男女平等与和谐社会构建

男女平等是我国的一项基本国策,男女和谐是社会和谐的基础,构建社会主义和谐社会必须实现真正意义上的男女平等。在全社会形成一个平等、公正、和谐的性别环境,从法律、制度层面保障男女平等,维护妇女的合法权益,树立科学的妇女发展观是妇女解放、社会发展的关键。     

Neuronal correlates of behavior in freely moving rats

Firing patterns of single neurons in the hypothalamus, preoptic area, midbrain reticular system, and hippocampus of awake, freely moving female rats were temporally correlated with exploratory sniffing and vibrissa twitching, feeding, lordosis, locomotion, and (or) arousal. These relationships were remarkably stable during continuous observations lasting many hours. During extended periods when certain of these movements were not performed, the correlated neurons showed no action potentials for minutes at a time. Electrical stimulation at certain recording sites elicited behavior patterns whose spontaneous occurrence was accompanied by neuronal activation. Self-stimulation was elicited from sites spontaneously activated during exploratory behavior.     

Sex differences in economic well-being

Despite large structural changes in the economy and major antidiscrimination legislation, the economic well-being of women in comparison with that of men did not improve between 1959 and 1983. The women to men ratio of money income almost doubled, but women had less leisure while men had more, an increase in the proportion of adults not married made more women dependent on their own income, and women's share of financial responsibility for children rose. The net result for women's access to goods, services, and leisure in comparison with that of men ranged from a decrease of 15 percent to an increase of 4 percent, depending on assumptions about income sharing within households.     

Access to technical information and gendered NRM practices: Men and women in rural Senegal

Gender differences in knowledge of NRM practices have long been noted in Senegal and throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. An exploration of these differences among a sample of rural Senegalese men and women shows that these differences are, in part, a function of extension agent interventions. The level of knowledge of a set of NRM technologies is associated with contact with three key types of extension agent in rural Senegal: extension team leaders, forestry agents, and women's agents. Analysis of intra-household variation in levels of knowledge shows a degree of interdependence between the knowledge levels of husbands and wives for some practices. However, multi-variate analysis, controlling for personal and contextual factors, clearly demonstrates the independent impact of extension agents on gender differences in rural Senegalese NRM knowledge. It can be concluded that contact with extension agents increases knowledge of NRM practices. In particular, contact with the women's agent is a strong predictor of the level of women's NRM knowledge and, surprisingly, also contributes to the level of men's knowledge. Despite the small number of women's agents in the field, they appear to have significant positive impact on the dissemination of NRM knowledge among rural Senegalese women and men. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Enhancement of sexual motivation in male rats by yohimbine

Yohimbine hydrochloride, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, increased sexual motivation in male rats as evidenced by increased mounting performance in mating tests conducted after genital anesthetization, increased percentage of male rats ejaculating in their first heterosexual encounter, and induction of copulatory behavior in sexually inactive male rats. These observations lead to the suggestion that alpha-adrenoceptors are important modulators of sexual arousal in intact male rats. These results indicate that pharmacological treatment of sexual (libido) dysfunction may be useful.     

Reducing the gender achievement gap in college science: a classroom study of values affirmation

In many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines, women are outperformed by men in test scores, jeopardizing their success in science-oriented courses and careers. The current study tested the effectiveness of a psychological intervention, called values affirmation, in reducing the gender achievement gap in a college-level introductory physics class. In this randomized double-blind study, 399 students either wrote about their most important values or not, twice at the beginning of the 15-week course. Values affirmation reduced the male-female performance and learning difference substantially and elevated women's modal grades from the C to B range. Benefits were strongest for women who tended to endorse the stereotype that men do better than women in physics. A brief psychological intervention may be a promising way to address the gender gap in science performance and learning.     

Improvement of learning in the aged by modification of autonomic nervous system activity

Partial blockade of beta-adrenergic end-organ response to the autonomic nervous system was effected in a group of older men by administration of propranolol. The result was improved performance in a learning task. The data support the hypothesis that the learning decrement found among older men is not simply a manifestation of structural change in the central nervous system but is, at least in part, associated with the heightened arousal of the autonomic nervous system that accompanies the learning task.     

