盐胁迫对砂蓝刺头不同器官中离子分布的影响

砂蓝刺头为广泛分布于北方沙漠的一年生草本植物。本研究以砂蓝刺头幼苗为试材,采用营养液培养法研究了不同浓度NaCl 胁迫下(盐浓度分别为0, 100, 200, 300, 400 mmol/L)砂蓝刺头幼苗胁迫6 d后植株含水量变化,测定不同器官中Na⁺、Cl^-、Si⁴⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺的含量,并分析了K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺、Si⁴⁺/Na⁺值的变化。研究结果表明,盐胁迫下,砂蓝刺头幼苗含水量在盐处理浓度为100,200,300,400 mmol/L时分别比对照升高了9.86%,1.41%,4.23%,8.45%,说明盐胁迫下植株提高了组织含水量,这将在一定程度上稀释了体内盐离子,减弱盐胁迫造成的生理干旱。盐胁迫下砂蓝刺头根部的Na⁺和Cl^-含量高于叶片,这有利于渗透调节,同时减弱了盐胁迫对地上部的毒害;根系Si⁴⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺的含量及K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺、Si⁴⁺/Na⁺值比对照显著性下降,叶部Si⁴⁺、K⁺的含量和K⁺/Na⁺,Ca²⁺/Na⁺,Si⁴⁺/Na⁺值比对照有所增加或差异不显著,这有利于维持地上部分离子稳定。分析离子选择性吸收的S_Na⁺,K⁺数据发现,盐胁迫下砂蓝刺头根部拦截了部分Na⁺减缓了对地上部分的伤害,叶片对K⁺吸收具有很好的选择性, 对于维持地上部分离子平衡和正常的光合作用具有重要意义。     

4月龄Ⅱ型糖尿病GK大鼠血糖值的日间变化

为了探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病模型GK大鼠日间的血糖波动特点,为耱尿病研究提供科学合理的实验依据,以罗氏血糖仪测定GK大鼠和Wistar大鼠(对照组)在7:00～21:00之间的血糖变化,并以Hitachi7020全自动血液生化仪进行随机测试比对.结果表明,GK大鼠在4月龄时的血糖值明显高于Wistar大鼠,已呈典型的糖尿病症状.血糖在9:00～11:00时间段内最低,在17:00～21:00时间段内升高明显,在19:00时达到最高值.4月龄GK大鼠的平均随机血糖值为12.1 mmol/L,血糖最高峰出现在19:00,已适用于Ⅱ型糖尿病发病初期至中期的研究.     

牛磺酸对实验性Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠治疗作用研究

糖尿病是继肿瘤、心血管病之后列居第三位的非传染性疾病。其中，T2DM的发生，在国外占糖尿病患者的90％以上，而在国内则更高。在饮食中添加牛磺酸可以防治STZ所致的糖尿病，     

蜂胶对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响

将复制糖尿病模型的 72只SD大鼠随机分为模型组 ,蜂胶水提液低剂量组、高剂量组 ,蜂胶醇提液低剂量组、高剂量组和阳性对照组 (拜糖苹 ) ,另取 12只为正常组。除正常组和模型组外 ,各组分别给予不同的试验药物。给药过程中 ,每周取血一次 ,测空腹血糖 ,给药 7周后 ,取血测定空腹血糖和果糖胺。试验结果表明 ,蜂胶水提液和醇提液均能控制糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖的升高 ,并且随着时间的延长效果越来越明显。     

