一例黄牛口蹄疫疫苗免疫过敏反应的救治

口蹄疫是口蹄疫病毒引起偶蹄动物的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病。我国将其列为一类动物疫病,对本病采取了强制注射疫苗免疫的措施,有效地控制了本病的发生及蔓延。牲畜口蹄疫疫苗主要用于预防猪、牛、羊口蹄疫,注射后15d产生免疫力,免疫期为6个月。在免疫过程中,少数牲畜因品种、个体状况、体质差异等原因引起过敏反应现象,     

牛羊口蹄疫疫苗应激反应及预防措施

应用安全有效的疫苗进行免疫接种是目前控制和扑灭口蹄疫最有效和最经济的手段，在注射口蹄疫疫苗过程中，因存在个体差异，个别家畜会出现不同程度的应激反应，给养殖户带来经济损失，也给防疫工作造成一定的障碍。主要介绍了牛、羊在接种口蹄疫疫苗后可能出现的应激反应，并提出了解救措施，以期为有效处理口蹄疫疫苗应激反应提供参考。     

牛口蹄疫疫苗免疫过敏反应的诊治

牛口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒引起的一种以口腔粘膜、乳房皮肤、蹄部出现水疱和溃烂为主要发病特征的急性、热性、高度接触性传染病。预防接种能够有效防控牛口蹄疫的发生,但在注射口蹄疫疫苗免疫过程中,有的牛由于个体差异等原因会发生口蹄疫疫苗过敏反应,倘若未能及时救治或抢救方法不合理,则会致其死亡。现将一起牛口蹄疫免疫过敏病例的诊治情况报告如下,旨在为养殖户临床有效处理牛口蹄疫疫苗免疫过敏反应提供参考与借鉴,从而最大限度确保其养殖经济效益。     

猪口蹄疫免疫过敏反应的救治

猪口蹄疫是危害养猪生产的重要疫病之一,传染性强、危害性大,被国家列入强制免疫疫病。福安市晓阳镇多年来,切实抓好猪口蹄疫免疫工作,有效防止了猪口蹄疫疫情发生,保障了养猪业安全生产。但在免疫过程中,出现疫苗过敏反应（即应激反应）时有发生,由于抢救不及时等原因甚至引起生猪死亡,     

如何降低奶山羊口蹄疫疫苗应激反应

北海市银海区农民素有养殖奶山羊的习惯,每年春秋季动物集中免疫期间,给奶山羊注射口蹄疫疫苗时,常会出现注射部位肿胀、跛行、流产等应激反应。据笔者观查,出现这些应激反应的原因除了因个体差异和疫苗刺激外,主要还由于防疫人员对奶山羊注射的部位及深度不准确、动作粗暴、追逐等应激因素。现根据实践经验,总结出降低奶山羊口蹄疫免疫应激反应的几个要点。     

牛口蹄疫免疫反应的救治

口蹄疫是世界动物卫生组织规定的A类传染病，我国将其列为一类传染病。按照《动物防疫法》的要求，国家对口蹄疫等重大动物疫病防治采取强制免疫措施。随着牲畜口蹄疫疫苗强制免疫的进一步深入，牲畜免疫反应时常发生，若救治不及时或救治不当，往往导致牲畜死亡，免疫反应已严重制约着强制免疫工作的有效开展。笔者近年来共救治牛口蹄疫免疫反应25例，死亡2例，成功救治23例，现根据几年来的救治情况简述如下。     

一例牛注射口蹄疫疫苗过敏的救治

<正>口蹄疫是偶蹄动物的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病。我国对本病采取了注射疫苗免疫的措施,有效地控制了本病的发生及蔓延。但在疫苗注射过程中,常会因动物体质、个体差异、免疫接种间隔和方法等因素,发生不同程度的过敏反应。现将笔者为1头西门塔尔2岁母牛注射口蹄疫苗后引起过敏的抢救治疗情况介绍如下。1症状注射疫苗l0min左右,该牛兴奋、狂躁不安、横冲直撞、气喘、呼吸困难、流涎、哀鸣、吼     

牛口蹄疫免疫反应的救治

口蹄疫是世界动物卫生组织规定的A类传染病,我国将其列为一类传染病。按照《动物防疫法》的要求,国家对口蹄疫等重大动物疫病防治采取强制免疫措施。随着牲畜口蹄疫疫苗强制免疫的进一步深入,牲畜免疫反应时常发生,若救治不及时或救治不当,往往导致牲畜     

猪的应激反应及防控措施

猪在受到各种不良因素(刺激原)的刺激后,就会产生较为严重的应激反应,这种现象尤其多发于生长速度较快的瘦肉型猪.如在接种口蹄疫、蓝耳病等疫苗时,常会发生严重的"过敏反应",甚至出现倒地休克等应激反应.如不及时救治,则可引起死亡等损失.     

