江苏玉米纹枯菌的菌丝融合群及致病力

 玉米纹枯病是江苏省春、夏玉米上近年来发生普遍、危害日重的一种病害。该病是由丝核属(Rhizoctonia DC.ex Fr.)真菌侵染引起的,丝核菌可分为不同的菌丝融合群,不同融合群的致病力存在明显差异,在麦类纹枯病菌的研究中已得到证实。     

河南省小麦纹枯病菌的群体组成及其致病力分化研究摇

纹枯病已成为我国小麦生产的主要障碍之一.许多学者研究表明,我国小麦纹枯病菌优势菌群为禾谷丝核菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis),其中主要为AG-D融合群,其次还包括AG-A、AG-R、AG-E、AG-Bo融合群和立枯丝核菌(R.solani)的AG-2、AG-4及AG-5融合群等[1].     

继代培养对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长和致病力的影响

用水稻纹枯病菌3株菌株为材料,采取马铃薯蔗糖培养基试管斜面培养的方式进行菌丝继代培养,以离体接种法分析这些病菌菌株的致病力。结果表明,经过60次的继代培养,该病菌的菌丝生长和致病力2个性状均没有出现明显的变异,但菌株间的菌丝生长和致病力存在明显的差异。初步发现,该病菌的菌丝生长情况与致病力相关。     

辽宁省玉米纹枯病病原学研究

 从辽宁省各地分离到93个玉米纹枯病菌株,经菌丝融合测定,结合培养性状及酯酶同工酶谱带比较,首次明确了辽宁省玉米纹枯病菌的主要菌丝融合群为Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA。致病性测定表明:R. solani AG1-IA是辽宁省玉米纹枯病的主要致病菌,其中以丹东RS-9501菌株的致病力最强;品种间存在抗性差异,沈试28最抗病,沈试29最感病。研究发现不同生育期的玉米下位叶鞘对纹枯病菌的抗性存在差异,按拔节期-抽雄期-吐丝期顺序递减,这种趋势在第7叶位上表现较第3叶位明显。此外,还从碳源、氮源,VB1,温度,pH值,病菌存活力和腐生定殖能力6方面研究了玉米纹枯病菌的生物学特性。     

郑州郊区水稻纹枯病菌对井冈霉素敏感性的初步研究

本研究通过检测郑州郊区几个主要水稻种植区稻纹枯病菌对井冈霉素的敏感性，发现引起水稻纹枯病的生丝核菌有ＡＧ－１ＩＡ和ＡＧ－１ＩＣ两个菌丝融合群，其中ＡＧ－１ＩＡ是主要致病菌群，检测结果表明该菌群菌株对井冈霉素未产生抗药性；ＡＧ－１ＩＣ菌群菌株虽出现的频率较低，但其抗药水平较高。     

水稻、小麦、玉米纹枯病菌和棉花立枯病菌对小麦的致病力比较

 禾谷类作物纹枯病和棉花立枯病是重要的土传病害。生产上普遍有水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花轮、套作的习惯。     

新疆北疆棉田立枯丝核菌不同菌丝融合群致病力的研究

从新疆北疆棉区采集了典型的棉花立枯病病苗及棉田土标样686份,按常规分离方法分离得到399个分离物,从中鉴定出272个纯化的立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)菌株。用标准菌株,通过载玻片菌丝融合试验测定,将纯化的272个菌株划归为3个菌丝融合群:即AG-2、AG-4和AG-5,分别占总菌株的6.24%、84.2%和1.1%。另有23个菌株不与任何标准菌株融合,占8.46%,说明新疆北疆棉田立枯丝核菌的优势菌系是多核丝核菌的AG-4融合群。通过从10种不同配方培养基中筛选效果好的麦芽蛋白胨(MPDA)配方培养基(Ⅱ)进行对峙培养,将纯化获得的272个丝核菌菌株,划分为6个不同的营养亲和群。将多核的不同菌丝融合群及其各营养亲和群代表菌株在3种不同主栽棉花品种上(每品种都加不接菌的对照)进行温室盆栽致病力测定,结果以AG-4对棉花的致病力最强,其次是非融合类,AG-2和AG-5虽致病,但并不致死苗,其平均病指数分别为94.9、81.4、53.1、43.5。     

