CTLA-4增强鸭肝炎病毒VP3重组蛋白的免疫效应分析

为了评价载体pET-mLTA-CTLA-4对鸭肝炎病毒VP3重组蛋白的免疫增强作用,试验在载体pET-mLTA-CTLA-4上插入鸭甲肝病毒(DHAV)VP3基因,构建重组质粒pET-mLTA-VP3-CTLA-4并表达重组蛋白mLTA-VP3-CTLA-4,用不同剂量的mLTA-CTLA-4蛋白+DHAV-1活疫苗、重组蛋白mLTA-VP3-CTLA-4、DHAV-1活疫苗分别免疫1日龄非免健康雏鸭,用ELISA法定期检测不同免疫处理时鸭的血清抗体IgG及小肠黏膜抗体IgA并进行比较分析;将免疫后的血清与病毒中和后接种鸡胚,判断其免疫保护力。结果表明:重组蛋白mLTA-VP3-CTLA-4可诱导免疫鸭产生特异性IgG和IgA,但其产生的抗体水平稍低于mLTA-CTLA-4蛋白+DHAV-1活疫苗组,血清与病毒混合后能完全中和病毒,在保护试验中鸡胚未见死亡。说明表达的重组蛋白mLTA-VP3-CTLA-4能产生较好的免疫保护力。     

1型鸭甲肝病毒和鸭坦布苏病毒液相芯片抗体检测方法的建立

为建立1型鸭甲肝病毒(duck hepatitis A virus type 1,DHAV-1)和鸭坦布苏病毒(duck Tembusu virus,DTMUV)抗体的液相芯片检测方法,应用RT-PCR从鸭尿囊液中扩增获得714bp的DHAV-1VP1序列和1 503bp的DTMUV-E序列,将其分别克隆至原核表达载体pCold-Ⅲ和pET-28a(+)并进行表达。通过SDS-PAGE验证DHAV-1-VP1和DTMUV-E蛋白能够有效表达,通过Western blot进一步验证表达的蛋白均可与其对应的阳性血清发生反应。根据xMAP液相芯片技术原理,以表达的重组蛋白为抗原分别与不同编号的微球偶联,获得偶联复合体作为捕获载体,建立DHAV-1和DTMUV抗体单一和双重液相蛋白芯片检测方法。结果表明,DHAV-1和DTMUV的临界值分别为190.30和223.29,灵敏性检测2种阳性血清的抗体水平分别为1∶51 200和1∶6 400,重复性验证批内和批间变异系数分别为1.44%和3.94%,为DHAV-1和DTMUV抗体监测提供了高通量、重复性好、特异性高的抗体检测体系。     

鸭1型甲肝病毒亚型VP1蛋白单克隆抗体的研制及鉴定

为制备抗鸭1型甲肝病毒亚型（DHAV-1a）结构蛋白VP1的单克隆抗体（MAbs）,本研究以pGEX-VP1重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,同时以纯化浓缩的全病毒作为包被抗原,建立了筛选抗VP1蛋白阳性杂交瘤细胞株的间接ELISA方法,经融合、筛选制备杂交瘤细胞及鉴定MAbs的稳定性、特异性、腹水效价和中和活性等生物学活性,获得了2株持续且稳定分泌抗体的杂交瘤细胞（1A2和5G3）。MAbs腹水ELISA效价分别为1：3.2×10⁴和1：2.0×10⁶。亚类鉴定均为IgG1/κ型。Western blotting结果显示,2株MAbs均能与DHAV-1a VP1蛋白和DHAV-1a全病毒发生特异性反应。特异性试验结果显示2株MAbs能与鸭1型甲肝病毒（DHAV-1）和DHAV-1a发生交叉反应。中和试验结果显示5G3株具有中和活性。结果表明2株MAbs的ELISA效价高、特异性强、稳定性好,均能与DHAV-1和DHAV-1a全病毒发生特异性反应,其中一株具有中和活性。     

