黄瓜根结线虫病的发生与防治

黄瓜根结线虫病的发生与防治黄仲生，杨玉茹（北京市农林科学院植保所，１０００８１）黄瓜根结线虫病，除为害黄瓜外，还为害番茄、茄子、菜豆、青椒、芹菜、大白菜等多种蔬菜。近年来，线虫病为害加重。为了广大菜农更好开展防治，现将我们研究试验的结果介绍如下：１为...     

蔬菜病虫害非化学农药防治技术

<正>近年来,平顺县蔬菜种植面积逐年增加,随着蔬菜的连年种植,菜田病虫发生和为害越来越严重。采用一些非化学农药防治技术控制病虫害,既可减少化学农药的使用,又能为发展绿色蔬菜生产创造条件。多年来,笔者在非化学农药防治番茄、青椒、西葫     

蝇蛆甲壳素对深绿木霉T2产生几丁质酶的诱导作用

分别采用EDTA除钙和氢氧化钠-戊醇反应体系,并结合微波加热处理2次的优化工艺,从蝇蛆中提取甲壳素、壳聚糖,探讨二者对深绿木霉T2菌株产生几丁质酶的影响,并对深绿木霉T2几丁质酶活性及其对4种病原真菌的拮抗作用进行了研究。结果表明,提取的蝇蛆甲壳素的产出率为75.0%,灰分含量为17.3%;蝇蛆壳聚糖制备获得脱乙酰度为95.5%、含水量为8.36%的高质量壳聚糖产品,且碱用量明显下降,反应时间由4 h缩短为6 min;蝇蛆甲壳素培养基诱导培养的深绿木霉T2几丁质酶活性为0.9721 U/mL,高于PDB液体培养基、SCMS营养液和蝇蛆壳聚糖培养基;不同营养条件下,蝇蛆甲壳素培养基均能够诱导深绿木霉T2菌株产生几丁质酶,且最佳产酶培养时间为120 h,酶活性峰值为1.8340 U/mL;经蝇蛆甲壳素诱导后的深绿木霉T2菌株对4种病原菌的抑菌效果明显高于对照菌株T2。     

和田鞘氨醇杆菌AMCC 100218菌株的筛选、鉴定及杀线虫特性

为筛选对南方根结线虫具有致死效果的生防细菌,从山东省10个县市蔬菜主产区番茄根际土壤中分离可培养细菌,采用离体杀线虫试验测定分离菌株对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的致死活性,结合生理生化特征及分子生物学方法对高效杀线虫菌株进行分类鉴定,同时对其杀线虫特性进行表征,并通过盆栽试验进一步验证其生防潜力。结果显示,从山东省蔬菜主产区番茄根际土中分离到1株高效杀线虫菌株AMCC 100218,结合生理生化试验与16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定此菌株为和田鞘氨醇杆菌Sphingobacterium hotanense;该菌株对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的致死效果可达88.87%,其杀线虫活性物质具有较好的热稳定性和储存稳定性,且耐碱不耐酸;盆栽试验结果表明,该菌能够显著减少土壤中的虫口密度,降低番茄发病率。表明和田鞘氨醇杆菌AMCC 100218菌株是1株具有防治根结线虫病潜力的生防细菌。     

保护地几种蔬菜生理障碍发生原因和综合控制技术

近年来，棚室蔬菜作物生理障碍的发生日渐突出，对茄果类、瓜类蔬菜的产量及品质影响很大。据在凤台蔬菜基地调查，８０％的蔬菜田有不同程度的生理障碍发生，病株率一般达１０％～２５％，高的达５０％以上。蔬菜生理障碍的普遍发生已严重影响广大菜农的积极性。为了有效控制保护地蔬菜生理障碍的发生，笔者对此类病的主要症状、发病原因和综合控制进行了研究分析。１几种蔬菜生理障碍的主要症状１．１番茄畸形果正常果实圆形，有４～６个心室，呈规则放射状排列。而畸形果呈椭圆形，多纵沟，２～３个长在一起，横剖果实，因几个果实长在一…     

棚室蔬菜应用丽蚜小蜂防治白粉虱的影响因素及应对措施

棚室蔬菜应用生物防治措施防治病虫害,能够有效地减少农药的使用量,保障消费者食用安全。近年来,该技术已成为无公害蔬菜生产的一项重要措施。衡水市植物保护检疫站从2002年起在本市邓庄园区、武邑县、饶阳县的棚室青椒、黄瓜、番茄等作物上进行了丽蚜小蜂(以下简称小蜂,河北衡     

