中药复方多糖对雏鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

为探讨中药复方多糖对鸡的生长及免疫作用,本试验选取300只1日龄雏鸡,随机分成5组,每组60只,第Ⅰ组为免疫对照组,第Ⅱ组为400mg/kg黄芪多糖组,第Ⅲ组为200mg/kg中药复方多糖组,第Ⅳ组为400mg/kg中药复方多糖组,第Ⅴ组800mg/kg中药复方多糖组。试验期为42d。每组分别于14、21、28、35、42日龄测定平均日增重、平均采食量、料重比、新城疫血凝抑制(ND-HI)抗体水平和血液免疫指标。结果显示,不同浓度中药复方多糖均能提高平均日增重、ND抗体效价、免疫球蛋白含量,降低平均采食量、料重比,且400mg/kg中药复方多糖和800mg/kg复方多糖对雏鸡的生长性能和免疫功能的作用效果显著,提示该复方多糖的免疫增强作用有最适浓度。从经济角度考虑,确定400mg/kg中药复方多糖为最佳添加剂量。     

枯草芽孢杆菌和黄芪多糖对雏鸡免疫力的影响

为研究枯草芽孢杆菌和黄芪多糖对雏鸡免疫力的影响,本试验选取1日龄雏鸡120只,随机分为4个试验组,即在日粮中添加400 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌的试验组,称为枯草组;在日粮中添加4 g/kg黄芪多糖的试验组,称为黄芪组;在日粮中添加400 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌+4 g/kg黄芪多糖的试验组,称为枯草+黄芪组;正常饲喂基础日粮,称为对照组。每组3个重复,每个重复10只雏鸡,预饲期7 d,试验期21 d,试验结束后对4个组进行免疫器官质量、外周血IgG含量、盲肠sIgA含量和T淋巴细胞数量的检测。结果显示:加入枯草芽孢杆菌、黄芪多糖单剂和枯草芽孢杆菌+黄芪多糖复合制剂均可以促进免疫器官发育、提高外周血中免疫球蛋白含量和T淋巴细胞数量,其中在日粮中添加400 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌+4 g/kg黄芪多糖复合制剂效果显著。     

枣多糖对免疫抑制蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫指标的影响

为探究金丝小枣多糖（ZJP）对免疫抑制蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫指标的影响，本试验将900只健康且体重相近的1日龄京红1号蛋鸡随机分为6组，每组6个重复，每个重复25只鸡。Ⅰ组为空白对照组，饲喂基础饲粮；Ⅱ~Ⅵ组在7~9日龄时注射100 mg/kg体重的环磷酰胺，每天1次，建立免疫抑制模型，并分别在基础饲粮中加入600 mg/kg黄芪多糖（APS）及0、400、800和1 600 mg/kg ZJP。试验期为6周。结果显示，ZJP可在不同程度上显著缓解环磷酰胺导致的42日龄体重、22~42和1~42日龄的平均日增重、胸腺和法氏囊指数、聚合免疫球蛋白受体、分泌型免疫球蛋白A （sIgA）及血清中免疫球蛋白A （IgA）和IgG的降低及22~42日龄料重比（F/G）的升高，并且料重比、IgA和IgG达到了APS组的水平。由此得出，在本试验条件下，在基础饲粮中添加适宜水平的ZJP可不同程度改善环磷酰胺所致的生长缓慢和免疫功能低下。     

黄芪多糖对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫及血清生化指标的影响

文章旨在研究黄芪多糖对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫及血清生化指标的影响。试验将800只健康、生长状况良好的1日龄白羽肉仔鸡随机分为4组,每组10个重复,每重复20只肉仔鸡。试验组分别在基础日粮中添加0、200、400和800 mg/kg黄芪多糖。试验为期42 d（预饲期3 d,正试期39 d）,结果表明,在初始体重一致的前提下（P> 0.05）,日粮添加400 mg/kg黄芪多糖,肉仔鸡终末体重显著提高3.3%,平均日增重显著提高3.4%(P <0.05);此外,日粮添加黄芪多糖对肉仔鸡平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响（P> 0.05）。日粮添加黄芪多糖对肉仔鸡免疫器官指数均无显著影响（P> 0.05）。日粮添加200～800 mg/kg黄芪多糖显著降低肉仔鸡血清IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α含量（P <0.05）,对肉仔鸡血清IL-2含量无显著影响（P> 0.05）。日粮添加400 mg/kg黄芪多糖与其他组相比显著提高肉仔鸡血清总蛋白和白蛋白含量（P <0.05）;日粮添加黄芪多糖对肉仔鸡血清尿素氮、甘油三酯、总胆固醇含量均无显著影响（P>...     