土壤环境因素对水稻纹枯病菌腐生定殖能力的影响

 研究了土壤含菌量、温度、含水量和pH值对水稻纹枯病菌在土壤中腐生定殖能力的影响。研究结果表明:土壤含菌量越大,腐生后的定殖率越高,但未达到腐生处理前的水平;随着腐生温度的升高,定殖率逐渐下降,当腐生温度达到40℃时,定殖率迅速下降到8.0%;土壤含水量在15%时腐生能力最强、定殖率最高,达到84.0%,而在土壤含水量较大或较小时腐生定殖能力都不高;另外,该病菌喜好酸性的土壤环境,在pH6.0时腐生能力最强、定殖率最高,达到85.3%。     

黑龙江省水稻纹枯病菌的致病力分化与AFLP分析

为了明确黑龙江省水稻纹枯病菌遗传多样性,为水稻抗病育种和水稻纹枯病的综合防治提供依据。本文对采自13个水稻种植地区的29个水稻纹枯病菌菌株进行了致病力测定和AFLP分析。结果表明9对AFLP引物对供试菌株扩增出396条带,其中多态性带187条,占总扩增带数的47.22%。黑龙江省水稻纹枯病菌的遗传距离变化在0.50~0.92之间,平均为0.71,群体遗传多样性较为丰富。UPGMA法可以将供试菌株分成4个AFLP聚类组群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ),相同地理来源的菌株基本上聚集在同一组群内,表明AFLP类群划分与菌株的地理来源有较强的相关性。黑龙江省水稻纹枯病菌致病性分化较为明显,并且AFLP类群划分与菌株的致病性鉴定之间存在一定相关性。     

西南地区玉米纹枯病病菌融合群鉴定和UP-PCR分析

为明确西南地区玉米纹枯病病菌组成结构,从西南地区(四川、贵州、云南和重庆)玉米纹枯病样上分离获得285个疑似丝核菌菌株,根据培养性状、菌丝形态和细胞核染色对其进行鉴定,通过载玻片配对培养法对鉴定出的菌株进行菌丝融合群鉴定,并采用UP-PCR方法从各融合群中选取代表性菌株进行遗传变异分析。结果显示,供试疑似菌株中共鉴定出253个丝核菌,分别为224株立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani和29株玉蜀黍丝核菌R.zeae。立枯丝核菌包括5个融合群,其中AG1-ⅠA共201株,出现频率为79.4%;AG1-ⅠB共2株,出现频率为0.8%;AG2-2ⅢB共3株,出现频率为1.2%;AG4-HGⅠ共10株,出现频率为3.9%;AG-5共8株,出现频率为3.2%。29株玉蜀黍丝核菌融合群均为WAG-Z,出现频率为11.5%。遗传变异分析中,当相似系数为0.78时,按照出现频率从立枯丝核菌和玉蜀黍丝核菌选取的不同融合群的20株菌株被划分为6个类群,与菌丝融合分析结果完全吻合,其中AG2-2ⅢB融合群首次从西南地区玉米上分离到。     

中国东北地区水稻纹枯病病原菌种类及融合群的分子鉴定

为明确中国东北地区水稻纹枯病病原菌种类及融合群的归属情况, 2015－2017年从黑龙江省、吉林省和辽宁省的17个水稻主产区采集水稻纹枯病标样, 分离获得水稻纹枯病菌214株, 运用水稻纹枯病菌的不同病原菌及融合群的特异性引物对214株水稻纹枯病菌进行病原菌种类和融合群鉴定, 并利用rDNA内转录间隔区(ITS)序列, 对供试水稻丝核菌的融合群归属进行了分析。结果表明:供试214株水稻纹枯病菌分属于茄丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani和水稻丝核菌Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae, 菌株数分别为198株和16株, 占比分别为92.52%和7.48%。茄丝核菌菌株分属于2个融合群, 分别为AG1-IA和AG4, 菌株数分别为191株和7株, 占比分别为96.46%和3.54%。水稻丝核菌菌株均属于AG-Bb融合群, 菌株数为16株。不同年份水稻纹枯病的病原菌种类及融合群出现的频率和地域分布无明显变化, 而不同地域间水稻纹枯病病原菌的种类及融合群具有明显的分化特征, AG1-IA融合群在中国东北三省各个水稻产区均有分布且均为优势融合群, AG4融合群在辽宁省盘锦市出现频率最高, 水稻丝核菌AG-Bb融合群在吉林省吉林市、通化市和梅河口市出现频率最高。     