生防菌株YB-81的鉴定及其对番茄灰霉病的防效

为明确生防菌株YB-81对番茄灰霉病的防病作用及其分类地位,采用平板对峙及含毒介质法测定了其对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌作用,并测定了该菌株盆栽防病效果及抑菌谱,通过形态学、生理生化特征以及分子鉴定相结合的方法鉴定了YB-81菌株。结果表明:YB-81菌株对番茄灰霉病菌抑菌作用强,抑菌带和抑制率分别为15 mm和80.5%;盆栽防效较好,发酵产物稀释10倍的预防效果达到77.5%,治疗效果不及预防效果;YB-81菌株具有广谱的抑菌活性;根据形态特征、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析结果将YB-81菌株鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌。     

生防酵母菌结合水溶性壳聚糖涂膜处理对冬枣的冷藏保鲜效果

以水溶性壳聚糖作为美极梅奇酵母菌的载体,制备出一种复合涂膜剂,用于冬枣的涂膜保鲜,通过测定贮藏期冬枣的腐烂率、失重率、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C(VC)含量的变化,评价该生物涂膜剂的保鲜效果。结果表明,0.1%(w/v)水溶性壳聚糖能增强美极梅奇酵母菌在冬枣表面的定殖能力。在50 d时,复合涂膜处理效果较佳,冬枣的腐烂率最低,为19%,冬枣贮存性能好,硬度为11.3 kg/cm2,可溶性固形物含量为19%,可滴定酸含量为0.55%,冬枣营养成分损失较少,其VC含量为250 mg/100 g。复合涂膜处理冬枣可延缓果实衰老,明显延长其贮藏期。     

早春大棚瓜菜菌核病的发生与防治

菌核病(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)de Barv)是油菜上的一种重要病害,近年来随着种植结构的调整,其寄主范围不断扩大,在瓜果蔬菜上发生日趋严重,特别在大棚里更是普发并重.东台市常年种植早春大棚瓜果蔬菜14000 hm2,菌核病主要在西瓜、青椒、茄子、马铃薯、番茄、黄瓜、冬瓜、莴苣、甘蓝等上发生,该病现已上升为早春大棚瓜、菜上的主要病害.     

植物内生特基拉芽胞杆菌的分离、鉴定及防治西瓜枯萎病效果

为了筛选新的生防菌菌种资源,采用稀释涂布平板法从番茄植株中分离得到一株内生细菌wm031,采用平板对峙法研究其对病原菌的抑制效果,结合菌体特征、16S rDNA序列分析及生理生化指标,对其进行初步鉴定,明确分类地位,并采用温室栽培试验对其进行抗病效果初探。结果表明,该菌株对西瓜枯萎病菌具有显著拮抗作用,同时对油菜菌核病菌、小麦根腐病菌、小麦全蚀病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、大蒜菌核病菌、水稻恶苗病菌、葡萄炭疽病菌和番茄枯萎病菌均具有广谱抗性。根据菌体特征、16S rDNA序列分析及生理生化指标的结果,初步鉴定该菌为特基拉芽胞杆菌Bacillus tequilens。该菌株能够在西瓜和水稻植株中稳定定殖。温室栽培试验表明,菌株wm031对西瓜枯萎病具有显著的防治效果74.6%,高出百菌清的防治效果14.1%,说明该菌株具有田间应用开发的潜力。     

Invasiveness ofPseudomonas solanacearum in tomato,eggplant and pepper: a comparative study

The colonization of eggplant, pepper and tomato byPseudomonas solanacearum was compared. Latent infections were observed in pepper and eggplant, indicating that this phenomenon was general in the main hosts ofP. solanacearum. In eggplant and pepper, as in tomato, resistance did not arise from a resistance to root colonization by the bacteria. In tomato and eggplant, resistance mechanisms appeared to be similar: spread ofP. solanacearum was limited in resistant cultivars. In contrast, in pepper this limitation was not observed and plants appeared more tolerant to high bacterial populations than tomato and eggplant.     

