催乳素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂和乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨催乳素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)乳脂和乳蛋白合成相关基因表达的影响。选取中国荷斯坦奶牛BMECs为试验材料,经纯化培养后,培养基中添加不同浓度催乳素[0(对照)、100、300、500和1 000 ng/m L],继续培养24 h。通过四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法检测细胞活力;利用试剂盒检测胞内甘油三酯的含量;采用实时定量PCR法检测乳脂和乳蛋白合成相关基因的表达。结果表明:1)催乳素浓度为100、300 ng/m L时,BMECs相对增殖率显著高于对照组与其他试验组(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,300 ng/m L催乳素能够显著提高BM ECs乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DG AT)、脂肪酸结合蛋白3(FABP3)基因表达量及甘油三酯的含量(P0.05),硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)基因表达量有增加的趋势。3)与对照组相比,100、300 ng/m L催乳素能够显著提高哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(m TOR)、催乳素受体(PRLR)基因表达量(P0.05);300 ng/m L催乳素能显著提高αS1酪蛋白(CSN1 S1)基因表达量(P0.05)。综上所述,100~300 ng/m L的催乳素对BM ECs乳脂和乳蛋白合成有较好的促进效果。     

CLA对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞脂肪酸合成相关酶的影响

为了研究体外添加c9,t11共轭亚油酸(CLA)和t10,c12 CLA对奶牛乳腺细胞(BMECs)中脂肪酸(FA)合成关键酶基因mRNA转录和SCD酶指数的影响,试验采用组织块分离培养BMECs,两种CLA浓度分别为0,50,100,150μmol/L,作用细胞24 h后采用荧光定量PCR(QRT-PCR)对目的基因进行相对定量。结果表明:与对照组相比,50μmol/L c9,t11 CLA显著抑制BMECs中的ACC、FAS、D5和D6基因mRNA,但150μmol/L却显著促进;50μmol/L t10,c12 CLA显著上调了ACC、SCD5、D5和D6基因的mRNA转录水平,对FAS转录无影响(P>0.05),但150μmol/L显著受到抑制;CLA均抑制SCD1的转录,促进SCD5转录。C9,t11 CLA使SCD酶指数显著增加,t10,c12 CLA则相反。     

不同浓度胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ对体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白和脂肪合成相关基因表达的影响

应用Real-time PCR方法检测不同浓度(0、1、10和100 ng/mL)胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)处理后的体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白和脂肪合成相关基因mRNA的相对表达量。结果表明,添加不同浓度IGF-Ⅰ对体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞IGF-Ⅰ受体基因(IGFIR)、IGF-Ⅰ结合蛋白-3基因(IGFBP3)、α-s1-酪蛋白基因(CSN1S1)和κ-酪蛋白基因(CSN3)mRNA的相对表达丰度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着IGF-Ⅰ添加浓度的增加,β-酪蛋白基因(CSN2)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因(ACACA)、脂肪酸合成酶基因(FASN)和脂肪酸结合蛋白-3基因(FABP3)mRNA的相对表达丰度显著上调(P<0.05)。提示,IGF-Ⅰ作为一种重要细胞因子参与调节乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白和乳脂肪相关基因mRNA的表达。     

脂肪酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白和乳脂合成相关基因表达量的影响

本试验旨在探寻促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)乳蛋白和乳脂合成的短链脂肪酸(乙酸、β-羟丁酸)和长链脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸)的组合添加模式,为调控乳成分合成提供理论依据。BMECs经分离、纯化后,选取第2代细胞,分为5组,对照组不添加脂肪酸,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组添加的乙酸、β-羟丁酸浓度比例均为2.0(9.60 mmol/L)∶1.0(4.80 mmol/L),油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸的浓度比例分别为2.0(17.30μmol/L)∶13.3(115.05μmol/L)∶1.0(8.65μmol/L)和9.6(75.20μmol/L)∶7.4(58.00μmol/L)∶1.0(7.80μmol/L);Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组添加的乙酸、β-羟丁酸的浓度比例均为1.0(7.20 mmol/L)∶1.0(7.20 mmol/L),油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸的浓度比例分别为2.0∶13.3∶1.0和9.6∶7.4∶1.0,各组添加的短链脂肪酸(SCFA)和长链脂肪酸(LCFA)总浓度为14.541 mmol/L,每组3个重复。培养24 h后,检测细胞相对增殖率(RGR)、甘油三酯(TAG)的合成量以及乳蛋白和乳脂合成相关基因的表达量。结果表明:1)试验组BMECs RGR及TAG的合成量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);Ⅰ组RGR最高,TAG合成量最多。2)与对照组相比,Ⅱ组显著提高了核糖体蛋白S6激酶1(S6K1)、κ-酪蛋白(CSN3)基因的表达量(P0.05);Ⅳ组显著提高了CSN3、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、S6K1、真核翻译起始因子4E结合蛋白1(4EBP1)基因的表达量(P0.05);试验组信号转导和转录激活因子5(STAT5)基因的表达量显著降低(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,试验组二酰甘油酰基转移酶2(DG AT2)基因的表达量显著提高(P0.05),脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)基因的表达量显著降低(P0.05)。综上所述,在培养液中添加7.20 mmol/L乙酸、7.20 mmol/Lβ-羟丁酸、75.20μmol/L油酸、58.00μmol/L亚油酸、7.80μmol/L亚麻酸对BM ECs乳蛋白和乳脂合成相关基因的表达量有较好的促进作用。     

