三黄种鸡场孵化死胚中沙门菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了解死亡鸡胚中沙门菌的感染状况,从河南省4家三黄种鸡场自带孵化场采集死胚样品,进行沙门菌分离、血清型鉴定,并用纸片法和PCR方法对菌株耐药表型及相关耐药基因进行检测。结果:从356份死胚样品共分离到173株沙门菌,包括5种血清型:鸡白痢沙门菌(162株)、布利丹沙门菌(5株)、塞罗沙门菌(4株)、肠炎沙门菌(1株)、菲尔摩雷沙门菌(1株)。不同来源死胚中沙门菌的分离率和耐药情况差异显著;173株沙门菌对磺胺异噁唑(82.1%)、氨苄西林(74.0%)、四环素(49.1%)、土霉素(48.6%)耐药情况较严重,且43.4%(75/173)的菌株表现为多重耐药;对其他抗生素耐药情况较轻,耐药率在11%以下;对头孢他啶、美罗培南、亚胺培南、多黏菌素E、氯霉素、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星敏感。PCR共扩增到13种耐药基因,且耐药基因的检出情况与耐药表型的符合率在72%以上,其中ESBLs类、氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类的符合率为100%。结论:三黄鸡鸡胚感染的沙门菌血清型复杂、多重耐药严重,且耐药基因普遍存在于耐药菌株中。     

河南地区麻种鸡死胚中沙门菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了解麻鸡死胚中沙门菌的感染和耐药状况,本研究于2014年9月～2015年8月采集河南省郑州、平顶山、漯河、商丘地区4个父母代麻鸡场孵化场死胚样品,进行沙门菌分离、血清型鉴定,并用纸片法和PCR方法对菌株耐药表型及相关耐药基因进行检测。结果显示,695份死胚样品共分离到263株沙门菌,分离率为37.8%。包括9种血清型:鸡白痢沙门菌203株、爱丁堡沙门菌17株、汤卜逊沙门菌14株、塞罗沙门菌13株、田纳西沙门菌9株、吉姆皮斯Ⅱ沙门菌4株、加瓦尼沙门菌1株、泰米尔纳德沙门菌1株、恩德培Ⅱ沙门菌1株。其中有两个鸡场样品禽副伤寒沙门菌分离率超过鸡白痢沙门菌。263株沙门菌对磺胺异噁唑(69.6%,183/263)、氨苄西林(40.7%,107/263)、四环素(35.7%,94/263)、土霉素(35.4%,93/263)、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶(34.2%,90/263)的耐药较严重,且26.2%(69/263)的菌株表现为多重耐药;所有分离株对多粘菌素E、亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感;不同种鸡场来源的沙门菌耐药情况差异较大;用PCR方法共扩增到15种耐药基因,且检出的5类耐药基因与耐药表型的符合率在81.6%以上。本研究结果为制订种鸡群沙门菌病综合防控措施提供了参考。     

鸡胚源沙门菌的耐药表型与耐药基因的分析

为了解河南省某父母代麻鸡场死胚中沙门菌的耐药状况以及耐药机制,本试验对分离自291个孵化后期的死胚中的25株沙门菌进行血清分型,并采用K-B法进行了21种抗菌药物的耐药性检测,采用PCR法检测5类共37种耐药基因的携带情况。结果:25株分离株分属6个血清型,且对亚胺培南、美罗培南、氯霉素、呋喃妥因、多黏菌素B敏感,对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、磺胺异恶唑、头孢噻呋、氨曲南的耐药率在32%~48%之间,且有56%(14/25)的菌株存在多重耐药现象,最高可耐14种药物;共检出13种耐药基因;且5类耐药基因与耐药表型的符合率超过60%,其中四环素类的符合率为100%。提示该种鸡场中鸡胚源性沙门菌的血清型复杂、耐药率高、多重耐药情况严重,且耐药基因广泛存在于耐药菌株中。     

种鸡场孵化死胚中沙门菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了解死亡鸡胚中沙门菌的感染状况,采集351枚孵化后期死胚进行沙门菌分离鉴定,并采用K-B法进行了20种抗菌药物的耐药表型检测,采用PCR法对6类共50种耐药基因分布进行检测。结果显示,共分离到62株沙门菌,包括6个血清型。分离菌株对磺胺异噁唑耐药情况较严重,耐药率为37.1%,对其余19种药物耐药率均在26%以下,其中对亚胺培南、美罗培南、多黏菌素E、氯霉素、呋喃妥因敏感,且有16.1%(10/62)的菌株存在多重耐药现象,最高可耐14种抗生素;此外,PCR共扩增到18种耐药基因,且6类耐药基因的检出情况与耐药表型的符合率均在60%以上,其中喹诺酮类、四环素类的符合率为100%。结果表明,该种鸡场中鸡胚源性沙门菌的血清型复杂、多重耐药情况严重,且耐药基因普遍存在于耐药菌株中,药敏试验结果与耐药基因检测结果有很高的一致性。     

广西钦州地区黄羽肉鸡场种鸡死胚沙门菌分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了解广西部分地区黄羽肉鸡死胚中沙门菌的感染与耐药情况,于2018～2019年间分批次由广西钦州地区多个鸡场采集麻鸡死胚共计406个进行沙门菌分离、血清型鉴定。随后利用纸片法对所分离沙门菌的耐药性进行分析,并通过PCR方法对相应耐药基因进行检测。最终由406个死胚中分离164株沙门菌,且均为鸡白痢沙门菌。所分离菌株对磺胺异恶唑、四环素等抗生素具有较高的耐药性,且呈现严重的多重耐药现象。通过PCR方法共检测出16种耐药基因。研究结果为当地种鸡群鸡白痢净化及沙门菌病综合防治提供了有力参考。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）乳牛乳腺炎大肠杆菌的检测及其基因型分布