Incidence and pathogenicity of races and isolates of Verticillium dahliae in Crete, southern Greece

Classification of 32 Verticillium dahliae isolates originating from 19 plant species in eight different botanical families to races and determination of host range pathogenicity were carried out. The physiological races of isolates were identified using the two differential tomato cultivars ??Belladonna?? (susceptible to both races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae) and ??Ace 55VF?? (resistant to race 1, susceptible to race 2 of V. dahliae). Among these isolates, 14 were race 2 (43.8%), 12 race 1 (37.5%) and six nonpathogenic (18.7%) on tomato. The host range pathogenicity of isolates was determined using four differential hosts (eggplant, turnip, tomato (Ve ^? ) and sweet pepper). Among isolates, five were pathogenic to both eggplant and turnip (15.6%), 21 to eggplant, turnip and tomato (65.6%), five to eggplant, turnip, tomato and sweet pepper (15.6%) and one was pathogenic to eggplant, turnip and sweet pepper (3.2%). The pathogenicity of isolates on the aforementioned five hosts was investigated on the basis of external symptoms and by calculating the relative areas under disease progress curves (relative AUDPC). Results showed that eggplant was the most susceptible, followed by turnip and tomato cv. Belladonna, while sweet pepper and tomato cv. Ace 55VF were less susceptible to all the isolates used. The pathogenicity of isolates varied from highly to mildly virulent on eggplant and turnip while on Belladonna, Ace 55VF and sweet pepper it varied from highly virulent to nonpathogenic. Belladonna exhibited a similar level of susceptibility to races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae, but was more susceptible than Ace 55VF to race 2. Interestingly, the isolates originating from eggplant were clearly more virulent than those originating from tomato and black nightshade on all solanaceous plants tested.     

多功能列当生防镰刀菌的筛选及种类鉴定

从河北省张家口地区种植的烟草上采集的感病弯管列当植株,从中分离得到20株镰刀菌,采用孢子悬浮液浸根和灌根法对小麦、玉米、棉花、向日葵、番茄、烟草、辣椒、茄子、西瓜、甜瓜等作物和蔬菜进行了安全性检测,筛选出对主栽作物和蔬菜安全且具有促生作用的4个菌株。其中菌株Br-2对烟草、辣椒、西瓜有显著促生作用,且对弯管列当的防治效果最好：施用菌株Br-2后烟草、辣椒、西瓜增高分别为123.53%、62.16%、28.95%;其发酵上清液对弯管列当种子萌芽抑制率为71.79%;小区试验中对弯管列当的寄生率防效为50%,寄生度防效为79.38%;田间试验中对弯管列当的寄生率防效为58.27%,寄生度防效为75.70%。形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果表明菌株Br-2为尖孢镰刀菌。     

An inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis — Difluoromethylornithine — and the polyamine spermidine for the control of gray mold(Botrytis Cinerea)

Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) — an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, and the polyamine spermidine (Spd) reduced gray mold of tomato, pepper, eggplant, bean andSenecio sp. leaves, and of rose petals by 37–88% when applied at 0.1–1.0 mM each. Higher doses did not result in better control. The disease was also reduced significantly on tomato fruits by 1.0 inM DFMO and by 0.1–1.0 mM Spd, and on cucumber fruits by 0.1–1.0 mM of both compounds, but not on grape berries. The combination of 0.2 mM DFMO with 1.0 mM Spd controlled gray mold ofSenecio sp. and tomato leaves additively better than either treatment alone, whereas this effect was not observed in leaves of lettuce and pepper. Ethylene production was reduced significantly by Spd applied to leaves of tomato and pepper, but not by DFMO. Linear growth and germination of the fungus were affected by lower concentrations of DFMO (ED50 0.12–0.97 and 1.4, respectively) as compared with Spd. Spermidine and DFMO controlled white mold(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) as effectively as did the fungicide benomyl. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 3195-E, 1991 series.     