1型鸭甲肝病毒VP3蛋白的抗血清中和活性分析及B细胞表位鉴定

旨在探究1型鸭甲肝病毒(DHAV-1)VP3蛋白抗血清的中和活性并鉴定VP3的线性B细胞表位。利用pGEX-4T-1表达载体,在BL21(DE3)宿主菌中原核表达DHAV-1 VP3基因,以切胶纯化出的蛋白质为抗原免疫兔制备多克隆抗体,通过鸡胚中和试验对多抗的中和效价进行检测;采用KarplusSchulz、Emini、Jameson-Wolf和Parker方法分别对柔韧性、表面可及性、抗原性及亲水性进行分析,得到了4条候选线性B细胞表位,以制备的兔抗VP3多克隆抗体为一抗,通过间接ELISA方法对人工合成的B细胞表位进行鉴定,并进一步用临床鸭血清样品对鉴定的B细胞表位的抗体检测能力进行评估。结果显示,VP3在BL21(DE3)中以包涵体形式表达,大小约54ku,Western blot分析表明重组蛋白质具有较好的反应原性。制备的兔抗VP3多克隆抗体的琼扩效价达到1∶16,并能中和DHAV-1,中和效价为1∶39;利用间接ELISA鉴定出GKRKPCRRPIHKPKNPPQEP(1—20aa)、FNTGRYQMSWYPIADGEQSL(131—150aa)和VNSSAPSNID(200—209aa)为VP3的B细胞表位,抗体检测能力试验结果显示表位肽可检测临床DHAV-1鸭血清。本研究表明DHAV-1VP3的抗血清具备一定的中和活性,1—20aa、131—150aa和200—209aa为VP3的B细胞表位且具有临床应用前景。     

鸭甲型肝炎病毒1型抗体CLEIA检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速检测鸭甲肝病毒1型(DHAV-1)抗体的化学发光酶联免疫分析方法(CLEIA),本研究从DHAV-1中国流行株中扩增获得病毒结构蛋白VP1编码基因,构建重组原核表达质粒pET-32a-VP1,并进行重组蛋白的诱导表达。将纯化后的重组VP1蛋白作为检测抗原建立了CLEIA检测方法。结果显示,利用建立的CLEIA方法对AIV、AMPV、DPV、ARV、MPV、RAV等病毒血清进行检测,均无交叉反应,特异性强;灵敏度高于ELISA方法;重复性试验变异系数为2.18%~4.33%,具有较好的重复性;且与中和试验的阳性符合率和阴性符合率分别为100%和80%。本研究建立的CLEIA方法可以用于DHAV-1感染监测及疫苗接种后的免疫评价。     

一种基于VP0蛋白检测DHAV(1型和3型）血清抗体的间接ELISA的建立及应用

为建立一种快速检测鸭甲肝病毒(DHAV)1型和3型(DHAV-1、DHAV-3)血清抗体的方法,本研究诱导表达了DHAV-1、DHAV-3重组蛋白VP0、VP1、VP3,并采用ELISA方法比较了3者的反应原性,结果显示DHAV-1 VP0更适合作为检测DHAV-1、DHAV-3血清抗体的通用型诊断抗原。经各反应条件优化,建立了一种基于DHAV-1 VP0重组蛋白的可同时检测DHAV-1、DHAV-3血清抗体的间接ELISA方法。优化的主要反应条件为:抗原包被浓度为0.25μg/m L,待检血清稀释度为1100,山羊抗鸭HRP-IgG 1400稀释。该方法特异性较强,只与DHAV-1、DHAV-3阳性血清反应,与鸭源小鹅瘟病毒(GPV)、鸭病毒性肠炎病毒(DEV)、H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(H9N2 AIV)、鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)等阳性血清均无交叉反应;敏感性为1320;批内变异系数小于4%,批间变异系数小于6%;与商品化的ELISA抗体检测试剂盒比较,二者阳性符合率为93.3%,阴性符合率为88.9%,总符合率为95.7%,且该方法可用于临床血清样本的检测。本研究为检/监测DHAV血清抗体水平提供了技术手段。     

一起鸭甲肝病毒1型和3型混合感染的研究报道

自山东省某疑似鸭肝炎发病鸭肝脏中分离到两株病毒,命名为TA1和TA2,分离毒分别回归3日龄雏鸭,可复制出鸭肝炎的典型症状和病理变化。利用鸭甲肝病毒1型（DHAV-1）和3型（DHAV-3）特异性引物进行RT-PCR 扩增,结果为阳性,经测序证实为DHAV-1和DHAV-3。分别扩增分离毒的VP1基因,经序列测定及遗传进化关系分析发现,分离毒TA1和DHAV-3毒株之间有较高的核苷酸序列相似性,与DHAV-3遗传距离最近,属于基因C型;分离毒TA2和DHAV-1毒株之间有较高的核苷酸序列相似性,与DHAV-1的遗传距离最近,属基因A型。     