为了解采自内蒙古和上海地区的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）乳牛乳腺炎大肠杆菌的流行特点、耐药性和基因型分布,采用美国临床实验室标准化委员会（CLSI）2005年推荐的初筛及纸片确认方法对内蒙古地区的58株和上海地区的22株乳牛乳腺炎大肠杆菌进行了ESBLs的检测及耐药性分析,并采用PCR扩增和PCR产物测序方法对产ESBLs菌株进行基因分型。结果显示,内蒙古地区检出6株产ESBLs菌株,阳性率为10.34%,其中,有1株菌携带TEM-1基因,有1株携带CTX-M-14型基因,而有3株同时携带TEM-1型和CTX-M-14型2种基因,只有1株菌未检出上述基因。上海地区未检出产ESBLs菌株。结果表明,产ESBLs菌株多表现为多重耐药,对各种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株。     

我国5省区部分猪、鸡源产ESBLs沙门菌的耐药差异及MLST流行特征

为了解不同地区猪鸡源沙门菌的流行分布和耐药特征，采用PCR法、药敏纸片法、微量肉汤稀释法及Bionumerics和SPSS软件等，对来自我国安徽、浙江、山东、新疆、江苏5省区的沙门菌进行血清型鉴定、ESBLs表型和基因型检测、药物敏感性试验以及数据处理。结果显示，85株沙门菌共鉴定出15种血清型；分离出25株(29.4%)产ESBLs菌株，猪源产超广谱β内酰胺酶(extended-spectrumβ-lactam, ESBLs)沙门菌检出率(4.7%)远低于鸡源(54.8%)(P<0.01);产ESBLs沙门菌对7种抗菌药的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs的菌株(P<0.01);85株沙门菌中基因型检测结果为：TEM型44.7%(38/85),CTX-M型12.9%(11/85),OXA型10.6%(9/85),SHV型9.4%(8/85),有基因型共存现象；产ESBLs沙门菌中有19株携带4种耐药基因，相关性达到76%;各省分离菌株对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、大观霉素、头孢噻呋、四环素、头孢他啶的耐药率有极显著差异(P<0.01),对恩诺沙星的耐药率有显著差异(P<0....     

上海市鸭源沙门菌的分离鉴定、血清分型及耐药性分析

为了解上海市农贸市场和超市中鸭源沙门菌的污染情况、血清型分布及耐药情况,于2014年从上海市各大农贸市场和超市随机采集鸭肉、鸭粪便样品186份,通过常规分离鉴定和PCR鉴定,获得了44株鸭源沙门菌。对分离株采用Kauffman-White法进行血清学分型和K-B纸片法进行16种抗生素的药敏试验。结果显示,鸭源沙门菌分离率为23.65%,共鉴定出13种血清型,优势血清型为鼠伤寒(43.18%)。耐药性结果显示,分离株对萘啶酸(63.64%)的耐药率最高,对磺胺异恶唑(47.73%)、链霉素(47.73%)、四环素(40.91%)的耐药率次之,对头孢吡肟(4.54%)、头孢噻肟(4.54%)、环丙沙星(2.27%)、庆大霉素(2.27%)等耐药率低,对氧氟沙星(0.00%)和亚胺培南(0.00%)两种药物敏感。其中,多重耐药率为43.18%,最多可耐受11种抗菌药物。表明上海市鸭源沙门菌的污染率较高,血清型分布广且耐药模式多样,多重耐药菌株较严重。提示鸭源沙门菌的流行和耐药情况值得我们密切关注,同时为进一步做好食品中沙门菌的防控提供数据支持。     

银川地区鸡源沙门菌血清型鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解银川地区鸡源沙门菌的耐药性及优势血清型,采用药敏纸片扩散法测定了69株鸡源沙门菌对常用12种抗菌药物的耐药率,同时采用玻板凝集法对沙门菌进行了血清型鉴定。结果显示,所有菌株对12种抗菌药物均产生了不同程度的耐药性,其中对萘啶酸、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、头孢唑啉的耐药率较高;对美洛培南、环丙沙星的耐药菌株比率较低;多重耐药情况比较严重,部分菌株同时具有对12种抗菌药物的耐药性,具有5重耐药能力的菌株占21.74%。分离到的菌株中主要血清型为鸡白痢沙门菌(S.gallinarum),其次为鼠伤寒沙门菌(S.typhimurium)和伤寒沙门菌(S.typhi)。     

羔羊源产ESBLs与非产ESBLs大肠埃希氏菌耐药性差异比较及基因型分析

为了明确宁夏地区羔羊源大肠埃希氏菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)与非产ESBLs大肠埃希氏菌的耐药性差异和相关基因携带情况差异,对实验室分离保存的87株羔羊源大肠埃希氏菌,采用ESBLs表型检测方法筛选产ESBLs的菌株和K-B纸片法进行药物敏感性试验,采用PCR法对分离株进行相关基因的检测。结果显示,87株大肠埃希氏菌中5株为产ESBLs菌株,检出率为5.75%。产ESBLs株对多数试验药物呈耐药性;而非产ESBLs菌株对多数试验药物敏感,仅对恩诺沙星、复方新诺明和红霉素耐药率超过50%。20种药物中,产ESBLs株大肠埃希氏菌对18种药物的耐药率极显著高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.01)。产ESBLs菌株携带blaCTX的阳性率极显著高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.01),产ESBLs菌株中的blaTEM和blaOXA基因的阳性率均高于非产ESBLs菌株,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明宁夏地区羔羊源大肠埃希氏菌产ESBLs菌株流行率低,产ESBLs菌株耐药性严重,且宁夏地区羔羊源ESBLs菌株优势基因型为blaCTX和blaTEM。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.