不同日龄兔肠道正常菌群的研究

用稀释滴种的方法对３个不同生长阶段（未哺乳、哺乳、断乳）的比利时家兔大、小肠部位正常菌群进行了研究。结果表明，肠道中以消化球菌、梭杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等厌氧菌占绝对优势。断乳兔与哺乳免正常菌群比较，大、小肠部位的韦荣氏球菌、小肠部位的肠杆茵差别极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；大肠部位的优杆菌、双歧杆菌、类杆菌、肠杆菌差别显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；其余菌差别不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

3～6月龄伊犁马肠道微生物群落多样性的研究

本试验旨在研究3~6月龄伊犁马肠道微生物群落的多样性,揭示断奶前马驹肠道菌群演替的规律,从微生物学角度为此阶段马驹生长发育及肠道健康研究提供理论依据。试验选取平均体重为(89.75±8.81)kg、出生日期相同的3月龄伊犁马5匹,进行为期90 d的饲养试验。分别在试验的第0天(即试验开始的前1天)、第30天、第60天、第90天采集马驹粪便样品,从每份样品中提取微生物基因组总DNA,采用Illumina HiSeq测序技术检测样品微生物群落多样性。结果显示:1)对5匹马驹的20份粪样进行测序,共获得有效序列数157 665条,获得平均操作分类单元(OTUs)1 117个。2)马驹粪便中微生物群落α多样性指数(ACE、Chao1、Shannon和Simpson指数)随着马驹月龄的增加呈波动性变化,但各时间点之间均无显著性变化(P0.05)。3)在门水平上,马驹粪便中10大优势菌分别为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、螺旋体菌门(Spirochaetes)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、无壁菌门(Tenericutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、TM7、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota),其中以厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、变形菌门及疣微菌门的丰度较高;在科水平上,马驹粪便中10大优势菌分别为芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)、莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)、动球菌科(Planococcaceae)、肉杆菌科(Carnobacteriaceae)、BS11、RFP12、乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)、毛螺旋菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、紫单胞菌科(Porphyromonadaceae);在属水平上,马驹粪便中10大优势菌分别为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、德库菌属(Desemzia)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、Ureibacillus、Paludibacter、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、埃希式杆菌属(Escherichia)、肉食杆菌属(Carnobacterium)、密螺旋体属(Treponema)、艰难杆菌属(Mogibacterium)。由此得出,采用Illumina HiSeq测序技术能够准确地对3~6月龄伊犁马肠道微生物群落进行分类研究;厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、变形菌门、疣微菌门是3~6月龄伊犁马肠道内的优势菌门。     

家兔如何安全度夏

进入酷暑炎夏，高温、高湿均有利于各种致病微生物的繁殖，家兔的汗腺不发达，很不适应高温环境，发病率会明显上升．尤其是对断奶前后的幼兔威胁更大。不少读者来信咨询，怎样能让家兔安全的度过夏天？     

肠道共生微生物群落与家禽健康

作者综述了肠道微生物群落的产生、共生微生物群落与消化功能的关系、肠道微生物对抵抗外部病原体的作用，以及饲料中添加益生素对肠道微生物群落的调节作用。鸡肠道微生物随着年龄的增长而变得复杂，菌群的建立受饲料和鸡本身因素的影响。饲料益生素有利于肠道有益微生物生长的物质或者本身增加肠道有益微生物的数量，促进鸡的健康。肠道共生微生物通过竞争性排斥，对防止病原菌在肠道内的繁殖起着重要作用。     

复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率和肠道微生物群落的影响

试验旨在评估不同添加量复合酶制剂在高比例大豆蛋白日粮中对断奶仔猪生长性能、日粮养分消化率和肠道菌群的影响。选择初始体重为（6.29±0.12）kg的28日龄杜×长×大断奶仔猪120头,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复6头,正试期28 d。CEP 0、CEP 250、CEP 500和CEP 750各组在基础日粮中分别添加复合酶制剂0、250、500、750 mg/kg。结果表明：与CEP 0组比较,CEP 500组和CEP 750组提高了试验全期平均日增重、降低全期耗料增重比和腹泻率（P<0.05）,并提高了全期粗蛋白质和粗纤维的消化率、1～14d的日粮干物质消化率（P<0.05）,CEP750组提高了全期木聚糖和甘露聚糖的消化率（P<0.05）;复合酶制剂组肠道乳杆菌属和巨型球菌属的相对丰度均高于CEP 0组（P<0.05）。由此可见,在断奶仔猪高比例大豆蛋白日粮中添加500 mg/kg以上复合酶制剂可显著提高营养物质表观消化率,降低腹泻率,提高仔猪的生长性能。     

家兔营养对肠道健康的影响

本文综述了日粮纤维、淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪、饲料添加剂对幼兔肠道健康的影响。     

