西藏林芝地区羊心电图和瘤胃肌电图特征分析

通过对正常藏系绵羊心电图和瘤胃肌电图的分析,掌握反刍动物的循环和消化代谢的特点。固定试验绵羊,利用心电图仪和胃肠电图仪进行描记,发现心电轴普遍右偏,偏移角度130°以上(P0.05);T波显著增高,在V1、V2、V3和V4 4个胸导联中,T值均值为(0.44±0.16)、(0.73±0.35)、(0.53±0.17)、(0.43±0.47)mV;ST段等电位的时间0.12s,QT间期水平延长。瘤胃肌电的描记发现VPP电位随年龄增加而降低,主波时间随年龄增加而变短。结果表明:心电轴的右偏与右心室肥大或品种有关,T波电位的增加与缺钙、高血钾或品种相关;瘤胃收缩的强度与收缩时间随年龄增加而变弱变短,此结果可为高原藏系绵羊内科疾病提供诊断方法和基础依据。     

藏系绵羊瘤胃细菌区系的季节动态分析

本文旨在研究不同季节牧草营养成分变化及藏系绵羊瘤胃细菌区系的季节动态变化.试验在不同季节分别随机选取3只藏系绵羊,采用PCR-DGGE技术对12只藏系绵羊瘤胃内容物中的细菌区系进行分子生态学的分析,对细菌16S rDNA的V6～V8可变区的扩增产物进行DGGE图谱分析、相似性分析和Shannon多样指数分析.结果表明:(1)秋季瘤胃细菌种群丰富度极显著(P<0.01)高于冬、春季节,显著(P<0.05)高于夏季,而其他3个季节之间差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)瘤胃细菌区系组成结构在春季和夏季相似性高于90%,在秋、冬季相似性低于70%,而春、夏季与秋、冬季之间的相似性低于60%;(3)夏季牧草中DE和CP含量极显著(P<0.01)高于其他季节,其瘤胃液pH极显著(P<0.01)低于其他季节,瘤胃细菌区系丰富度也相应降低;秋季牧草的DE和CP含量显著(P<0.05)高于春、冬季节,其瘤胃液pH范围为7.1～7.3,瘤胃细菌区系丰富度高于其他3个季节.由以上结果可以看出,不同季节瘤胃内优势菌群发生了改变,瘤胃细菌区系的季节变化与瘤胃pH、瘤胃内容物的物理特性、营养成分及其比例等有关.     

饲粮蛋白质水平对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌菌群结构及功能的影响北大核心CSCD

本研究旨在探究饲粮蛋白质水平对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌菌群结构及功能的影响。试验选取18只12月龄健康、平均体重为(31.71±0.72)kg的藏系绵羊羯羊,随机分为3组,每组6只,分别饲喂代谢能相近而蛋白质含量不同(LP组,10.06%CP;MP组,12.10%CP;HP组,14.12%CP)的饲粮,试验为期120 d,包括15 d的预饲期和105 d的正试期。结果表明:1)LP组藏系绵羊的终末体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著低于MP组和HP组(P<0.05),而料重比显著高于MP组和HP组(P<0.05)。2)3组18个瘤胃液样品共产生1547415条有效序列,聚类后共得到4073个OTUs。饲粮蛋白质水平并没有对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌多样性指数产生显著性影响(P>0.05)。3)在门分类水平上,藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢霉亚门和新美鞭菌门等;在属分类水平上,瘤胃真菌优势菌属为青霉属、无茎真菌属、枝孢属、镰孢霉属和链格孢属等。4)采用LEfSe方法对各个分类水平上丰度有显著差异的微生物进行比较分析,共筛选到33个符合生物标记物的真菌菌群。5)基于FUNGuid对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌群落的营养型进行功能预测,发现腐生营养型是最主要的营养型。以上结果表明,适当提高饲粮中蛋白质水平可以显著提高藏系绵羊的生长性能,但对瘤胃真菌菌群的多样性和结构组成并未产生明显的影响。     