《紫色》与艾丽斯·沃克的妇女主义

艾丽斯.沃克的小说《紫色》是一部优秀的张扬黑人女权主义的代表作。小说描述了一位受旧思想束缚的黑人妇女的转变和成长过程,充分展现了黑人女性深受性别和种族双重压迫的政治状况和生活境遇,以及对这种双重压迫的反抗和对完善自我及完美生活的渴望与追求,深刻反映了作者的妇女主义思想。《紫色》还深刻地揭示了妇女主义思想的内涵和对黑人妇女求解放、求平等的积极意义。     

A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men

The anterior hypothalamus of the brain participates in the regulation of male-typical sexual behavior. The volumes of four cell groups in this region [interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH) 1, 2, 3, and 4] were measured in postmortem tissue from three subject groups: women, men who were presumed to be heterosexual, and homosexual men. No differences were found between the groups in the volumes of INAH 1, 2, or 4. As has been reported previously, INAH 3 was more than twice as large in the heterosexual men as in the women. It was also, however, more than twice as large in the heterosexual men as in the homosexual men. This finding indicates that INAH is dimorphic with sexual orientation, at least in men, and suggests that sexual orientation has a biological substrate.     

Neuroendocrine response to estrogen and sexual orientation

A neuroendocrine component, the positive estrogen feedback effect, thought to be related to sexual orientation and, indirectly, to sexual differentiation, was evaluated in healthy, noninstitutionalized research volunteers. Men and women with a lifelong heterosexual orientation and men with a lifelong homosexual orientation were administered an estrogen preparation known to enhance the concentration of luteinizing hormone in women but not in men. The secretory pattern of luteinizing hormone in the homosexuals in response to estrogen was intermediate between that of the heterosexual men and that of the women. Furthermore, testosterone was depressed for a significantly longer period in the homosexual men than in the heterosexual men. These findings suggest that biological markers for sexual orientation may exist.     

The origin of man

Five characters separate man from other hominoids-a large neocortex, bipedality, reduced anterior dentition with molar dominance, material culture, and unique sexual and reproductive behavior. Evidence provided by the fossil record, primate behavior, and demographic analysis shows that the traditional view that early human evolution was a direct consequence of brain expansion and material culture is incorrect, and that the unique sexual and reproductive behavior of man may be the sine qua non of human origin.     

Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila exhibits a circadian rest-activity cycle, but it is not known whether fly rest constitutes sleep or is mere inactivity. It is shown here that, like mammalian sleep, rest in Drosophila is characterized by an increased arousal threshold and is homeostatically regulated independently of the circadian clock. As in mammals, rest is abundant in young flies, is reduced in older flies, and is modulated by stimulants and hypnotics. Several molecular markers modulated by sleep and waking in mammals are modulated by rest and activity in Drosophila, including cytochrome oxidase C, the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein BiP, and enzymes implicated in the catabolism of monoamines. Flies lacking one such enzyme, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, show increased rest after rest deprivation. These results implicate the catabolism of monoamines in the regulation of sleep and waking in the fly and suggest that Drosophila may serve as a model system for the genetic dissection of sleep.     

新农村建设中女性人力资源开发

新农村建设的主体是农民,推进新农村建设的关键是培育新型农民。随着农村男性劳动力的转移,农业生产人群中妇女化的趋势日益明显,农村女性成为新农村建设的主体力量。但由于各方面因素的影响,我国农村女性人力资源开发极为不足,严重地影响了其在新农村建设中的作用发挥。因此,必须把大力开发农村女性人力资源作为一项基本战略,增强开发意识;建立多元化投资主体,增加农村女性人力资本投资;发展农村女性教育,提高妇女素质;改善农村女性政治参与状况,切实提高其社会地位;切实保障农村妇女健康权益,提高其身体素质等培育和开发农村女性人力资源。     

乌头与酒关系源考(上)

远古在长期采集植物取得食物的过程中，妇女发现了大量毒物。在中国东亚经长期的筛选，突出了具致幻和治疗双重功能的乌头（ＡｃｏｎｉｔｕｍｃａｒｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉＤｅｂｘ）和艾（ＡｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａａｒｇｙｉＬ．），从而奠定了早期巫术的基础。这种乌头文化的实质乃是巫、医、君三位一体，成为建立母系社会国家组织的一个支柱。这种母系社会组织的高级形式完成于神农、黄帝时代。延至后世男子掌握了谷物酒，这个人类创造物与乌头这一自然物相对立，从而用相同的医幻双重功能剥去笼罩在妇女头上的灵光和怪圈。酒与声、色、歌、舞相结合产生酒的文化这对父系社会国家形式取代母系社会国家形式起到了推波助澜的作用。这个时代始于舜、禹，完成于启、少康     