DHAV-3 VP1蛋白优势抗原区的初步鉴定

为了研究鸭甲肝病毒3型(DHAV-3)VP1蛋白的优势抗原区,试验根据DHAV-3 VP1基因序列设计4对特异性表达引物,用PCR获得VP1-a~d基因片段,并在p ET-30a(+)/Rosetta(DE3)p LysS系统中进行原核表达;经IPTG诱导重组蛋白获得表达,用Ni-NTA柱亲和层析获得纯化的重组蛋白;同时以DHAV-3病毒为免疫原制备鼠抗DHAV-3多克隆抗体,通过I-ELISA和Westernblot初步鉴定。结果表明:p ET-30a-VP1-a、p ET-30a-VP1-b、p ET-30a-VP1-c和p ET-30a-VP1-d与鼠抗DHAV-3多克隆抗体都发生反应,抗原量相同的情况下VP1-c和VP1-d段显色较VP1-a和VP1-b深,说明这两段反应性相对较强;4种截短蛋白与鸭抗DHAV-3阳性血清进行反应,只有p ET-30a-VP1-c显色。说明VP1-c免疫原性较强,DHAV-3 VP1蛋白的90~175 aa为其优势抗原区。     

Asia 1型口蹄疫病毒VP1基因的表达鉴定及其多抗制备

本研究旨在表达口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)的VP1全基因并制备特异性的多克隆抗体。利用PCR方法扩增Asia 1 IND 49197株VP1全基因,将其克隆至原核表达载体pET-30a(+)中,在大肠杆菌BL21中进行表达。SDS-PAGE结果显示表达产物分子量约为31.6ku,以包涵体的形式存在。通过Ni-NTA Purification System纯化后进行western blot和间接ELISA分析,结果显示重组蛋白能够被FMD阳性血清识别,具有良好的反应性。将纯化的重组蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备多克隆抗体,ELISA测定抗体效价为1∶20480,病毒中和试验测定抗体效价为1∶64。本研究所表达的VP1蛋白可用于开发检测Asia1口蹄疫抗体的诊断试剂,所制备的多克隆抗体为进一步研究VP1的结构、功能以及抗原表位的鉴定提供了条件。     

交叉中和血清1型和血清3型鸭甲肝病毒单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

鸭甲型肝炎（duck hepatitis A,DHA）是危害养鸭业的主要疾病之一,是一种雏鸭的急性、高度致死性传染病。本研究旨在研制一种对我国流行的鸭甲型肝炎血清1型（DHAV-1）和血清3型（DHAV-3）病毒具有交叉中和作用的单克隆抗体（monoclonal antibody,McAb）。人工合成12条DHAV-1和DHAV-3的VP1蛋白共有的抗原表位肽,分别与钥孔血蓝蛋白（keyhole limpet hemocyanin,KLH）载体偶联作为免疫抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠制备McAb。通过检测McAb与DHAV-1和DHAV-3的交叉反应性,测定McAb对病毒增殖的抑制效率、中和效价以及攻毒保护率等来筛选McAb。本研究共获得了12株稳定分泌McAb的杂交瘤细胞株,其中6株（C1、C4、C7、C12、C13、C16）分泌的McAb同时与DHAV-1和DHAV-3发生特异性交叉反应; C1、C4、C7、C16可以抑制DHAV-1和DHAV-3在鸭胚中的增殖,抑制率在75.34%～100.00%不等;对DHAV-1和DHAV-3的中和效价：C1（1：3&1：5）、C4（1：3&1：3）、C7（1：10&1：11）和C16（1：9&1：9）;C7和C16对DHAV-1和DHAV-3攻毒雏鸭的保护率较高,分别为“70%、80%”和“100%、60%”。本研究成功研制出对DHAV-1和DHAV-3具有交叉中和活性的McAb 4株,其中2株对病毒的感染具有良好的预防效果,为DHA的防控提供了新材料和新思路。     

Characterization of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) related viruses from captive Grevy's zebra and blackbuck