藏系绵羊瘤胃细菌数量及其放牧地牧草养分随季节变化的研究

试验分别于春、夏、秋和冬季,随机选择3只同群常年放牧健康的藏系绵羯羊(2岁),屠宰后采集瘤胃内容物。采用瘤胃细菌通用引物和实时定量PCR技术,研究瘤胃细菌数量随季节的动态变化。结果表明,1)夏季瘤胃细菌数量显著(P＜0.05)高于其他3个季节,分别是春季、秋季、冬季细菌数量的5.56,2.35和2.49倍;秋、冬季是春季细菌数量的2.38和2.23倍;而秋和冬季瘤胃细菌的数量差异不显著(P＞0.05)。2)夏季藏系绵羊采食量分别为春季、冬季和秋季的1.98,1.61和1.80倍,饲料中的纤维性物质含量增高,采食量也随着降低,瘤胃细菌的数量也相应降低;3)实时定量PCR技术能准确的反映出放牧藏系绵羊瘤胃细菌数量随季节的动态变化。     

藏系绵羊瘤胃内环境几项指标的测定

观测了青海省互助县61只藏系绵羊瘤胃液的颜色、气味、粘稠度、沉渣比、纤维素消化、气体发酵强度,以及纤毛虫活率、纤毛虫分类、纤毛虫计数。观测结果表明,青海藏系绵羊瘤胃内环境的某些理化指标稍不同于水牛、黄牛、奶山羊。其瘤胃内纤毛虫的活动性主要与温度、pH值以及纤毛虫种属等有关。     

藏绵羊暖、冷季瘤胃微生物菌群密度与其短链脂肪酸浓度互作分析

针对藏绵羊暖、冷季营养供给严重不均衡的生产实际,本试验旨在解析藏绵羊应对冷季营养严重匮乏的适应机制.试验选择1周岁(±1月龄)健康的放牧藏绵羊母羊12只,采用气相色谱仪和荧光定量PCR仪分别测定藏绵羊暖(7月)、冷(12月)季瘤胃短链脂肪酸(SCFA)浓度和微生物菌群密度,分析藏绵羊暖、冷季瘤胃SCFA浓度与微生物菌群...     

β-胡萝卜素对绵羊瘤胃微生物发酵参数的影响

试验采用自身对照法试验设计,选用6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的去势蒙古公羊,分3组,即0.000%β-胡萝卜素(对照组)、0.005%β-胡萝卜素和0.008%β-胡萝卜素组,研究在日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素对绵羊瘤胃内环境及微生物发酵参数的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素对绵羊瘤胃中pH值没有影响;日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素有降低绵羊瘤胃中氨态氮含量的趋势;日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素使绵羊瘤胃中菌体蛋白含量降低,且存在随β-胡萝卜素添加比例的增加菌体蛋白含量有降低的趋势;日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素有促进瘤胃中TVFA含量升高和降低乙丙比的趋势。     

游离棉酚对绵羊瘤胃发酵和微生物区系的影响

为研究游离棉酚对绵羊瘤胃发酵和微生物区系的影响,试验采用单因素完全随机设计,将6只健康的、体重50 kg左右的内蒙古半细毛绵羊随机分为2组.对照组绵羊日粮中不添加棉酚,试验组日粮中添加0.10 g/kg的游离棉酚.试验预试期15d,正试期10 d.试验结果显示,日粮中添加0.10 g/kg游离棉酚,对绵羊瘤胃pH、干物质降解率和瘤胃发酵类型无显著影响(P＞0.05).但与对照组相比,饲喂2h时,试验组绵羊瘤胃氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著提高(P＜0.05),饲喂2h和4h时,总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量显著降低(P＜0.05).试验组绵羊瘤胃细菌(P＜0.01)、纤维分解菌(P＜0.05)和原虫(P＜0.01)的数量较对照组显著提高,但真菌的数量显著降低(P＜0.01).由此可见,瘤胃细菌、纤维分解菌和原虫可能在提高反刍动物对游离棉酚的耐受性方面具有重要作用.     