北芪五加颗粒对雏鸡新城疫疫苗免疫应答及生长发育影响

研究北芪五加颗粒对雏鸡新城疫疫苗免疫应答和生长性能的影响。选取300羽海塞克斯粉雏鸡为试验动物,随机分为5组即黄芪多糖为对照药物(200mg/b),北芪五加颗粒高、中、4G(4g/kg、2g/kg、1g/kg)3个剂量:空白对照组,饮水给药1周;对不同日龄的新城疫抗体效价、胸腺指数、法氏囊指数、脾脏指数、增重和料重比等指标进行检测。试验结果表明:北芪五加颗粒中高剂量组对雏鸡具有促进免疫器官发育、提高增重,增强新城疫疫苗免疫效果的作用。     

大蒜多糖对肉鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究大蒜多糖对肉鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响,选取200只1日龄健康、体质相近的雄性爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机设计分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加500、1 000、1 500 mg/kg的大蒜多糖,试验期42 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1 000、1 500 mg/kg组肉鸡在22～42日龄的平均日增重显著提高,耗料增重比显著降低;1 000、1 500 mg/kg组肉鸡在21、42日龄时的胸腺指数、法氏囊指数较对照组显著提高;1 000、1 500 mg/kg组肉鸡21日龄血清IgG含量较对照组显著提高。综上可见,大蒜多糖能够提高肉鸡的生长性能和免疫功能,且添加量为1 000 mg/kg较适宜。     

黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

为了分析黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响,选择28日龄的杜大长三元杂交断奶仔猪108头,公母各半,体重接近。随机分为4组,每组27头,每组3圈,每圈9头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组,分别在基础饲粮中加入黄芪多糖200、500 mg/kg和1000 mg/kg,试验期28 d。结果表明:含黄芪多糖日粮对仔猪的日增重、营养物质消化率、料肉比及腹泻率均有所改善,添加组与对照组在腹泻率方面差异显著(P<0.05),其中以添加500mg/kg为宜。     

饲料中添加不同水平黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

本研究在“杜×长×大”断奶仔猪基础饲料中添加不同水平的黄芪多糖,研究黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能及腹泻率的影响。试验选取体况健康的21日龄断奶仔猪100头,随机分为4组（每组5个重复,每个重复5头仔猪）,基础饲料组为对照组,基础饲料+200 mg/kg黄芪多糖为试验1组、基础饲料+400 mg/kg黄芪多糖为试验2组、基础饲料+600mg/kg黄芪多糖为试验3组。预试期1周,正试期4周。试验结束后,记录断奶仔猪的体重、采食量、腹泻率等指标。结果表明,试验2组和试验3组断奶仔猪的试验末体质量和平均日增重显著提高（P<0.05）;试验2组和试验3组断奶仔猪的料重比显著降低（P<0.05）。试验1组、试验2组、试验3组断奶仔猪的腹泻率分别比对照组极显著降低1.52、2.99、3.96个百分点（P<0.01）,试验3组的效果最明显。表明在断奶仔猪日粮中添加400 mg/kg、600 mg/kg的黄芪多糖可以显著改善仔猪的生长性能,并降低腹泻率。     

黄芪多糖对肉仔鸡生产性能和部分免疫指标的影响

本文研究了黄芪多糖对不同性别肉仔鸡不同阶段生产性能及部分免疫指标的影响。试验选用1200只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理设12个重复,每个重复20只鸡,公母各半,分笼饲养。对照组饲喂基础日粮,其他各处理组分别在对照组日粮的基础上添加黄芪多糖500、1000、2000、3000mg/kg。试验期为7周,分为试验前期(0～21日龄)和试验后期(22～49日龄)。结果表明:(1)试验前期,各添加黄芪多糖处理组公鸡饲料转化率无显著变化,但平均日增重降低,其中2000mg/kg组变化显著(P0.05);各处理组试验前期母鸡的饲料利用率显著提高(P0.05),平均日增重提高,其中1000mg/kg和2000mg/kg组变化显著(P0.05)。试验后期,除母鸡3000mg/kg组平均日增重较对照组显著降低外(P0.05),其他各处理组公母鸡平均日增重和饲料转化率均无显著变化。(2)试验前期,各处理组公母鸡胸腺指数均无显著差异,1000mg/kg组显著提高公母鸡新城疫抗体效价(P0.05);试验后期,公鸡1000mg/kg组胸腺指数、2000mg/kg组法氏囊指数和脾脏指数均较对照组显著增加(P0.05),而母鸡各处理组免疫器官指数、公母鸡新城疫抗体效价与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05)。     

黄芪多糖对断奶幼兔生长性能、腹泻率及免疫功能的影响

为研究黄芪多糖（APS）对断奶幼兔生长性能、腹泻率及免疫功能的影响,试验选取100只28日龄的断奶幼兔,随机分为5组,每组20只幼兔。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加100、200、400、800 mg/kg的APS,预试期5 d,正式试验期30 d。结果表明：（1）与对照组相比,200 mg/kg APS组幼兔的末重、增重、平均日增重显著提高,分别提高了12.42%、19.95%、20.36%（P ＜ 0.05）,料重比显著降低11.11%（P ＜ 0.05）|400 mg/kg APS组幼兔的末重、增重、平均日增重显著提高,分别提高了17.73%、28.42%和28.45%（P ＜ 0.05）,料重比显著降低13.55%（P ＜ 0.05）。（2）与对照组相比,400 mg/kg APS组幼兔的腹泻率和死亡率显著降低,均降低了50%（P ＜0.05）|800 mg/kg APS组腹泻率显著降低37.5%（P ＜ 0.05）。（3）与对照组相比,400 mg/kg APS组IgA的含量显著提高,提高了13.04%（P ＜ 0.05）|200、400 mg/kg APS组IgG含量显著提高,分别提高了4.98%和6.31%（P ＜ 0.05）。综上所述,在幼兔基础日粮中添加APS可以显著提高幼兔生长性能,降低腹泻率和死亡率,并提高机体免疫力,且最适添加量为400 mg/kg。 [关键词] 黄芪多糖|兔|生长性能|腹泻率|免疫功能     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.