蛋氨酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞内乳脂合成相关基因和蛋白表达的影响

本试验旨在研究蛋氨酸(Met)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)内乳脂合成相关基因和蛋白表达的影响,以探讨Met对乳脂合成的影响机理。将第3代BMECs随机分为6个处理(每个处理6个重复),培养液中Met浓度分别为0.13、0.26、0.39、0.52、0.65和0.78 mmol/L。在37℃、5%CO2条件下培养48 h后测定BMECs内甘油三酯(TG)的含量及乳脂合成相关基因和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)与固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP1)蛋白的相对表达量。结果显示:Met浓度对BMECs内TG含量无显著影响(P0.05)。0.52~0.78 mmol/L Met处理BMECs内脂肪酸结合蛋白3(FABP3)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶A(ACACA)和PPARγ基因的相对表达量均显著高于其他处理(P0.05)。BMECs内脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)基因的相对表达量以0.26~0.39 mmol/L Met处理较高,显著高于0.65~0.78 mmol/L Met处理(P0.05)。脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)基因的相对表达量以0.39~0.52 mmol/L Met处理较高,且0.52 mmol/L Met处理显著高于0.13~0.26 mmol/L和0.65~0.78 mmol/L Met处理(P0.05)。Met浓度可显著影响SREBP1和乙酰甘油磷酸脂酰转移酶6(AGPAT6)基因及SREBP1和PPARγ蛋白的表达(P0.05),均以0.26 mmol/L Met处理的相对表达量最高。结果表明,Met浓度影响BMECs内脂肪酸摄取、从头合成的基因的表达及乳脂合成调控因子PPARγ和SREBP1的基因和蛋白的表达,Met浓度为0.26~0.52 mmol/L时对BMECs内脂肪酸从头合成及长链脂肪酸摄取的促进效果较好。     

亮氨酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞内乳脂合成相关基因和蛋白表达的影响

本试验旨在研究亮氨酸(Leu)对泌乳奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)内乳脂合成相关基因和蛋白表达的影响,以探讨Leu对乳脂合成的影响机理。将第3代BMECs随机分为6个处理,每个处理6个重复。6个处理培养液中Leu浓度分别为0.45、0.90、1.80、2.70、3.60和7.20 mmol/L,37℃、5%CO2培养48 h后测定BMECs内甘油三酯(TG)的含量及乳脂合成相关基因和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)与固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBP1)蛋白的相对表达量。结果显示:Leu浓度对BMECs内TG含量无显著影响(P0.05)。适宜浓度的Leu显著促进脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶A(ACACA)基因的表达(P0.05),FASN基因的相对表达量以1.80~2.70 mmol/L Leu处理、ACACA基因的相对表达量以1.80~7.20 mmol/L Leu处理较高。Leu浓度显著影响BMECs内SREBP1基因及蛋白表达(P0.05),以1.80 mmol/L Leu的促进效果最好。虽然Leu显著抑制BMECs内脂肪酸结合蛋白3(FABP3)、脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、乙酰甘油磷酸脂酰转移酶6(AGPAT6)、线粒体甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶(GPAM)和嗜乳脂蛋白亚家族1成员1(BTN1A1)基因的表达(P0.05),但只有高浓度(3.60~7.20 mmol/L)的Leu抑制作用较大。综合来看,Leu浓度影响BMECs乳脂合成相关基因及PPARγ和SREBP1蛋白的表达。Leu浓度为1.80~2.70 mmol/L时,对脂肪酸从头合成相关基因及调控因子SREBP1蛋白表达的促进效果较好,对TG合成及脂滴形成相关基因表达的抑制作用较小。     