不同精料补饲水平对藏绵羊瘤胃内环境参数的影响

选择1.2岁左右藏绵羊30只,随机分3组,采用单因子分组设计,以青干草为基础日粮,按每只150,300,450 g/d 3种精料水平补饲,研究不同精料补饲水平对藏绵羊瘤胃代谢参数变化规律的影响。结果表明;随精料补饲水平提高,藏绵羊瘤胃液pH值下降,NH3-N浓度、NH3-N浓度平均值、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度显著增加(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下,从藏绵羊瘤胃内环境的稳定方面考虑,藏绵羊每日补饲精料300 g效果最佳。     

大豆寡糖对瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本文旨在研究大豆寡糖对绵羊瘤胃细菌总数、纤维分解菌数、甲烷产生菌数和瘤胃原虫数的影响.选用9只带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的试验羊,随机分为3组,饲喂相同的基础日粮,并在此基础上分别灌注占干物质采食量(DMI)1.2%、0.6%和0.0%的大豆寡糖.细菌和纤维菌的计数采用Hungate的滚管法;甲烷菌的计数采用最大可能计数法进行;原虫计数采用血球计数室计数法.结果表明,灌注大豆寡糖提高了瘤胃纤维分解菌的数量,降低了甲烷产生菌的数量.这表明大豆寡糖对绵羊瘤胃微生物区系有着较为显著的影响,有利于中性洗涤纤维(NDF)在瘤胃内的降解和减少饲料能量的损失.     

Postnatal development of the visual-evoked potential in dogs

Recordings of visual-evoked potentials that were induced by flashes of white light were obtained from 13 Beagle pups to document the development of the response from age 7 to 100 days. Responses were recorded between needle electrodes placed on the nuchal crest and the interorbital line, with ground at the vertex. Five alternating positive (P) and negative (N) peaks were observed in most visual-evoked potentials: P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3. Responses were recorded from 2 pups prior to opening of the eyelids. Recordings were performed without sedation or dark adaptation. Peak latencies were essentially mature (equal to those of adult dogs) by day 11 for P1, and by day 38 for N1 and P2. The latencies to N2 and P3 did not reach adult values by day 100, but did reach plateau values by day 43. The P1-N1 amplitude measurements reached mature levels by day 14, whereas N1-P2 amplitudes were mature by day 32. The P2-N2 and N2-P3 amplitudes reached plateaus that greatly exceeded adult amplitudes by days 50 and 58, respectively. Maturation of visual-evoked potential responses paralleled reported morphologic development of the visual cortex. All of the measured latency and amplitude values had significant (P less than or equal to 0.004) linear regression lines of latency vs age or amplitude vs age.     

The nephrotoxic potential of neomycin in the horse

Neomycin was administered intramuscularly to four normal adult horses at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg bodyweight every 12 h for 10 days (21 doses). The pharmacokinetic behaviour of neomycin with multiple dosing was characterised and a range of blood chemical and urinary parameters examined for evidence of nephrotoxicity. There was evidence of physical renal tubular injury (enzymuria and cylindriuria) within four days of neomycin administration but this subsided following cessation of treatment. No significant functional nephrotoxicity was detected. More severe nephrotoxicity might be expected in ill horses and it is recommended that several clinicopathological results be monitored serially in those horses receiving parenteral neomycin.     

