主基因的显性效应比第1对主基因的显性效应大,多基因遗传以加性效应为主。B_1、B_2和F_2的主基因遗传率分别为68.24%、30.71%和82.09%,多基因遗传率分别为0、24.96%和0,环境方差占总表型方差的17.01%~44.33%。     

大豆抗筛豆龟蝽Megacota cribraria (Fabricius)的QTL分析

筛豆龟蝽是我国南方大豆的主要害虫之一,本研究旨在定位筛豆龟蝽抗性QTL,分析其稳定性,为大豆抗筛豆龟蝽育种提供参考。以科丰1号×南农1138-2组合衍生的184个重组自交系群体NJRIKY（简称KY）和皖82-178×通山薄皮黄豆甲组合衍生的142个重组自交系群体NJRIWT（简称WT）为材料,2004—2006在田间自然虫源下鉴定了筛豆龟蝽抗性。不同年份内以黑霉程度为指标的方差分析结果表明家系间差异在每年都达极显著水平,遗传变异系数都相当大,遗传率中等偏高。利用Windows QTL Cartographer Version 2.5的复合区间作图法(CIM),KY群体的抗性QTL主要位于D1a和C2连锁群,WT群体的抗性QTL主要位于H和D1b连锁群。KY群体3年均检测出的qRMC-d1a-1位于D1a连锁群,贡献率为7.6%~31.4%;2005和2006两年均检测出的qRMC-c2-1位于C2连锁群,与环境有互作,效应相对较小;抗性等位基因来自南农1138-2;qRMC-d1a-1和qRMC-h-1在2005年和2006年存在显著的互作。WT群体连锁群H上的qRMC-h-1在3年中都被检测到,贡献率为16.3%~36.2%;D1b连锁群上的qRMC-d1b-2在2004和2005年被检测到,效应相对较小;抗性等位基因来自通山薄皮黄豆甲。虽然WT群体D1b和H连锁群上的这2个QTL在KY群体中也有一年被检测到,但2个群体抗性位点基本上是不同的。QTL在不同环境被重复检出,说明大豆对筛豆龟蝽的抗性由稳定的主效QTL所控制,其2侧邻近标记有希望用于标记辅助选择育种。     

衣分不同陆地棉品种的产量及产量构成因素的遗传分析

选用衣分不同的陆地棉品种配置组合,率先将主基因-多基因联合世代分析与双列杂交试验分析相结合,分别从单个和整体基因水平上对棉花产量及产量构成因素进行了遗传研究。对2个高×低衣分组合的主基因-多基因6世代联合分析结果表明,各产量性状至少在1个组合中检测到主基因的存在,说明产量性状主基因存在的普遍性。由2个组合各产量性状的主基因、多基因遗传率比较得出,产量性状的主基因遗传率比多基因遗传率在不同组合间趋势变化相对较稳定;各性状在2个组合中的主基因、多基因遗传率分量不完全相同。衣分、铃重和籽指在2个组合中分别以主基因遗传为主和以多基因遗传为主;子棉产量和皮棉产量在2个组合中均以主基因遗传为主;衣指在组合I中以多基因遗传为主,在组合II中属于典型的多基因遗传;单株铃数在组合I中属于典型的主基因遗传,在组合II中以多基因遗传为主。双列杂交结果表明,陆地棉产量及产量构成因素都有较高的遗传主效应方差,产量性状受加性效应和显性效应共同控制,其中,衣分、衣指以加性效应为主;子棉产量、铃重和籽指以显性效应为主;皮棉产量和单株铃数以加性和显性效应为主。衣分和衣指的普通广义遗传率和普通狭义遗传率均最高,与联合世代分析两性状的总遗传率平均值结果趋势一致。相关和通径分析一致表明,产量构成因素中单株铃数对皮棉产量的贡献最大,衣分次之,铃重最小。     

Implications of selecting improved strains of soybeans for dry-matter accumulation and grain yield