蓝刺头黄酮对小鼠血液生理、生化指标和脏器指数、组织病理学的影响

为了研究蓝刺头黄酮对昆明小鼠血液生理、生化指标及脏器指数的影响,评价蓝刺头黄酮的安全性,试验将80只昆明小鼠分为4组,每组20只,即高、中、低剂量组(分别按体重灌胃蓝刺头黄酮400 mg/kg、200 mg/kg、100 mg/kg)和对照组(灌胃纯化水0.5 mL/只),连续用药30 d,试验结束时对小鼠进行眼球采血,测定血液生理、生化指标,处死各组小鼠,计算脏器指数并取肝脏、肾脏制备病理组织学切片,观察病理组织学变化。结果表明：高、中、低剂量组间血常规指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);高剂量组平均红细胞数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),高剂量组和中剂量组血红蛋白含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各组血常规指标均在正常范围内。高、中、低剂量组间血液生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05);高剂量组总胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),高剂量组和中剂量组天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性、三酰甘油含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。高、中、低剂量组间脏器指数差异不显著(P>0.05),但高剂量组肝脏、肺脏和心脏指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05...     

花粉、蜂胶对糖尿病SD大鼠的影响

以花粉、蜂胶水提液、蜂胶醇提液为材料，测定和比较了花粉和不同提取方法的蜂胶对糖尿病SD大鼠血糖的影响以及给药4周后对果糖胺、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、肌酐、丙二醛、白蛋白、总蛋白的影响，以及各组动物的肾重／体重。结果表明。花粉、蜂胶能在一定时间内控制血糖；花粉对肾脏具有一定的保护作用。花粉、蜂胶均能降低果糖胺、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、肌酐、丙二醛水平；减少总蛋白，白蛋白的消耗，说明花粉、蜂胶能改善糖尿病大鼠体内糖、蛋白质、脂肪代谢，减少糖尿病并发症的危害。     

蓝刺头多糖B对胰岛素抵抗L6骨骼肌细胞耗糖量及AMPK表达的影响

为了探究蓝刺头多糖B(ETPB)对棕榈酸(PA)诱导的胰岛素抵抗L6骨骼肌细胞耗糖量及腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)表达的影响,体外培养大鼠L6成肌细胞,诱导分化为骨骼肌细胞并进行分化鉴定;采用CCK8法检测细胞存活率,筛选PA和ETPB的安全浓度;葡萄糖氧化酶法检测各组细胞耗糖量;实时荧光定量PCR法检测AMPK mRNA基因表达水平,Western blot法检测AMPK蛋白表达量。结果显示:PA诱导L6骨骼肌细胞发生胰岛素抵抗的最适造模浓度为0.4 mmol/L,ETPB的最大安全浓度为200 mg/mL;ETPB可显著提高胰岛素抵抗L6骨骼肌细胞耗糖量(P<0.05),上调AMPK mRNA表达水平,增加AMPK蛋白表达量。提示:ETPB可以通过提高AMPK基因及蛋白表达而促进胰岛素抵抗L6骨骼肌细胞耗糖,这可能是ETPB改善骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗的作用机制之一。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠动物模型的构建与验证

将171只体质量200~250g 7周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(Ⅰ组,25只)和Ⅱ型糖尿病模型组(Ⅱ组,146只),采用高脂高糖饲料喂养结合STZ腹腔注射的方法建立Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠动物模型,定期对大鼠体质量、空腹血糖、糖耐量、血清胰岛素及胰腺组织等指标进行检测。结果显示:第42天,与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠体质量显著升高(P0.05),血糖无明显差异(P0.05),糖耐量曲线下面积增大(P0.05),胰腺外分泌腺内大量脂肪异位沉积;第56天,与正常对照组相比,模型组体质量显著降低(P0.05),血糖、血清胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数显著升高(P0.05),糖耐量曲线下面积显著增大(P0.05),胰岛素敏感指数显著降低(P0.05),胰岛减小、减少,胰岛形状不规整,部分胰岛细胞内脂质沉积;模型组成模率70%、死亡率5%、淘汰率25%。结果表明:对SD大鼠采用高脂高糖配方饲料结合低剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射可成功制备Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠动物模型,并具有Ⅱ型糖尿病基本特征胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞轻度损伤同时出现的临床特点,是研究Ⅱ型糖尿病及其新药开发的理想动物模型。     