将蕴藏在普通员工中的能量释放出来

当前 ,在企业经营实践中 ,有一种颇为流行的说法 :普通员工打工挣钱 ,把自己的工作做好就行了 ,企业管理与他们关系不大 ,企业管理是企业家和经理人的事。而管理层也很少把调动普通员工关心企业和参与管理的工作热情摆上议事日程。人们常把老板比作企业的大脑 ,把处在关键岗位的经理人比作臂膀、心腹、耳目、骨干 ,把普通员工比作企业的肌肤。我认为 ,肌肤好的人不一定就是健康的人 ,但肌肤不好的人一定是不健康的人。俗话说 :“出门看天色 ,进门看气色。”天色也罢 ,气色也罢 ,都是人们用以观察天气和人气的依据。天气预报观测天气的变化 ,…     

对TMR潜在市场的探索

序言 TMR(Total Mixed Ration)——总混合日粮,一种由牧草和精料混合的饲料。在国内也出现了一个类似的产品,是按照牛羊生长和生产营养需要,由揉碎的玉米秸秆与精料混配,经过高强度冷压,制成秸秆饲料块。一个潜在的市场已悄然形成,环境、政策、机遇和技术都给市场成熟奠定了良好的土壤,只待市场主体的涌入。 八十年代初,农业部就有人提出秸秆过腹还田的好处,但十几年过去了,那位前辈的良苦期愿并没有很好的实现。作为一个牧业工作者,现将探索思路抛砖于众,意图引起广大同仁携手激波。     

Ergogenic potential of nutritional strategies and substances in the horse

In man, it has been suggested that nutritional ergogenic aids are far less efficient, in general, in improving physical ability than an appropriate training regimen. This is also possibly true for the horse. Athletes who are training at levels close to their upper limit, however, require relatively large increases in training effort to achieve even a small increase in performance, significantly increasing the risk of breakdown. Very small variations in performance, whether achieved through significant increases in training effort or by addition of a nutritional supplement, could make the difference between finishing first or in the middle of the pack. The comparative ease of taking a nutritional supplement, compared with the significant increase in training effort required, explains why there has been such a demand for nutritional ergogenic aids. These may result in increased mechanical energy for work, and/or a delayed onset of fatigue, or improved neuromuscular coordination. Although many substances theoretically have ergogenic properties, few are supported by robust scientific evidence as to their efficacy in either man or the horse. The evidence for and against various postulated nutritional ergogenic aids, including creatine, carnitine, oil supplementation, amino acids and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), with particular reference to the horse, is examined and discussed.     

Postnatal development of the brain stem auditory-evoked potential in dogs

Recordings of averaged brain stem auditory-evoked potentials were obtained from 13 Beagle pups of both genders to document the postnatal development of the response from age 1 to 76 days. Responses were recorded between needle electrodes placed on the vertex and the ipsilateral ear, with ground at the interorbital line. Recordings were performed without sedation. Low-amplitude responses to high-intensity stimuli could be recorded from animals prior to opening of the ear canals. Peak latencies did not change after day 20 for peak I, day 30 for peaks II and III, and day 40 for peak V. As a result, the interpeak latencies between peaks I and III did not change after day 30, but continued to decrease until day 40 for peaks III-V and I-V. Peak amplitudes reached plateau values by day 20 (peak I) or day 30 (peaks II, III, and V). All of the measured latency and amplitude values had significant (P less than 0.001) linear regression lines of latency vs age and amplitude vs age. The brain stem auditory-evoked potential thresholds were mature by day 20.     

Ototoxic potential of gentamicin in ponies

Ototoxicosis was evaluated in 6 healthy ponies given 5 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight, q 8 h, IM. Ponies 1, 2, and 3 were dosed for 7 days and ponies 4, 5, and 6 were dosed for 14 days. Serum peak and trough concentrations of gentamicin were measured by radioimmunoassay at regular intervals. Brain stem auditory-evoked responses were recorded every 5 days up to 60 days after the first dose to monitor auditory function. Although serum gentamicin concentrations were within or above the accepted clinical therapeutic range, loss of auditory function was not observed at the frequency range (1 to 4 kHz) tested. Serum chemical values remained within the accepted clinical range and no evidence of nephrotoxicosis was observed. Seemingly, gentamicin given IM to healthy ponies was safe and had minimal risk of side effects.