Food habits and selective grazing of Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) in Hulunber Grassland

The food availability, composition of the diets and selective grazing of the Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) were studied in Hulunber Grassland in Nei Monggol. The food availability of Mongolian gazelle showed seasonal changes. The plant biomass was higher in spring and summer than that in autumn and winter. The fecal compositions of the gazelle demonstrated that fibrous parts occupied 62.4%, 74.8%, and 66.0% in spring, autumn, and winter, respectively. The Mongolian gazelle preferred to grazeCompositeae, Leguminosae, Allium spp. and other forbs in spring and autumn, while the grasses, such asAneurolepidium chinense andStipa spp. were selectively feeding in winter. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Nutrition analysis of forage plants and foragnig behavior of Mongolian gazella

NutritionAnalysisofForagingPlantNutritionanalysisonwinterfoodconstitutionofMongoliangazella(PIOc~gutturosa)inHulunbeirgrasslandwasmadebyuseofthemicrohistologicalanalysistechniqueoff6ces.Theresultsshowedthat21plantspecies(genus)wereavailabletoMongpliangazellainwinter(Table1).FromTable1,wecouldconcludethattheGramipeaeisthestaplefoodforMongpliangazellainwinter.*T:meansoneforagingplant'spercentageofallforagingplants.AChnatherumSPI6nd6ns,whichdistributesinlakesideandsalinizedlowland,belongs…     

Ecology Habits of Equus hemionus and Gazella subgutturosa in Kalamaili Ungulate Reserve in Autumn

IntroductionKalamailiUngulateReserVe(88"30,-90o001E,44o46,-46o00'N),beingfoundedin1982andcovering17,000km',issituatedinsoutheasternDzungariaBasininXinjiang.Wildass(Equushemionus)andGoitredgazelle(GazedssUbgutturosa)arerankedrespectivelyasclass1and11proteCtedanimalsinChina11].ThereservebelongstoinlandlowhillydesertwitheXtremehotsumm\erandcoldwinter.Thevegetationfeaturepresentsscarcecoverage,dwarfplantsandlowbiomes.DominantplantsareHaIOXyIOnammodondfon,ReaumUfissoogaFI'Ca,Art6miSiBsp…     

Capercaillie habitat, diet and management in a Sitka spruce plantation in central Scotland

The ancestral habitat of capercaillie in most of its range isScots pine forest with an understorey of blaeberry. Keillourforest in Perthshire is dominated by Sitka spruce, has littleblaeberry, yet had a high density of capercaillie. Food andhabitat use by capercaillie were studied there from 1991 to1994. Seven cocks and two hens were caught, and marked withsmall radio transmitters. The habitats they occupied and foodremains in their droppings provided information on home range,habitat utilization and diet through the year. Sitka sprucewas the main food in autumn, winter and spring but was equalledby the fruiting heads of sedge in summer. Larch was the secondmost abundant item in spring and autumn diets. Sedge was plentifulon the wet restocks associated with the gleyed soils at Keillourand may provide a partial substitute for blaeberry in summer.Capercaillie showed a clear preference for the oldest blocksof trees, especially in winter. Sitka spruce, Norway spruceand Scots pine were used roughly in proportion to their availabilityin the birds' home range, but larch stands were used more thanexpected from availability. In summer, all birds used restocksto some extent. Management recommendations to encourage capercailliein commercial plantations largely comprising exotics are thatmature stands over 45 years and well-vegetated restocks shouldeach occupy at least 20 per cent of the forest, larch and blocksof mixed conifers each at least 15 per cent of the ground. Blaeberryshould be encouraged and, if possible, patches of windthrowinvolving living trees with the main root intact should be retained.     

Ecology habits ofEquus hemionus andGazella subgutturosa in Kalamaili Ungulate Reserve in autumn

The food habits of Wild ass (Equus hemionus) and Goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) in kalamaili Ungulate Reserve in autumn was described, based on the investigation conducted in 1992. Wild ass was much concentrated around water sources, and had more food resource than Goitred gezelle. The quagmires in the reserve were critical conditions as food and water bases for both species. In terms of present survey, it was estimated that 680 Wild ass and 8840 Goitred gazelle lived in this reserve. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Seasonal,tissue and age influences on frequency and biodiversity of endophytic fungi of Citrus sinensis in Iran