蜂胶制剂对实验性糖尿病兔血糖的影响

蜂胶是蜜蜂从植物新生枝芽或树皮上采集的树脂类物质 ,掺入其上腭腺及蜡腺分泌物加工而成的一种芳香性、黏性的胶块物质。近代的澳洲学者吉萨伯提于 1979年有系统地整理蜂胶的化学成分、生物活性和医学用途的研究报告。此后 ,各国研究者也陆续投入蜂胶的研究 ,蜂胶的多种生物学作用相继被开发 ,使蜂胶迅速成为保健品 ,尤其是蜂产品保健中研究与开发的热门 [1,2 ] 。本文拟就蜂胶和蜂胶、中药复合制剂对实验性糖尿病的治疗作用 ,通过动物药理试验进行初步探讨。1　材料与方法1.1　材料　原蜂胶 (杭州市蜂业公司提供 ) ,甘草 ,炒白芍 (杭州延寿堂药店提供 ) ,四氧嘧啶 (sigma产品 ) ,其他试剂均为分析纯。1.2　实验动物　家兔 (日本大耳兔 )。1.3　主要仪器　 IFQ85 A旋转蒸发器 (附件 :移医用真空计、热回流冷凝装置 ) ;72 1分光光度计。1.4　样品制备1.4 .1　原蜂胶的精制 [3 ] 　将冷冻的原蜂胶粉碎 ,于80℃水浴融化。与 95 %乙醇溶液以 1∶ 1混合 ,反复加 95 %乙醇溶液抽提至 w/ v=1∶ 4。保温 4 h后 ,静置冷却 ,除去上层淡黄色蜡样物质 ,再经过真空抽滤...     

重组牛抵抗素对鼠血糖和胰岛素含量的影响

为了研究重组牛抵抗素对小鼠血液中血糖和胰岛素含量的影响,选取体质量相似的4周龄wistar大鼠20只,随机分成4组,分别在禁食2d和自由进食的情况下注射PBS缓冲液和重组牛抵抗素,12h1次,连续4次。随后在0、15、30、60、120、180min分别尾静脉采血,检测血糖和胰岛素含量。试验结果表明重组牛抵抗素不论对自由进食或禁食2d大鼠的血糖浓度和胰岛素水平均具明显提高作用,说明重组牛抵抗素具有明显的生物学活性。     

Home monitoring of blood glucose concentration by owners of diabetic dogs

The objective of this study was to investigate whether home monitoring of blood glucose of diabetic dogs by owners would be possible on a long-term basis. The owners of 12 diabetic dogs were each asked to generate four glucose curves by taking capillary blood samples from their dog's ear, at three- to four-week intervals. Within one week of each curve being produced by the owner, an additional curve was produced by a veterinarian in the hospital. Ten owners were able to generate blood glucose curves; three of them needed a second demonstration, and two telephoned for further guidance. The blood glucose concentrations obtained from the first two 'hospital' curves were significantly lower than those measured at home. Overall, in 42 per cent of cases, the treatment based on the hospital curves would have been different from that based on 'home' curves. The results of this study indicate that the majority of owners were able and willing to perform long-term monitoring of the blood glucose concentrations of their dogs.     

菊糖对糖尿病大鼠的抗氧化系统和血脂的影响

糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)是由于胰岛素分泌绝对不足或相对不足而引起的糖、脂肪、蛋白质代谢紊乱为特征的疾病.菊糖(dahlin),义名菊粉(inulin)是一种天然多聚糖.菊糖具有多种生物功能,如提高机体免疫力,调节血糖、血脂,改善能量代谢等.本文旨在观察菊糖对实验性糖尿病大鼠的抗氧化系统和血脂的影响.     