Equid herpes virus 1 (EHV-1) related isolates from a captive blackbuck (strain Ro-1) and Grevy's zebra (strain T965) behaved similarly to EHV-1 and EHV-9 in respect to their host cell range. Restriction enzyme analysis and a phylogenetic tree confirmed that Ro-1 and T965 were identical and more closely related to EHV-1 than to EHV-9. Differences from EHV-1 became obvious firstly, by amino acid alignments revealing two unique substitutions in the gB protein of Ro-1 and T965. Secondly, an EHV-1 type-specific monoclonal antibody did not detect its antigen on Ro-1, T965 or EHV-9 infected cells by immunohistochemistry. The results support the view that Ro-1 and T965 isolates represent a distinct, previously unrecognized species of equid herpesviruses.     

The 2009 pandemic (H1N1) viruses isolated from pigs show enhanced pathogenicity in mice

Since the emergence of the 2009 pandemic (H1N1) virus (2009/H1N1) in April 2009, cases of transmission from humans to pigs have been reported frequently. In our previous studies, four 2009/H1N1 variants were isolated from pigs. To better understand the phenotypic differences of the pig isolates compared with the human isolate, in this study mice were inoculated intranasally with different 2009/H1N1 viruses, and monitored for morbidity, mortality, and viral replication, cytokine production and pathological changes in the lungs. The results show that all isolates show effective replication in lungs, but varying in their ability to cause morbidity. In particular, the strains of A/swine/Nanchang/3/2010 (H1N1) and A/swine/Nanchang/F9/2010 (H1N1) show the greatest virulence with a persisting replication in lungs and high lethality for mice, compared with the human isolate A/Liaoning /14/2009 (H1N1), which shows low virulence in mice. Furthermore, the lethal strains could induce more severe lung pathological changes and higher production of cytokines than that of other strains at an early stage. Amino acid sequence analysis illustrates prominent differences in viral surface glycoproteins and polymerase subunits between pig isolates and human strains that might correlate with their phenotypic differences. These studies demonstrate that the 2009/H1N1 pig isolates exhibit heterogeneous infectivity and pathogencity in mice, and some strains possess an enhanced pathogenicity compared with the human isolate.     

Effects of different polymerases of avian influenza viruses on the growth and pathogenicity of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1)-derived reassorted viruses

We generated reassorted PR8 viruses containing six different combinations of avian influenza virus (AIV) polymerase genes from A/chicken/Korea/01310/2001 (H9N2) (01310) and A/chicken/Korea/KBNP-0028/2000 (H9N2) (0028) to examine the effects of the AIV polymerase genes PB1, PB2, and PA on replication efficiency in different host cells and pathogenicity in mice. The virus titers of the reassorted viruses possessing 01310 [rPR8-PB2(01310)] and 0028 [rPR8-PB2(0028)] PB2 genes were significantly higher than those of the others except the rPR8 virus in embryonated chicken eggs at 37 °C, and those of avian polymerase reassorted viruses were significantly less than rPR8 in MDCK cells at 32 and 37 °C. rPR8-PB2(01310), rPR8-PB2(0028), and rPR8-PA(0028) caused no body weight loss in BALB/c mice but rPR8-PA(01310), rPR8-PB1(01310), and rPR8-PB1(0028) caused mortality and significantly different body weight loss compared to those in the mock treatment. In contrast to rPR8-PB2(0028) and rPR8-PA(0028), rPR8-PB2(01310) was not isolated from infected mice, and rPR8-PB1(0028) was less pathogenic than rPR8-PB1(01310). We determined the amino acid residues that were specific to the less pathogenic polymerases. A comparison with those of pandemic 2009 H1N1, human fatal H5N1 and H7N9, and pathogenic AIVs to mice without adaptation revealed that they possessed the mammalian pathogenic constellation of polymerases. Thus, the novel polymerase genes and amino acid residues may be useful to understand the host-barrier overcome of AIVs in mice and to develop safer and efficacious vaccines.     