A total of 4,009 endophytic fungal isolates were recovered from healthy leaves, bark and xylem of Citrus sinensis in different seasons and age‐classes. Corresponding to those factors, the majorities of fungal isolates were recovered from leaves, 2‐yr‐old trees and winter, respectively. Fungal isolates were initially categorized based on cultural and morphological characters, and representatives of each morphotype were subjected to molecular identifications based on ITS‐rDNA and β‐tubulin sequences. All isolates obtained in this study belonged to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota assigned to 30 fungal taxa. The most abundant fungal species were Alternaria spp. Species diversity indices of Margalef richness and Shannon–Wiener revealed a high diversity of fungal taxa recovered from leaf and during winter. Frequency (%) of fungal endophytes was highest in winter followed by summer, autumn, and spring significantly, whereas the corresponding sequence was winter, autumn, summer and spring for the diversity of endophytic fungi. Overall, the results of this study based on the community and diversity of endophytic fungal species in C. sinensis showed that the type of plant tissue, season of sampling and age of tree play a driving role on their abundance while their diversity was mainly dependent on the type of plant tissue, season of sampling than on the age of tree.     

三峡库区云阳县三种类型马尾松林微生物区系及优势种群分析Ⅱ.林地空气、叶面和树皮表面

为探讨马尾松不同类型林地地上部微生物区系及优势种群及其季节性变化,对三峡库区云阳县马尾松近熟龄天然林、中龄天然林和人工林林地空气、叶面和树皮表面等地上部的可培养细菌和真菌进行了分析。结果表明,空气、叶面和树皮表面的真菌、细菌两大类微生物数量四季变化趋势基本一致,夏季和秋季的数量多于冬季和春季,中龄天然林的两大类微生物数量最大且四季变化亦最大;优势种群的种类和数量随季节和林地类型不同而有所变化。人工林空气中可培养真菌种类秋、冬、春、夏分别有4、3、4、3种,近熟龄天然林和中龄天然林四季中均为3种;优势种群多     

浙北马尾松人工林鸟类群落结构和多样性指数的季节变化

浙江省北部马尾松人工林春季鸟各丰富度最高（４７种），秋季最少（３１种），冬、夏季分别为３５种和３６种。留留种类秋季最多是（６７７％），春季的迁徙鸟种类最多（５７．４％）。冬、春、夏、秋，鸟类平均密度分别为５６．８７、５６．８１、４７．２５及４９．３５只／１０ｈｍ＾２。春季留鸟的平均密度最高（４３．１０只１０／ｈｍ＾２），依次是夏、秋、冬季，分别为４１．４７、３９．０５和３６．７６只／１０ｈｍ＾２。     

肉桂枝叶主要化学成分及出油率的年变化规律

以红芽肉桂和白芽肉桂为试材,对肉桂枝叶主要化学成分及出油率年变化规律进行研究,结果表明:红芽肉桂在整个生长周期的不同季节里,枝叶主要化学成分的含量在春季和秋季呈上升的趋势,夏季和冬季则呈下降的趋势;出油率以春季和秋季较高,夏季和冬季较低,尤以夏季出油率最低;红芽肉桂与白芽肉桂枝叶内总含醛量随着季节变化趋势一致,各月份保持相对稳定的状态,差异不大;枝叶出油率随着季节变化趋势基本一致,但各月份差异较大,在春梢生长时出油率能达全年最大值,夏季树体生长最旺盛,而出油率则达全年最小值,秋季和冬季呈上升的趋势。     

CURRENT STATUS OF ANTELOPES IN CHINA

UpliftingofQinghai-TibetanPlatcausincemidTertiary'caused-climaticdifferc11tia-tionbetWeenwesternandeasternChina.Ontheotherhand,thestrongmonsoonsincelatePleistoccnehasenhancedtheenvironmentalchanges,westernChinaundersuchenviron-mentalchangeshasbecomedrier'andstepPeanddesertvegetationshavedeveloPedinthesearidAsianinlandwhereasshortalpinevegeta-tionshavedeveloPedontheQinghai-TibetanPlateau.Thus'theenvironn1entalchangesinrecent3million\'earscreated\'asthabitatforUngulatespecies,particularly"…     

花尾榛鸡(Bonasa bonasia)在韩国温带林中的季节性移动特征(英文)

This study were carried out in the Experimental Forest (37( 48' 10" N, 127( 48' 50" E) of Gangwon Forest Development Institute, Gamjeong-ri, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Province, Korea from Dec. 1999 to Jul. 2002. Eight individuals (three males and five females) of hazel grouse were captured and they were marked with a 14-g necklace-type transmitter. The surveying results showed that females were more active than males throughout the year, but males were more mobile than females in spring. The degree of movement for females and males was similar from summer to winter. The overlap degree of habitat was very large from spring to autumn. Hazel grouse had greater shifts in area use in winter. They used similar area from spring to autumn, made a shift in their habitat use in winter, and then shifted back to the previous habitat.     