不同日龄福建黄兔饲养效果观察

用本所兔场自繁的福建黄兔第５世代１２只断乳仔兔,进行不同阶段饲养效果测定。结果表明,在幼兔阶段,以３０－４５日克己中料转化率最高为１．６７：１,其次是４５－６０日龄为２．６６：１。饲养经济效益：仔兔阶段以３０－４５日龄为最高,组盈利３５．３８元,成年兔阶段以９０－１０５日龄阶段为最高,组盈利３０．２４元。     

不同日龄断奶对多浪羔羊增重的影响

新生羔羊自10日龄开始母仔分群、强化补饲。一定时间后，根据羔羊出生登记表分别抽取出生后50～70日龄、70～90日龄、90～110日龄羔羊5、10和10只．强制断奶．改变饲养管理方式。结果显示．一月后三组日龄羔羊哺乳期增重无显著差异，而断奶改为育肥后，增重情况却有了显著变化。     

末端限制性片段长度多态性分析技术在鸭肠道微生物群落结构研究中的应用

本研究采用T-RFLP技术,基于末端限制性片段长度多态性分析,对鸭肠道微生物群落结构进行研究。结果表明,鸭肠道微生物群落具有较高的多样性和复杂性,其中包括了多种细菌和古菌。同时,不同饲养模式和饲料类型对鸭肠道微生物群落结构有一定影响,但这种影响并不明显。此外,本研究还发现鸭肠道微生物群落中存在着一些特定的菌群,这些菌群可能对鸭的生长和健康状态有一定的影响。本研究为深入了解鸭肠道微生物群落结构及其功能提供了重要参考。     

高产期不同产蛋水平蛋鸡肠道微生物群落特征

为了研究高产期不同产蛋水平蛋鸡肠道微生物多样性特征,探究肠道微生物与蛋鸡产蛋水平之间的关联性。应用16SrRNA基因V4~V5区进行高通量测序,检测高产期3个产蛋水平(高产组/低产组/极低产组:6只/6只/3只)蛋鸡粪便样品微生物的组成与菌群分布。结果表明:厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在3组中均为优势菌群(≥1%),但各自占比在3组中有所差异;在属水平上,高产组中乳杆菌属丰度(66.05%)是极低产组(20.93%)的3倍;PCoA检测显示不同产蛋水平蛋鸡微生物群落结构差异明显,乳酸杆菌属是不同产蛋水平蛋鸡肠道微生物菌群差异的主要菌属,推测其在肠道微生物中的占比与产蛋水平存在着关联性。     

The significance of the weaning age of young rabbits for the development of young animals and their food consumption]

The experiment reported compared the influence of weaning at 25, 28, 31 and 35 days of age on the development of liveweight and food consumption during the pre- and post-weaning period hybrid rabbits. Results of 44 does and 949 offspring showed that late weaning exerted a positive influence on live-weight development in comparison with already weaned kits of the same age. In all weaning age groups a depression in growth occurred shortly after weaning which was compensated thereafter. There was no significant difference between treatments with regard to total food consumption of does and offspring. This lack of difference was due to the high food intake of lactating does after weaning that surpassed maintenance requirements.     

牛至油对断奶獭兔生长性能和免疫器官的影响

将60只35日龄的断奶獭兔随机分为3组,分别为基础日粮组(对照组)、基础日粮+35mg/kg喹乙醇组和基础日粮+10%牛至油100mg/kg组,连续饲喂30d,研究日粮中添加牛至油后对断奶獭兔生长性能和免疫指标的影响。结果表明:添加了10%牛至油100mg/kg对断奶獭兔能够达到喹乙醇(35mg/kg)同样的抗菌促生长效果,且饲养效果和综合效益为最高;牛至油可刺激断奶獭兔免疫器官的发育,提高免疫器官指数,增强机体的免疫力。     

Influences of quorum‐quenching probiotic bacteria on the gut microbial community and immune function in weaning pigs

The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic gut microbial diversity in weaning swine after administering feed supplemented with probiotic bacteria that specifically inhibit the activity of quorum molecules. Initially, the universal quorum molecule autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2) bioassay results indicated that AI‐2 activity was profoundly inhibited in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in the presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain 30SC cell extract, although the growth of EHEC was not affected. Based on plate counting results, bacterial community analysis revealed a specific reduction in coliforms compared to the control, whereas the population of lactobacilli increased in weaning swine in in vivo trials. Supplementation with L. acidophilus strain 30SC did not affect the counts of other communities, such as total aerobes and yeast/mold. In addition, PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed a significant difference in the 16S rRNA gene products after administering L. acidophilus strain 30SC. Selected bands were sequenced, and most of them were identified as uncultured bacterium clones or a Lactobacillus‐ and Bifidobacterium‐specific community. Therefore, our results indicate that quorum‐quenching probiotic bacteria can significantly modulate the gut microbiota of swine and these beneficial effects can contribute to the improvement of performance and health in the gastrointestinal tract of weaning pigs.     