不同猪口蹄疫O型疫苗免疫效果的对比试验

为研究猪口蹄疫O型合成肽疫苗与猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗的免疫效果,试验选择40~45日龄保育猪160头,随机分为两组,分别注射猪口蹄疫O型合成肽疫苗和猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗,免疫后25 d采集血清、检测抗体效价。结果表明,合成肽疫苗组抗体合格率为90%,出现应激反应的比例为0;灭活疫苗组抗体合格率为75%,出现应激反应的比例为3.75%。结论:注射猪口蹄疫O型合成肽疫苗比灭活疫苗的效果好、出现应激反应的仔猪少。     

Application of DIVA vaccines and their companion diagnostic tests to foreign animal disease eradication

The risk of foreign animal disease introduction continues to exist despite Canada's strict regulations concerning the importation of animals and animal products. Given the rapidity with which these diseases can spread, especially in areas with dense livestock populations, eradication efforts which rely solely on quarantine and stamping-out measures can present a formidable undertaking. This, combined with growing economic and ethical considerations, has led to renewed interest in the use of vaccination as a tool in controlling foreign animal disease outbreaks. Vaccination has effects at the individual and population levels. Efficacious vaccines reduce or prevent clinical signs without necessarily preventing virus replication. They may also increase the dose of virus needed to establish an infection and/or reduce the level and duration of virus shedding following infection. Vaccine effectiveness within a population is a function of its ability to reduce virus transmission. Transmission is best described by the reproductive ratio, R, which is defined as the average number of new infections caused by one infectious individual. By helping to reduce the R-value below 1, vaccination can be an effective adjunct in abbreviating an outbreak. Nevertheless, vaccination can also complicate serological surveillance activities that follow eradication, if the antibody response induced by vaccination is indistinguishable from that which follows infection. This disadvantage can be overcome by the use of DIVA vaccines and their companion diagnostic tests. The term DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated individuals) was coined in 1999 by J. T. van Oirschot of the Central Veterinary Institute, in The Netherlands. It is now generally used as an acronym for 'differentiating infected from vaccinated animals'. The term was originally applied to the use of marker vaccines, which are based on deletion mutants of wild-type microbes, in conjunction with a differentiating diagnostic test. The DIVA strategy has been extended to include subunit and killed whole-virus vaccines. This system makes possible the mass vaccination of a susceptible animal population without compromising the serological identification of convalescent individuals. The DIVA approach has been applied successfully to pseudorabies and avian influenza eradication, and has been proposed for use in foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever eradication campaigns. This paper will survey current vaccine technology, the host immune response, and companion diagnostic tests that are available for pseudorabies, foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza.     

猪口蹄疫O型合成肽疫苗及其主要特点

口蹄疫是当前严重危害我国养猪业的疾病之一,长期以来免疫接种是我国预防该病的重要措施。近年来研制出的猪口蹄疫O型合成肽疫苗以其免疫原性高、生物安全性好、可有效区分免疫动物和感染动物等优点引起了人们的高度重视。本文主要介绍了口蹄疫病毒、O型口蹄疫病毒的抗原位点和猪口蹄疫O型合成肽疫苗的研究概况及其主要特点,旨在为猪口蹄疫O型合成肽疫苗的推广应用提供参考。     

Investigation of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in vaccinated dairy cattle in Thailand

SUMMARY An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease that spread between two related vaccinated dairy herds was investigated. Although the cattle were of similar vaccination status, in one herd there was high morbidity, whereas in the other there was considerably lower morbidity. The relationship between the vaccine virus and the outbreak virus was expressed as an r value determined by the two-dimensional neutralisation test. Bovine serum homologous to the vaccine virus indicated a close antigenic relationship between the vaccine virus and the outbreak virus (r = 0.61). The source of the outbreak virus was not determined. The investigation suggested a requirement for close contact between stock for foot-and-mouth disease to spread in a tropical environment, in contrast to the capacity of the disease to spread considerable distances by aerosol transmission in temperate climates.     

Application of subjective methods to the determination of the likelihood and consequences of the entry of foot-and-mouth disease into New Zealand

New Zealand has a history of continuous freedom from foot-and-mouth disease and relies on a two-tier system of surveillance to maintain this status. The first involves border control procedures and stringent importation standards, and the second is an exotic disease and pest response programme. As part of an economic evaluation comparing the exotic disease and pest response programme against a hypothetical lower grade “measured response programme” subjective judgements of the risks involved were required. Twenty-eight selected animal health professionals, predominantly veterinarians, were posted a questionnaire that used three techniques (single point estimates, three point estimates and elicitation methods) to determine the risk components in a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. The two key variables were the probability of an outbreak in New Zealand, and the number of secondary properties to which the disease spread during the epidemic. A Delphi conference of ten selected participants then focused mainly on the two key variables, with a second round postal extension to this group for the first variable. The individual data sets were then analysed and combined using a stochastic simulation technique. The final mean probability of an outbreak was about once in 50 years (0.0199). The mean numbers of farms to which disease would spread during an epidemic under the existing exotic disease and pest response programme, a measured response programme which allowed vaccination and a measured response programme which excluded vaccination were estimated to be 61, 478 and 2230 respectively. The policy implications arising from the quantification of these two key variables are that more expenditure on preparedness is justifiable and current resource planning is barely adequate.     