Summary Three maturity groups of soybeans (Glycine max L.) were used to investigate the relationship between dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and grain yield (GY), and the prospects for selection of high seed yielding strains among the existing soybean cultivars in a tropical environment. The positive and significant association between DMA and GY (r=0.888^***) indicated that selection for high DMA could give gains in GY. However, the higher harvest index (HI=37.5%) for the low seed yielding early maturing genotypes than the more vegetatively endowed and higher seed producing late maturity group, is an indication that excessive DMA could be disadvantageous. Total seed yield per land area for the three maturity groups of soybeans showed that the genotypes with high harvest index and low seed yield could be as good as those ones with high seed and dry-matter yields with low harvest index. The high coefficient of variation which ranged between 18.1 and 59.8% and the heritability estimations which also ranged from 34.4 to 82.2% are indicative of the presence of substantial genetic diversity and there are good prospects for the improvement of the crop through selection.     

大豆籽粒大小与形状性状的QTL定位

大豆籽粒大小和粒形性状不仅与产量和外观品量紧密相关,还对机械化播种有着一定的影响。本研究采用大粒栽培品种冀豆12与小粒半野生地方品种黑豆(ZDD03651)杂交衍生的包含188个重组自交系的F_6:8和F_6:9群体为材料,对粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比和宽厚比的遗传结构进行分析,并分别以WinQTLCart 2.5、QTLNetwork 2.1和IciMapping 4.1 3种模型对以上性状的加性效应QTL,QE互作效应及上位性互作效应进行检测。6个性状的广义遗传率介于64.01%~79.57%,遗传力较高,且除粒厚外的其他性状受环境影响显著。共定位到加性效应QTL38个,单个QTL的贡献率介于2.21%~10.71%之间,分布在12条染色体的17个标记区间内,且12个染色体区段至少与两种性状相关。两种及以上模型同时检测到的QTL有24个,3种模型均能检测到的QTL共8个,分别为qSL-17-1、qSL-18-1、qSW-6-1、qST-2-1、qST-6-1、qSLT-2-2、qSWT-2-1和qSWT-20-1。检测到7对上位性互作QTL,分别涉及粒长、粒宽、长宽比、长厚比和宽厚比,互作效应贡献率介于0.78%~6.20%之间。QE互作效应贡献率均较低,介于0.0005%~0.3900%之间。以多种模型同时检测结果准确性较高,可为分子标记辅助育种工作提供可靠理论基础。     

Diallel analysis of sooty stripe resistance in sorghum

Sooty stripe [Ramulispora sorghi (Ellis and Everhart) Olive and Lefebre] is a widespread foliar disease of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in West Africa, responsible for grain yield losses up to 46%. We studied the inheritance of sooty stripe resistance in a 9 × 9 sorghum F₂-population diallel grown together with parent lines and checks in1996 under natural disease pressure at two locations in Mali. The percentage of infected leaf area was determined twice over a two-week interval during the season. At the second evaluation, the mean sooty stripe severity amounted to 13% infected leaf area at Samanko and 12% at Cinzana. The frequency distribution of the entries was approximately normal for the mean disease severity, averaged across assessment dates and locations, pointing to the involvement of multiple genes. With the data combined across the two locations, genetic differences among lines and among F₂ populations were highly significant. Genotype × location interaction variances were also significant but much smaller than the genetic variances. Broad-sense heritability estimates were 0.92 for lines and 0.94 for the F₂ populations, for the mean percentage infected leaf area across the two assessment dates. General combining ability effects (GCA) determined most of the differences among the F₂ populations. Specific combining ability effects (SCA), and the interactions of GCA or SCA with locations were also significant but less important. Line performance per se was highly correlated with GCA. Because of the high heritability and predominance of additive effects, prospects are good for the genetic improvement of resistance to sooty stripe in sorghum in Mali, using simple pedigree or recurrent selection procedures. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic variation among European maize inbreds for resistance to the European corn borer and relation to agronomic traits