断奶仔猪肠道健康与免疫调控

断奶应激一直是困扰现代养猪业的难题,由于幼龄仔猪消化系统和免疫系统都尚未发育成熟,早期断奶容易造成仔猪胃肠道功能紊乱,诱发仔猪断奶综合征。肠道是断奶仔猪消化食物、吸收营养的主要场所,也是体内最大的免疫器官之一。因此,通过研究仔猪肠道健康,阐明仔猪肠道生理结构及功能的发育规律,分析仔猪断奶前后肠道免疫调控特点,为不同日龄断奶仔猪确定合理的营养对策具有十分重要的意义,文章就近年来国内外仔猪肠道生理及免疫调控的研究进展进行综述。     

Intestinal stasis and rupture in rabbits

During one year 23 of 110 New Zealand white, adult male laboratory rabbits died. The pathological findings included intestinal stasis, intestinal blockage, acute intestinal rupture and intestinal rupture with peritonitis. These changes were considered to represent stages in an intestinal stasis and rupture syndrome. Another group of 20 comparable rabbits remained unaffected.     

石灰联合碳铵熏蒸对连作香蕉生长和根际微生物群落结构的影响

摘 要：由于长期连作导致香蕉枯萎病大量爆发,造成香蕉种植面积锐减,已严重影响海南香蕉产业的发展,因而急需寻求能够缓解或克服香蕉连作障碍的有效措施。本实验旨在探究使用绿色土壤熏蒸剂对长期连作蕉园的香蕉枯萎病的防控效果,特别是对植株生长发育、土壤化学性质和根际微生物区系的影响。田间试验共设置两个处理：石灰碳铵熏蒸处理（LAB）和对照处理（CK）。结果表明: LAB处理可以显著降低香蕉枯萎病发病率,与CK处理相比两季分别降低40%和46.62%,显著增加香蕉亩产量,与CK处理相比两季分别增产45.56%和75.99%。LAB处理可以显著提高土壤pH,改善土壤酸化,使酸性土壤维持中性水平,同时,增加土壤有机质含量,并且显著提高土壤速效磷（两季分别提高28.33%和89.14%）和速效钾含量（23.92%和38.67%）。并且LAB处理明显改变香蕉根际微生物群落结构,可以显著降低变形菌门和子囊菌门相对丰度,显著增加放线菌门等相对丰度,同时显著降低病原菌镰刀菌属相对丰度,并且显著提高部分土壤拮抗菌属的相对丰度,如链霉菌属、红球菌属和曲霉属。因此,石灰碳铵熏蒸有效改善香蕉根际微生物群落结构,有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生并促进其植株生长。     

Morphological and functional events associated to weaning in rabbits

It is acknowledged that the most critical period of rabbit post natal development comprises the first 10–15 days after weaning, when the animals are most susceptible to gastrointestinal infections and at greatest risk of a fatal outcome. Detailed information on rabbits' weaning is provided. The advantages and disadvantages of early weaning (under 23 days of age) are summarised. Regardless of the numerous reports, the effects of early weaning on the growth and development of bunnies and the physiological status of rabbit does are contradictory. The morphological changes in rabbit digestive tract related to weaning – development of intestinal mucosa, height of villi, crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio – are described in detail. The review also goes over several functional changes in rabbits' organism during weaning: blood cholesterol, triglycerides, α‐amylase, lysozyme, complement, triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations, and the time course of epidermal growth factor in the milk of lactating does. Based on published research reports, both ours and of other authors, we suggest that from a physiological point of view, the early weaning of rabbits is not fully justified at present. Nevertheless, the increasing market demand for rabbit meat makes early weaning an attractive alternative for farmers and necessitates further studies on the optimisation of weaning in this species.     

草地利用方式对呼伦贝尔草地微生物群落结构的影响

草地土壤微生物是维持生态系统养分循环功能的关键要素,也是指示草地生态系统变化的敏感指标.通过对呼伦贝尔草地围封、刈割、放牧和开垦4种利用方式下的土壤微生物群落组成及土壤理化性状的研究,了解草地利用方式对草地微生物群落的影响.结果表明:1)草地开垦为农田后土壤全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)含量分别降低了41.45％和45.0...     

饲粮组成对育肥羔羊肠道微生物菌群结构的影响

为研究饲粮组成改变对育肥羔羊肠道菌群结构及多样性的影响,选择生长发育良好、体重相近的2月龄蒙系公羔羊76只,随机分成2组,每组38只,分别饲喂不同的饲粮,对照组为精料+苜蓿饲粮,处理组为精料+全株玉米青贮+苜蓿+花生秧的全混合饲粮,试验期122 d,其中预试期20 d.试验结束后,每组随机选取4只羔羊屠宰并采集小肠及盲...