牦牛乳脂合成关键酶基因全泌乳期的表达研究

试验以川西北高原的乳用麦洼牦牛为研究对象,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术对麦洼牦牛乳腺组织中的氨酰-CoA合成酶长链家族成员1(acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1,ACSL1)、氨酰-CoA合成酶短链家族成员1、2(acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 1、2,ACSS1、ACSS2)和脂肪酸结合蛋白家族成员3(fatty acid binding protein 3,FABP3)等乳脂代谢相关基因全泌乳期转录水平进行了分析。结果表明,4个基因在整个泌乳期均持续表达;分娩后30 d(30 d )ACSL1、ACSS1、ACSS2和FABP3基因的转录水平均比分娩前15 d(-15 d)显著增加(P<0.05),且达到最大值后逐步下降。产乳量测定结果表明,麦洼牦牛产乳量在120 d达到峰值,比乳脂代谢相关基因峰值表达水平晚90 d,其后产乳量逐步下降。结果表明,牦牛脂肪合成关键酶基因在全泌乳期的表达规律可能与牦牛对青藏高原生存环境的适应有关。     

与脐带间充质干细胞共培养对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂合成及关键基因表达的影响

探究与脐带间充质干细胞共培养对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)乳脂合成及关键基因表达的影响。将脐带间充质干细胞和乳腺上皮细胞利用Transwell小室双层共培养,BMECs单纯培养为对照组,IGF-ⅠR抑制剂AG1024处理细胞,检测上清IGF-Ⅰ、甘油三酯(TAG)含量变化,再用磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟激酶(PI3K)信号阻断剂LY294002孵育细胞,RT-qPCR检测乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACACA)、脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)和固醇调节元件结合蛋白(sterol regulatory element.binding proteins,SREBP1)基因的相对表达丰度。结果显示,共培养后BMECs的IGF-I含量极显著升高(P0.01),TAG含量显著升高(P0.05);加入AG1024后,IGF-I明显受到抑制(P0.01),显著降低了各组TAG含量及各基因的表达丰度(P0.05);LY294002抑制了PI3K(P0.01)、AKT、mTOR(P0.05)mRNA的表达,显著降低了TAG含量及ACACA、FASN、SREBP1mRNA的表达(P0.05);共同处理后极显著降低了TAG合成量及各基因相对表达丰度(P0.01)。结果表明,脐带间充质干细胞能够通过IGF-Ⅰ介导PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路上调BMECs乳脂合成关键基因的表达丰度,促进TAG的合成。     

Effects of phenylalanine and threonine oligopeptides on milk protein synthesis in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of phenylalanine (Phe) and threonine (Thr) oligopeptides on α_s1 casein gene expression and milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Primary mammary epithelial cells were obtained from Holstein dairy cows and incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium‐F12 medium (DMEM/F12) containing lactogenic hormones (prolactin and glucocorticoids). Free Phe (117 μg/ml) was substituted partly with peptide‐bound Phe (phenylalanylphenylalanine, phenylalanyl threonine, threonyl‐phenylalanyl‐phenylalanine) in the experimental media. After incubation with experimental medium, cells were collected for gene expression analysis and medium was collected for milk protein or amino acid determination. The results showed that peptide‐bound Phe at 10% (11.7 μg/ml) significantly enhanced α_s1 casein gene expression and milk protein synthesis as compared with equivalent amount of free Phe. When 10% Phe was replaced by phenylalanylphenylalanine, the disappearance of most essential amino acids increased significantly, and gene expression of peptide transporter 2 and some amino acid transporters was significantly enhanced. These results indicate that the Phe and Thr oligopeptides are important for milk protein synthesis, and peptide‐bound amino acids could be utilised more efficiently in milk protein synthesis than the equivalent amount of free amino acids.     

Effect of interaction between leucine and acetate on the milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells

The interaction between Leucine (Leu) and acetate affecting milk protein synthesis in the bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), and underlying the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of Leu, acetate, and their interaction on the expression of genes involved in milk protein synthesis, and JACK2/STAT5, mTOR and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. The study was a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement with treatments: Leu concentration (0.45 and 1.8 mM) and acetate concentration (0, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 mM). The results showed that 1.8 mM Leu or 8–10 mM acetate had positive effect on ATP content, the expression of casein genes, JACK2/STAT5 and phosphorylation of mTOR pathway, but reduced AMPK phosphorylation. Leu at 1.8mM had a positive effect on the up‐regulation of acetate on ATP content, the expression of CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN3, and JACK2, the expression and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase‐1, and mTOR, but reducing AMPK phosphorylation. The results suggest that acetate, Leu, and their interaction have effect on milk protein synthesis through the JACK2/STAT5, mTOR, and AMPK pathway. Acetate addition up‐regulated the effect of Leu on milk protein synthesis, and Leu facilitated the up‐regulation of acetate on milk protein synthesis through these pathways.     