Application of subjective methods to the determination of the likelihood and consequences of the entry of foot-and-mouth disease into New Zealand

New Zealand has a history of continuous freedom from foot-and-mouth disease and relies on a two-tier system of surveillance to maintain this status. The first involves border control procedures and stringent importation standards, and the second is an exotic disease and pest response programme. As part of an economic evaluation comparing the exotic disease and pest response programme against a hypothetical lower grade ;measured response programme subjective judgements of the risks involved were required. Twenty-eight selected animal health professionals, predominantly veterinarians, were posted a questionnaire that used three techniques (single point estimates, three point estimates and elicitation methods) to determine the risk components in a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. The two key variables were the probability of an outbreak in New Zealand, and the number of secondary properties to which the disease spread during the epidemic. A Delphi conference of ten selected participants then focused mainly on the two key variables, with a second round postal extension to this group for the first variable. The individual data sets were then analysed and combined using a stochastic simulation technique. The final mean probability of an outbreak was about once in 50 years (0.0199). The mean numbers of farms to which disease would spread during an epidemic under the existing exotic disease and pest response programme, a measured response programme which allowed vaccination and a measured response programme which excluded vaccination were estimated to be 61, 478 and 2230 respectively. The policy implications arising from the quantification of these two key variables are that more expenditure on preparedness is justifiable and current resource planning is barely adequate.     

Serological response to a booster foot-and-mouth disease vaccination with strains different from the primary vaccine

Young calves were vaccinated with Belgian foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine and revaccinated with either the same vaccine or with a foreign FMD vaccine.There was a significant serological response to the primary vaccine strains after the first vaccination which was greater following revaccination. At one and two months after revaccination there was no significant difference between the responses to revaccination with vaccine identical to the primary vaccine or with the foreign FMD vaccine.It was concluded that revaccination of young calves is effective even with an FMD vaccine different from the primary vaccine.     

Serological response of cattle to simultaneous vaccinations against foot-and-mouth disease and haemorrhagic septicaemia

In Malaysia, where vaccination campaigns against foot-and-mouth disease and haemorrhagic septicaemia are routinely carried out, it was desirable to determine whether it was safe and efficacious to administer both vaccines simultaneously. A trial group of 104 cattle was divided into three groups; group 1 animals received both vaccines simultaneously, group 2 animals received only foot-and-mouth disease vaccine and group 3 animals received only haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine. The serological response to vaccinations was monitored at 0, 21 and 35 days by the virus neutralisation test for foot-and-mouth disease and the mouse-protection and indirect haemagglutination tests for haemorrhagic septicaemia. The simultaneous administration of the two inactivated vaccines produced no adverse effects and the serological response did not differ from the response to either vaccine given separately, thus indicating that cattle may be safely and effectively vaccinated simultaneously in this way.     

Simultaneous vaccination of piglets against foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever

Six-week-old piglets, born of unvaccinated sows, were vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) with a trivalent, inactivated vaccine containing an adjuvant or vaccinated against classical swine fever (CSF) with a live attenuated vaccine or against both diseases simultaneously at two different sites. The antibody response to the FMD vaccine was not significantly influenced by the simultaneous vaccination against CSF. FMD vaccine administered simultaneously with the CSF vaccine produced a significantly higher antibody response to CSF than occurred with CSF vaccination only.     

Experimental evaluation of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines for emergency use in ruminants and pigs: a review

Changes to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control policies since 2001 mean that emergency vaccination must be considered more readily as a control measure in the future. Since field application of vaccine for emergency use has only rarely been applied, the effectiveness of single dose administration, as a control measure in an outbreak situation, is poorly understood. In this review we consider all the available experimental data from studies utilizing either experimental or readily available, commercially produced vaccines, in order to assess their likely effectiveness as an additional means of controlling FMD transmission and spread in an emergency. Overall it is concluded that such vaccines offer an additional and valuable means of FMD control for both ruminants and pigs. They are able to reduce clinical disease, sub-clinical infection and excretion and onward transmission of virus. However, to be most effective, vaccination should be rapidly applied to give maximum opportunity for immunity to develop. We also identify areas for future research and emphasize the importance of vaccine efficacy studies in providing data for models that can help to predict the efficacy of differing FMD control strategies.     

The effect of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination on virus transmission and the significance for the field

Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) might be one of the control measures used during an FMD epidemic depending on the local epidemiological situation, the status of the country, and the opinion of policy makers. A sound decision on vaccination can be made only if there is sufficient scientific knowledge on the effectiveness of vaccination in eliminating the virus from the population. An important question is whether a single vaccination applied as an emergency vaccine can contribute to the control of an epidemic. This paper presents the results of transmission experiments on vaccine efficacy in groups of cattle, pigs, and sheep and concludes that vaccination seemed to be effective in cattle and sheep, but was less effective in pigs. The possible implications for application to field conditions are discussed.