Molecular characterization of recent Korean porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) viruses and comparison to other Asian PRRS viruses

Twenty-eight PRRS viruses (PRRSVs) isolated from various pig farms in Korea between 2002 and 2003 were sequenced for open-reading frame (ORF) 5 and/or full-length genome and compared with numerous PRRSVs reported from North America, Europe and Asia. All Korean isolates examined were genetically of the North American genotype. The ORF5 sequence of one isolate was identical to Ingelvac PRRS MLV vaccine virus. ORF5 nucleotide sequence divergence of the remaining 27 Korean PRRSVs from VR-2332, the prototype of the North American PRRSV and parental strain of the MLV vaccine virus, ranged from 1.3% to 12.9%, which corresponded to 2.0% to 14.9% divergence at the amino acid level, raising a concern on the efficacy of the MLV vaccine. Phylogenetic analyses of ORF5 and/or full-length sequences revealed that the Korean PRRSVs formed a clade distinct from PRRSVs reported from other Asian countries (China, Taiwan, Japan, and Thailand). Our study demonstrated that PRRSVs of the North American genotype were introduced to the Korean swine population some time ago and have evolved independently from PRRSV in other Asian countries, suggesting that geographic separation might influence the molecular evolution of PRRSV. This should be taken into consideration when a national PRRS prevention and control policy for international trade is established.     

Molecular characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease) viruses isolated from pigeons between 2000 and 2008 in Slovenia

Fourteen avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1; Newcastle disease) viruses isolated from dead free-living and domestic pigeons in Slovenia between 2000 and 2008 were analyzed by a molecular characterization of a part of the fusion protein gene, which included the region encoding the fusion protein cleavage site. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Slovene pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) viruses do not cluster together but instead are divided into two groups--4bi and 4bii--of sublineage 4b. Nine Slovenian strains were placed in group 4bii. Five other strains clustered together with PPMV-1 from group 4bi. The sequence of the fusion protein cleavage site of all Slovenian strains was typical for pathogenic APMV-1. The 112RRQKRF117 motif was present in the strains from group 4bii, whereas strains from group 4bi displayed the 112GRQKRF117 motif.     

Susceptibility to and transmission of H5N1 and H7N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in bank voles (Myodes glareolus)

The study of influenza type A (IA) infections in wild mammals populations is a critical gap in our knowledge of how IA viruses evolve in novel hosts that could be in close contact with avian reservoir species and other wild animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to infection, the nasal shedding and the transmissibility of the H7N1 and H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), a wild rodent common throughout Europe and Asia. Two out of 24 H5N1-infected voles displayed evident respiratory distress, while H7N1-infected voles remained asymptomatic. Viable virus was isolated from nasal washes collected from animals infected with both HPAI viruses, and extra-pulmonary infection was confirmed in both experimental groups. Histopathological lesions were evident in the respiratory tract of infected animals, although immunohistochemistry positivity was only detected in lungs and trachea of two H7N1-infected voles. Both HPAI viruses were transmitted by direct contact, and seroconversion was confirmed in 50% and 12.5% of the asymptomatic sentinels in the H7N1 and H5N1 groups, respectively. Interestingly, viable virus was isolated from lungs and nasal washes collected from contact sentinels of both groups. The present study demonstrated that two non-rodent adapted HPAI viruses caused asymptomatic infection in bank voles, which shed high amounts of the viruses and were able to infect contact voles. Further investigations are needed to determine whether bank voles could be involved as silent hosts in the transmission of HPAI viruses to other mammals and domestic poultry.     

Susceptibility of Muscovy (Cairina Moschata) and mallard ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos) to experimental infections by different genotypes of H5N1 avian influenza viruses

It is a fact that in Viet Nam, Muscovy ducks are raised in large populations (approximately 8 million), usually kept in small flocks together with mallards and chickens. As a result, it is a great concern for epidemiologists to elucidate possible differences in relation to these species being exposed to infection with H5N1. To do this, an experimental study on infections with different genotypes of H5N1 in mallards and Muscovy ducks have been conducted, where it was found that the mortality of the inoculated Muscovy ducks was at least 80%, regardless of the virus strain employed. In contrast, the mortality of the mallards ranged from nil to 100%, which suggests that Muscovy ducks are more susceptible to HPAIV H5N1 infection in terms of disease development and mortality. It was also found that higher virus titers developed in vital organs of Muscovy ducks compared to mallards, particularly in the brain. Due to their high susceptibility, it is unlikely that Muscovy ducks act as a silent reservoir. The virus strains used in this study, to a certain degree, differed in their virulence properties to the bird species in question.