鞘腐病发生程度与玉米倒伏及产量损失间的相关性分析

为深入探讨鞘腐病的发生对玉米倒伏及产量的影响,通过温室接种法测定了玉米不同发育阶段鞘腐病的发病程度及相关防御酶活性,以确定玉米鞘腐病的易感时期;并通过田间接种不同浓度的层出镰孢菌获得不同发病级别的玉米鞘腐病病株,于乳熟期调查病害发生程度,利用YYD-1B数显植物茎秆强度检测仪测定每株玉米茎秆的抗倒伏能力,收获后测定其产量。结果显示,玉米鞘腐病的易感时期为开花期,郑单958和浚单20在此时期鞘腐病的发病率分别为64.36%和40.22%;病情指数分别达42.73和19.58,均高于其它时期;玉米自交系OH43Ht1、郑58和杂交品种郑单958的茎秆抗倒伏能力均随着玉米鞘腐病发病级别的升高而降低;郑58和郑单958的产量随玉米鞘腐病发病级别的升高而降低,每公顷产量损失郑58从13.84%增加到29.53%、郑单958从3.99%增加到16.72%。表明玉米鞘腐病严重发生时能够降低玉米的抗倒伏能力和产量,且对自交系的影响大于杂交品种,生产中应引起高度重视。     

稻纹枯菌酯酶同工酶、可溶性蛋白及致病力的研究初报

 对稻纹枯菌25个菌株分别进行了致病力测定、酯酶同工酶和可溶性蛋白分析.结果表明:不同菌株存在明显的致病力分化,而酯酶同工酶图谱却有较强的一致性,它们的主酶带基本相同,但在副酶带上反映出一定的同工酶表型异质性,表现为带的数目及着色深浅的不同;可溶性蛋白图谱比酯酶同工酶图谱表现出更多的多样性,大多数致病力较强的菌株都有l~2条特征谱带,而且它们的谱带数目比弱毒力菌株的多出3~5条.     

苹果3种常见潜叶蛾的识别与防治

本文描述了苹果上常见的3种潜叶蛾金纹细蛾（Phyllonorycter ringoniella)、旋纹潜蛾（Leucoptera malifoliella）和银纹潜叶蛾（Lyonetia prunifoliella）的鉴别特征,附有识别特征图,并依据生物学特性提出防治措施。     

玉米纹枯病研究进展

玉米纹枯病已成为我国玉米生产上一种重要病害,且有逐年加重的趋势。本文系统介绍了玉米纹枯病症状、病原菌、致病机理、发病规律、防治措施以及玉米纹枯病抗性遗传等方面的研究进展,并从实际出发,提出了抗玉米纹枯病育种的分子标记辅助选择策略。     

珍珠李枝枯病病原鉴定及致病性测定

In order to confirm the pathogen of branch blight on pearl plum and its virulence, 14 samples were collected from Guangxi and Guizhou Province, and 21 isolates were obtained and were identified as Botryosphaeriaceae. The results of colony morphology, conidial observation and molecular identification of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and the translation elongation factor 1-α (EFl-α) showed that the pathogens of branch blight on pearl plum were Botryosphaeria dothidea (66.67%), Neofusicoccum parvum (19.05%), N. algeriense (9.52%), and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (4.76%). The pathogenicity of different species of Botryosphaeriaceae was tested by mycelial dishes inoculation, and it was found that typical isolates of the four species were pathogenic, among which L. pseudotheobromae was the most virulent one and B. dothidea was the weakest one. This is the first report that L. pseudotheobromae causes branch blight on pearl plum.     