Home monitoring of blood glucose concentrations by owners of diabetic dogs and cats

Generation of blood glucose curves is essential to monitor glycemic control in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus. Up till now blood collection and blood glucose measurements could only be performed in a hospital. However, glucose concentrations measured in a hospital environment can markedly differ from concentrations measured at home, due to reduced appetite, different activity level and stressful handling. At the Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, a new method to collect capillary blood from the ear and to measure blood glucose by means of a portable glucose meter has been developed. This method enables owners of diabetic dogs or cats to determine blood glucose concentrations and generate blood glucose curves at home. Three cases demonstrate, how much blood glucose concentrations at home may differ from those in the hospital and how home monitoring can help to establish diabetic control in dogs and cats.     

Retrospective study of owners' perception on home monitoring of blood glucose in diabetic dogs and cats

Home monitoring of blood glucose (HMBG) concentrations has been recommended in the monitoring of human diabetics for 3 decades. During the last number of years, it also gained popularity in long-term follow-up of diabetic cats and dogs. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the practical feasibility of and identify the major problems encountered with HMBG in diabetic pets. A standard questionnaire was filled in by owners of 9 diabetic pets monitored with HMBG. The need for more than 1 puncture to obtain a blood drop, the creation of a sufficient blood drop, the need for assistance in restraining the pet, and the resistance of the pet were the most frequently encountered problems during HMBG. The major obstacles for the owners to start with HMBG were also identified. In conclusion, HMBG is a practical and simple technique for most owners and, overall, owners were satisfied.     

Food intake and blood glucose in normal and diabetic cats fed ad libitum

Ten diabetic cats were studied at intervals for up to 12 months with twice-daily insulin injections. Ten clinically healthy cats were also studied. Diets fed were based on the individual cat's performance, using mainly commercial dry or canned cat foods and fresh meat. In most cases more than one food was offered. Food was given fresh twice daily, and the cats allowed to eat ad libitum.The food intake and blood glucose were measured every 2 h in diabetic cats after insulin injection and in diabetic and normal cats without insulin injections. Food was quantified by the energy consumed (kJ ME), crude protein (g), crude fat (g), and carbohydrate (g). The blood glucose in 10 diabetic cats was measured for 2 h following a 20-min meal.Both diabetic cats and normal cats showed similar patterns of eating, with a higher food intake in the 2 h after fresh food was placed. Both groups of cats ate multiple small meals spread through the day and night. There was little or no correlation between the blood glucose and the amount of food consumed over the previous 2-h period, in insulin- or non-insulin-treated diabetic cats, or in normal cats. An overnight fast did not significantly alter morning blood glucose in diabetic cats. No demonstrable appetite stimulation occurred following an occurrence of low blood glucose; however, recorded incidences were few. No post-prandial hyperglycaemia was seen in the 10 diabetic cats during a 2-h period following the ingestion of typical cat foods.     

Evaluation of four portable blood glucose meters in diabetic and non-diabetic dogs and cats

Background: Monitoring of an animal's blood glucose concentration is critical for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Over the past few decades, portable blood glucose meters (PBGMs) have been used to monitor blood glucose concentrations in animals. Recently, new and improved PBGMs have been made available on the market.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate four PBGMs for use in dogs and cats.

Animals and methods: A total of 155 venous blood samples of dogs and 85 venous blood samples of cats were tested using four PBGMs. Control solutions from manufacturers were used to determine the precision of each meter. The coefficient of variation was calculated to determine precision during a set of replicates. Pearson's correlation analysis, Passing–Bablok regression, and Bland–Altman analysis were used to determine the accuracy of four PBGMs against the hexokinase reference method. Error grid analysis was used to evaluate clinical relevance.

Results: All PBGMs, except CERA-PET®, were clinically acceptable for monitoring blood glucose concentrations; AlphaTrak® and VetMate® appeared to be the most accurate ones, demonstrating that to use PBGMs for glucose monitoring, it is important to understand the strengths or limitations of each meter. The difference in results between the PBGMs and the reference method increased at high glucose concentration ranges, which were also affected by the hematocrit.

Conclusions: Although readings of the PBGMs and the reference method varied across glycemic ranges (low, normal, and high glucose concentrations), most PBGMs were clinically acceptable for monitoring blood glucose concentrations in dogs and cats.