罗汉松雌雄植株叶片生理特征比较

以广西南宁市的罗汉松(Podocarpus macrophyllus)为材料,对罗汉松雌雄植株叶片部分生理指标在不同生长季节的差异进行比较。结果表明,所测的各项生理指标在4个生长季节中均产生变化。雌株叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量在秋季和冬季均高于雄株,在春季则低于雄株;雌株叶片中的脯氨酸含量在秋季和冬季显著小于雄株,但在春季显著高于雄株;除夏季外,雌株叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量在其他3个季节均显著高于雄株,过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在各季节基本表现出小于雄株;雌株叶片中叶绿素含量在春、夏和冬季,以及类胡萝卜素含量在春、秋和冬季均高于雄株叶片。综合分析表明,在反映同化能力和营养物质贮藏的指标上雌株高于雄株,而常用适应性指标表现为雄株优于雌株。研究结果可为罗汉松目标植株在非繁殖季节的选择、应用及抚育管理措施的制定提供理论依据。     

滇杨侧芽不同季节内源激素含量变化动态

In order to understand the content changes of endogenous hormones in lateral buds of Populus yunnanensis during different seasons, the lateral buds collected from stems of three-year old cuttings of P. yunnanensis were used as materials, contents of ABA, IAA and ZR in the lateral buds in the autumn, winter and spring were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results indicated that the contents of ABA and IAA were first decreased and then increased while the contents of ZR increased gradually, and the values of the three kinds of endogenous hormones reached maximum in spring. The content of each endogenous hormone among different seasons was different significantly. However, the ratio changes of ZR/ABA, ZR/IAA and ZR/(ABA+IAA) were first increased and then decreased, and all reached the maximum in winter, which were significantly higher than that in autumn and srping.     

A comparison of several indices for assessing body condition of Mongolian gazelle

Introduction7Riney(1982)statedthatbodyphysicalconditionofanimalsrespondquicklytoenvironmentalchangesandprovideagoodindextoapopulation'sresponsetothesechangesafterminimaltime-lag,thusfacilitatingamorepreciseunderstandingofcause-effectinterrelationsbetweenanimalsandtheirenvironment.Inthisregard,ameasurementoffatreservesprovidesthebestindextothephysicalconditionofawiderangeofmammal(Riney1955).Formeasuringcarcassfat,variousmethodshavebeendevisedandproposed.Thesemethodsincludekidneyfatindex,bonema…     

1990-2012年山东济南市气候变化特征分析

根据济南市1990-2012年气象数据,运用均值、线性倾向估计等统计分析的方法,对济南气温和降水的季、年变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：济南市近25年平均气温为14．96℃,并以0．153℃／5a的速度下降,与全球气温上升趋势不一致,各季节平均气温变化不一,但整体均呈现下降趋势,降温幅度冬季〉夏季〉秋季〉春季;20多年来其平均降水量为850．58mm,以22．86mm／5a的速率递减,秋季和冬季降水量趋于平衡,春季有明显上升趋势,夏季呈现减少趋势,极值之差为187．2mm。     

普氏原羚和蒙古瞪羚的分布和数量变化研究

指出了蒙古瞪羚和普氏原羚在历史上曾广泛分布于我国内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、宁夏等地,近年来由于人类活动等诸多因素的影响,两种动物的种群数量都急剧下降,分布区范围锐减。分析了其历史分布及致危因素,提出了相应的保护措施。     