玉米自交系纹枯病抗性鉴定及抗病资源筛选

连续 2年以土壤接菌的方式对 45个玉米自交系进行田间纹枯病抗病性鉴定 ,同时对自交系R15和R0 9盆栽于玉米第 6叶鞘接种纹枯病菌进行抗病性比较。结果表明 :自交系间抗感性存在明显差异 ,抗感性在两年度间的表现也存在明显差异 ,但单个自交系在两年度的抗感性表现具有相对稳定性 ,自交系R15的抗性强于R0 9。 45份材料中没有发现对纹枯病菌表现免疫的自交系 ,其中 ,高抗材料占所鉴定总数的2.2% ,中抗占 17.8% ,中感占55.6% ,高感24.4%。依相对抗病性指数 ,从中选出最抗的和最感的自交系各 3个 ,以利于今后做玉米抗纹枯病基因的遗传分析     

Characterization by conventional techniques and PCR of Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing banded leaf sheath blight in maize

Rhizoctonia -diseased specimens were collected from various host species growing in or near maize fields in different geographic regions of the Philippines. A greater range of host species, with varying types of disease symptoms, was found in Mindanao than in Luzon. Fifty-two isolates belonged to anastomosis group AG1-IA and caused banded leaf and sheath blight in maize ( Zea mays ), but they showed considerable variation in virulence. The most and least virulent isolates recovered from maize were both collected from Mindanao. Isolates from necrotic spots/foliar blight of durian and coffee, which were collected from the same region, showed the lowest lesion heights. UPGMA-SAHN clustering analysis from RAPD fingerprint data of 30 haplotypes of R. solani AG1-IA isolates from the Philippines and Japan resolved seven groups of AG1-IA at the 75% similarity level. Variation among isolates from upland crops seemed to be partially correlated with geographical origin and virulence. In the case of paddy rice isolates from Japan and the Philippines, some were closely related, with over 75% similarity, suggesting a common origin. In PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, no polymorphism was observed among the AG1-IA isolates but they were differentiated from subgroups AG1-IB and AG1-IC using the endonucleases Eco RI, Mbo I and Hin fI.     

Variation in genotype, pathotype and anastomosis groups of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum isolates from Mexico

Patterns of variation were determined in anastomosis, pathotype and genotype of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum samples collected from individual plants of common bean cultivars from four locations in the Mexican highlands. In Chihuahua, 22 polymorphic AFLP bands in isolates taken from a single plant identified five distinct genotypes. In Michoacán, nine genotypes were identified based on a total of only six polymorphic bands. Combined cluster analysis of all isolates from individual plants grouped them geographically. In Chihuahua, in isolates from 16 individual plants, only nine genotypes were identified and all samples were found to belong to the same anastomosis group. However, analysis of selected isolates revealed two new pathotypes not reported previously from Chihuahua (races 449 and 467). In contrast, in Michoacán all 13 isolates from individual plants were found to have distinct genotypes, and in Mexico State only two pairs of isolates among 20 samples had identical genotypes. Although no pathotype variation was determined, five anastomosis groups were identified in Michoacán and three in Mexico State. These results suggest that patterns of variation in genotype and anastomosis groups are complex in the different locations sampled, and that no strong relationship exists between genotype, pathotype or anastomosis group.     

山西省蔬菜灰霉病菌营养体亲和性及菌丝融合群的初步研究

 采用对峙培养和显微观察方法,对采自山西晋中、运城、临汾、长治、大同等5个地区的92个灰霉病菌单孢菌株进行了营养体亲和力测定。结果表明:供试的92个菌株,根据其营养体亲和性初步划分为7个不同的菌丝融合群(AG1、AG2、AG3、AG4、AG5、AG6、AG7),而且不同地区融合菌群的分布存在一定差异。晋中分布有4种类型(AG1、AG2、AG3、AG4),运城3种(AG1、AG3、AG5),临汾4种(AG1、AG2、AG3、AG6),长治4种(AG1、AG2、AG5、AG7),大同3种(AG2、AG3、AG6),其中AG2分布最广、数量最多,为山西境内分布的灰葡萄孢菌的优势菌群。