浅谈“猛虎嗅蔷薇”与农业观光园规划设计

"猛虎嗅蔷薇"就是强调对比与调和的关系,已在农业观光园中得到了广泛的运用。以余杭苦竹现代科技园区为例,从形式与内容、局部与整体、材料与质地、色彩、风格等方面入手,对"猛虎嗅蔷薇"在农业观光园规划设计中的应用做了详细的分析。结果表明,"猛虎嗅蔷薇"对农业观光园景观特色的表现有重要作用。     

A sexually dimorphic nucleus in the human brain

A sexually dimorphic cell group is described in the preoptic area of the human hypothalamus. Morphometric analysis revealed that the volume of this nucleus is 2.5 +/- 0.6 times (mean +/- standard error of the mean) as large in men as in women, and contains 2.2 +/- 0.5 times as many cells. Between the ages of 10 and 93 years, the nucleus decreases greatly in volume and in cell number. Although no function has yet been established for this nucleus, it is located within an area that is essential for gonadotropin release and sexual behavior in other mammals.     

Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men

The prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men are key components of models of the spread of HIV infection and AIDS in the U.S. population. Previous estimates by Kinsey et al. from data collected between 1938 and 1948 have been widely criticized for inadequacies of sample design. New lower-bound estimates of prevalence developed from data from a national sample survey conducted in 1970 indicate that minimums of 20.3 percent of adult men in the United States in 1970 had sexual contact to orgasm with another man at some time in life; 6.7 percent had such contact after age 19; and between 1.6 and 2.0 percent had such contact within the previous year. Although these estimates incorporate adjustments for missing data, the likelihood of underreporting suggests that these estimates might be lower bounds on the prevalence of same-gender sex among men. Two sets of alternative estimates are derived to assess the sensitivity of these estimates to the assumptions made in imputing values to missing data. Detailed estimates are presented by frequency of contact, age, education, and marital status; and supporting estimates are derived from a 1988 national survey. Data from both the 1970 and 1988 surveys indicate that never-married men are more likely than other men to have had same-gender sexual contacts within the last year. The 1970 survey also indicates, however, that approximately half the men estimated to have such contacts are found among the more numerous population of currently or previously married men.     

HIV decline associated with behavior change in eastern Zimbabwe

Few sub-Saharan African countries have witnessed declines in HIV prevalence, and only Uganda has compelling evidence for a decline founded on sexual behavior change. We report a decline in HIV prevalence in eastern Zimbabwe between 1998 and 2003 associated with sexual behavior change in four distinct socioeconomic strata. HIV prevalence fell most steeply at young ages-by 23 and 49%, respectively, among men aged 17 to 29 years and women aged 15 to 24 years-and in more educated groups. Sexually experienced men and women reported reductions in casual sex of 49 and 22%, respectively, whereas recent cohorts reported delayed sexual debut. Selective AIDS-induced mortality contributed to the decline in HIV prevalence.     

农村妇女参政议政与社会主义新农村建设

农村妇女参政议政是建设社会主义新农村的重要内容,村民自治和农村基层组织建设离不开妇女的广泛参与,破除传统观念,实现男女平等是妇女参政议政的前提。     

AAAS Presidential Lecture: Voices from the Pipeline

The number of white males of college age, who have been the dominant participants in the fields of science and engineering, is predicted to drop significantly in the future. Rapid increases in the participation of women offer some hope of filling anticipated vacancies in the ranks of scientifically trained personnel, although this rapid growth has reached a plateau in many fields. Most studies show that women enter graduate school at about the same rate as men; the dropoff in women's participation occurs sometime before the attainment of the Ph.D. Recent surveys of graduate students indicate that men and women respond differently to the pressures of graduate school and often have a different image of themselves and of their advisers' perceptions of them as graduate students. Some clues from these results may show how the environment can be made more supportive for all students, and for women and minority students in particular.