惠山国家森林公园游憩林小气候与人体舒适度变化规律

【目的】研究无锡市惠山国家森林公园典型游憩林内小气候及人体舒适度的时间变化规律,以期为惠山乃至江南地区游憩型城市森林的合理经营和生态效益评价提供基础科学数据,也为当地市民选择合适的时间和衣着开展森林游憩活动提供参考。【方法】在惠山国家森林公园最高峰附近,选择20世纪80、90年代营造、位于山顶南坡的香樟林、湿地松林和山顶北坡的栓皮栎林3种典型人工游憩林为对象,以位于山脊的水泥道路为对照,于春、夏、秋、冬季晴好无风天气条件下,在5:00—19:00同步测定3个游憩林及对照点的气温、空气相对湿度和风速,在此基础上计算舒适度指数和衣着厚度指数,量化分析各游憩林及对照点的小气候、人体舒适度的季节变化、日内变化规律,比较不同游憩林的人体舒适度差异,并提出四季游览惠山的衣着建议。【结果】各林分温度的季节变化表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,空气相对湿度表现为夏、秋季大于春、冬季,风速表现为香樟林和湿地松林在夏季最大,栓皮栎林和道路在秋季最大;相同季节不同林分之间的舒适度指数差异不显著,各林分在春季的人体舒适度最高;4个季节白天观测时段内,各林分气温日变化均为单峰型,且峰值出现在11:00—15:00,谷值出现在 5:00 —7:00,空气相对湿度的日变化规律则与气温相反;风速的日变化趋势波动较大,峰值出现在5:00—9:00,谷值出现在13:00—15:00;在春、秋、冬季,各林分人体舒适度在11:00—15:00最高,而夏季这个时间段则最低;3个游憩林在夏季能显著提高人体舒适度,但冬季与对照的差异不大;各林分气候达到“舒适”等级的时间为春季最长(11:00—17:00),秋季次之(11:00—15:00),夏季仅早上气候舒适(5:00—7:00),冬季气候均为“极不舒适”;各林分的着衣厚度指数在夏季均为1,冬季均为7,春季香樟林为5,湿地松林和栓皮栎林为4,道路为3,秋季道路和栓皮栎林为4,香樟林和湿地松林为5。【结论】 3个人工林林分在春季均发挥降温增湿效应,湿地松林在4个季节都具有降风作用;各林分在夏季调节小气候效应更明显,春季的人体舒适度最高,春、秋、冬季的11:00—15:00为白天气候的最舒适时段。     

Climatic factors controlling the productivity of Norway spruce: A model-based analysis

The process-based growth model, BIOMASS, was modified to incorporate low-temperature effects on photosynthetic production in Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands growing in northern Sweden. The low-temperature features incorporated in BIOMASS made it possible to simulate and estimate the reduction in photosynthetic rates caused by boreal conditions. The following four simulation-scenarios were used: (i) ‘potential' photosynthesis without boreal restrictions; (ii) reduction caused by a frozen soil; (iii) reduction caused by incomplete recovery of photosynthetic capacity during spring as a result of damage caused by low winter temperatures; and (iv) reduction as an effect of frost-induced autumn decline. Annual photosynthetic production (or gross primary production (GPP)) was simulated for three calendar years, 1990–1992, for stands with low (control) and high (irrigated and fertilized) nutrient availability. The reduction of ‘potential' GPP, caused by the low-temperature effects, ranged from 35–44% for control (C) and from 34–42% for irrigated-fertilised (IL) stands, respectively. The most pronounced loss of ‘potential' GPP originated from reduced photosynthetic capacity, in spring and early summer, which led to losses of 21–28% for C and 19–26% for IL stands. The variation between years differed mainly as an effect of differences in spring temperatures, which resulted in different rates of recovery of photosynthetic capacity. Reductions caused by frozen soil and low photosynthetic capacity during winter were similar in C and IL stands (12–13%), as were the losses resulting from severe autumn frosts (3–4%). It is concluded that, unless the effects of frozen soils and reduced photosynthetic capacity during spring and early summer are considered, large errors (ca. 40%) will be introduced into estimates of the annual photosynthetic production of boreal conifer forests.     

肇庆市2019年空气质量月度变化特征

分析了2019年肇庆市六项主要大气污染物浓度、AQI达标率、不同污染级别、首要污染物占比等月度变化情况。结果表明：肇庆市冬春季主要以PM_2.5或NO₂作为首要污染物,除臭氧外的各项污染物浓度也相对较高;夏秋季首要污染物主要以臭氧为主,臭氧浓度也相对较高。4～7月份的AQI达标率较高,8～11月份超标率相对较高,且臭氧月评价浓度超过国家二级标准。因此,肇庆市夏秋季主要的大气污染防治在于臭氧,冬春季主要的防控重点应该放在PM_2.5与NO₂方面。     

近52年来磴口地区扬沙天气变化特征

分析了磴口近52年(1954—2005)逐月扬沙天气。结果表明:(1)该区扬沙天气一年四季均出现,但主要发生在春季,其次为冬季;一年中扬沙天气高峰出现在4月,低谷出现在8-9月。(2)年及春季、冬季、夏季扬沙日数各年代际变化规律一致,均为逐年代递减。秋季与其他三季扬沙日数变化略有不同。(3)年及四季扬沙日数均为线性下降,线性方程均通过了置信度0.001的显著性检验,下降率为年>春季>冬季>夏季>秋季,20世纪80年代为转折期,体现为"先多后少"的特点。年扬沙日数与春季扬沙日数滑动序列的波动趋势比较接近。