Effects of lactoferrin and milk on adherence of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether lactoferrin (LF) or milk influenced adherence of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells. SAMPLE POPULATION: Three strains of S uberis from cows with mastitis, pooled milk samples from 3 clinically healthy Jersey cows early in the lactation period, and bovine mammary epithelial cells from a clonal cell line. PROCEDURES: Adherence of S uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells in the presence of various concentrations of LF or milk and after pretreatment of bacteria with LF or milk was tested. Bacteria were cultured with mammary epithelial cell monolayers for 1 hour. The culture supernatant was removed, and the epithelial cells were lysed. Adherence index was calculated as number of colony-forming units (CFU) in the cell lysate divided by number of CFU in the supernatant times 10,000. RESULTS: All 3 strains of S uberis were found to bind to purified LF and LF in milk. Addition of LF to the culture medium enhanced adherence of all 3 strains to mammary epithelial cells, whereas addition of milk enhanced adherence of 2 strains and decreased adherence of the third. Pretreatment of bacteria with LF or milk increased adherence of 1 of the strains but decreased adherence of the other 2. Increased adherence was antagonized by rabbit antibovine LF antibody. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that LF may function as a bridging molecule between S uberis and bovine mammary epithelial cells, facilitating adherence of the bacteria to the cells.     

IGF-Ⅰ对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞合成乳脂、乳蛋白的影响

分离培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,添加不同质量浓度的IGF-Ⅰ（insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ）（0,10,100,200μg/L）刺激24h后,提取细胞总RNA,用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测β-酪蛋白（CSN2）和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶α（ACA-CA）基因的转录水平变化。结果显示,IGF-Ⅰ能够显著促进CSN2和ACACA基因的转录,并且具有浓度依赖性。结果表明,IGF-Ⅰ可作为信号分子调节乳腺的泌乳功能。     

Proteomic analysis to unravel the effect of heat stress on gene expression and milk synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Heat stress can play a negative effect on milk yield and composition of dairy cattle, leading to immeasurable economic loss. The basic components of the mammary gland are the alveoli; these alveolar mammary epithelial cells reflect the milk producing ability of dairy cows. In this study, we exposed bovine mammary epithelial cells to heat stress and compared them to a control group using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation combined with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Compared with a control group, 104 differentially elevated proteins (>1.3‐fold) and 167 decreased proteins (<0.77‐fold) were identified in the heat treatment group. Gene Ontology analysis identified a majority of the differentially expressed proteins are associated in cell‐substrate junction assembly, catabolic processes and metabolic processes. Some of these significantly regulated proteins were related to the synthesis and secretion of milk, such as milk protein and fat. This finding was further supported by the results obtained from the reduced β‐casein expression through the system of plasminogen activator – plasminogen – plasmin and decreased fatty acid synthase could partly explain why milk fat synthesis ability of dairy cows decreased under heat stress. Our results highlight the effects of heat stress on synthesis of milk protein and fat, thus providing additional clues for further studies of heat stress on dairy milk production.     

Sodium acetate promotes fat synthesis by suppressing TATA element modulatory factor 1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Short-chain fatty acids are important nutrients that regulate milk fat synthesis.They regulate milk synthesis via the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) pathway;however,the details are still unknown.Here,the regulation and mechanism of sodium acetate (SA) in milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were assessed.BMECs were treated with SA supplementation (SA+) or without SA supplementation (SA-),and milk fat synthesis and activation of the SREBP1 pathway we...     

Effects of induced energy deficiency on lactoferrin concentration in milk and the lactoferrin reaction of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro

A dietary energy restriction to 49% of total energy requirements was conducted with Red Holstein cows for three weeks in mid‐lactation. At the last day of the restriction phase, primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pbMEC) of eight restriction (RF) and seven control‐fed (CF) cows were extracted out of one litre of milk and cultured. In their third passage, an immune challenge with the most prevalent, heat‐inactivated mastitis pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was conducted. Lactoferrin (LF) was determined on gene expression and protein level. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to determine LF in milk samples taken twice weekly throughout the animal trial, beginning on day 20 pp (post‐partum) until day 150 pp, in cell culture total protein and in cell culture supernatant. Milk LF increased throughout the lactation and decreased significantly during the induced energy deficiency in the RF group. At the beginning of realimentation, LF concentration increased immediately in the RF group and reached higher levels than before the induced deficit following the upward trend seen in the CF group. Cell culture data revealed higher levels (up to sevenfold up‐regulation in gene expression) and significant higher LF protein concentration in the RF compared to the CF group cells. A further emphasized effect was found in E. coli compared to S. aureus exposed cells. The general elevated LF levels in the RF pbMEC group and the further increase owing to the immune challenge indicate an unexpected memory ability of milk‐extracted mammary cells that were transposed into in vitro conditions and even displayed in the third passage of cultivation. The study confirms the suitability of the non‐invasive milk‐extracted pbMEC culture model to monitor the influence of feeding experiments on immunological situations in vivo.