The univoltine European corn borer (ECB) has become a major limiting factor for maize (Zea mays L.) production in central Europe. The objective of this study was to survey the genetic variation for ECB resistance in European elite maize germplasm. Eighteen flint and 23 dent inbreds were screened under artificial ECB infestation at two locations in 1993 and 1994. Resistance was assessed by damage rating of broken plants, measurement of tunnel length in dissected stalks, and yield reduction in infested plots relative to insecticide-protected control plots. Flint lines showed significantly greater means for damage rating than dent lines with grain yield reduction of 35% and 24%, respectively. Significant genotypic variances among lines and high heritabilities were found for agronomic traits and damage rating. Heritabilities were intermediate for tunnel length and relative grain yield. Significant associations of days to silking, ear dry matter content, and dry matter yield of the whole plant with damage rating and tunnel length suggested a better resistance in late-maturing, high-yielding inbreds. Genotypic correlations of relative grain yield with tunnel length and damage rating ranged between ?0.46 and ?0.72. Partial correlations, eliminating the effect of flowering time, confirmed these associations. Damage rating of stalks is the most suitable trait for evaluation of ECB damage owing to its high heritability and easy recording. Tunnel length below the primary ear is a useful trait for assessing antibiosis because it is not correlated with days to silking. Inbreds with extreme resistance and susceptibility were identified which can be used as parents for establishing breeding and QTL mapping populations.     

Components of Seed and Straw Yield in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

178 common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) strains were tested for 2 years under dryland conditions in Bursa, Turkey. Broad-sense heritability of the traits was calculated for each trait. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients between seed and straw yield, with several morphological and reproductive traits, were obtained. Broad-sense heritability estimates were high for 1000-seed weight and number of seeds per pod. Heritability values for both seed and straw yield were small and insignificant. Harvest index, 1000-seed weight and spring vigour showed significant positive correlations with seed yield, but days to flower correlated negatively with seed yield. Spring vigour, plant height and number of leaflets per leaf correlated positively, while harvest index, seeds per pod and seeds per plant correlated negatively with straw yield. Correlations between seed and straw yield were both positive and significant.     

Independent, Alternate, and Simultaneous Selection for Resistance to Anthracnose and Angular Leaf Spot and Effects on Seed Yield in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Two double-cross populations were used to evaluate the efficiency of independent, alternate, and simultaneous selection practiced from the F₂ to F₈ for resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seven resistant and high-yielding lines were selected from each of the four environments used during this study. These lines and the seven parents involved in two populations were evaluated in an 8 × 8 lattice design with three replications in two cropping seasons. Pathogen inoculum was used to create the three test environments: anthracnose alone, angular leaf spot alone, and anthracnose and angular leaf spot together. All entries were also evaluated in a fourth, disease-free environment. Selection for resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot was effective in both populations. Mean disease scores of all selected lines for anthracnose were lower than that of angular leaf spot irrespective of selection environment. Among the three stress environments, yields were higher in the anthracnose environment. However, lines selected alternately for anthracnose and angular leaf spot were usually higher yielding, and the highest yielding line in both populations originated from this selection environment. The mean yield of selected lines was higher and the highest yielding line originated from the population involving a parent (G 1805) belonging to the Mexican highland race ‘Jalisco’. Positive association existed between seed yield of protected and pathogen-inoculated environments. No association was found between resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot.     

Observations on different mildew sources used in apple breeding at Ahrensburg

Fifty-six populations of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown in Pontevedra (Northwestern Spain) in four different environments in order to study their genetic diversity in 18 agronomical traits. All characters showed significant differences among populations, and most of them had significant genotype-environment interactions. Broad-sense heritability for this pool of characters ranged from 0.87 (seed length) to 0.12 (seed yield). Sixteen populations which deserve special attention because of their breeding value for earliness, yield, pod and seed size have been identified.