Host Range Specificity in Verticillium dahliae

ABSTRACT Verticillium dahliae isolates from artichoke, bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, chili pepper, cotton, eggplant, lettuce, mint, potato, strawberry, tomato, and watermelon and V. albo-atrum from alfalfa were evaluated for their pathogenicity on all 14 hosts. One-month-old seedlings were inoculated with a spore suspension of about 10(7) conidia per ml using a root-dip technique and incubated in the greenhouse. Disease incidence and severity, plant height, and root and shoot dry weights were recorded 6 weeks after inoculation. Bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, cotton, eggplant, and mint isolates exhibited host specificity and differential pathogenicity on other hosts, whereas isolates from artichoke, lettuce, potato, strawberry, tomato, and watermelon did not. Bell pepper was resistant to all Verticillium isolates except isolates from bell pepper and eggplant. Thus, host specificity exists in some isolates of V. dahliae. The same isolates were characterized for vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) through complementation of nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Cabbage and cauliflower isolates did not produce nit mutants. The isolate from cotton belonged to VCG 1; isolates from bell pepper, eggplant, potato, and tomato, to VCG 4; and the remaining isolates, to VCG 2. These isolates were also analyzed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Forty random primers were screened, and eighteen of them amplified DNA from Verticillium. Based on RAPD banding patterns, cabbage and cauliflower isolates formed a unique group, distinct from other V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum groups. Minor genetic variations were observed among V. dahliae isolates from other hosts, regardless of whether they were host specific or not. There was no correlation among pathogenicity, VCGs, and RAPD banding patterns. Even though the isolates belonged to different VCGs, they shared similar RAPD profiles. These results suggest that management of Verticillium wilt in some crops through crop rotation is a distinct possibility.     

Seedborne fungi detected on stored solanaceous berry seeds and their biological activities

We isolated 629 fungi from 1296 berry seeds of solanaceous plants, including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), and red pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) preserved for long and short terms. The isolates were classified into 22 genera excluding unidentified fungi, and the fungal floras were divided into two types: the tomato–eggplant and pepper groups. The results of cluster analysis with unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average also supported these groups. Most tomato seeds infested with Geotrichum candidum germinated and grew the same as uninfested seeds. Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Arthrinium sp. isolated from eggplant seeds strongly suppressed germination, and Penicillium variabile suppressed seminal root elongation on eggplant. Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, and Myrothecium verrucaria detected from red pepper or bell pepper seeds were pathogenic to the fruits and the seedlings after artificial inoculation.     

Residues and fate of endosulfan on field-grown pepper and tomato

Endosulfan (Thiodan 3 EC), a mixture of α- and β-isomers, was sprayed on 92-day-old field-grown pepper and tomato at the recommended rate of 0·61 kg AI ha^-1. Plant tissue samples were collected at 1 h to 14 days after application and analysed to determine the content and dissipation rate of endosulfan isomers (α- and β-endosulfan) and the major metabolite, endosulfan sulfate. Analysis of samples was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD). The results indicated the formation of endosulfan sulfate as a residue component on the plant tissues and also the relatively higher persistence of the β-isomer as compared to the α-isomer on pepper fruits. The initial total residues (α- and β-endosulfan isomers plus endosulfan sulfate) were higher on leaves than on fruits. On pepper fruits, the α-isomer, which is the more toxic to mammals, dissipated faster than the less toxic β-isomer. Total residues (α- and β-endosulfan isomers plus the sulfate metabolite) on tomato leaves revealed longer persistence (t_1/2 4·6 days) compared to the total residues detected on pepper leaves (t_1/2 2·0 days) 3–14 days following spraying. Persistence of the β-isomer on pepper fruits was high 3–14 days following spraying compared to on tomato fruits. This long persistence increases risk of exposure of the consumer. In addition, the longer persistence of the total residues on tomato foliage should be considered of importance for timing the safe entry of tomato harvesters due to the high mammalian toxicity of endosulfan. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

海南岛南药根结线虫种类鉴定

运用比较形态学、同工酶和mtDNA-PCR对采自海南岛9个市县的南药根结线虫进行种类鉴定,结果发现有南方根结线虫、象耳豆根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫、花生根结线虫和西班牙根结线虫等5种根结线虫危害海南岛南药。5种根结线虫均能在海巴戟上寄生与危害,而南方根结线虫寄主非常广泛,可危害大多数调查的药用植物。     

非致病性尖孢镰刀菌FJAT-9290的定殖特性及对番茄枯萎病的防治效果

为评价非致病性尖孢镰刀菌FJAT-9290对不同植物的致病性和定殖能力,利用该菌株所含的无毒基因SIX1特异性检测引物P12-R1/P12-F2跟踪其在不同植物中的侵入与定殖情况,并研究其对番茄植株生长特性的影响及对番茄枯萎病的防治效果。结果显示,接种120 d内,菌株FJAT-9290对所供试的11种植物均未造成危害,但在侵入时间与定殖方面存在差异。该菌株最易侵入番茄植株,接种第5天即可在茎基部检测到;其次为甜椒、甜瓜、西瓜和香蕉等植株,接种10 d时可在茎基部检测到;但在韭菜、香葱和马唐草上均未检测到。该菌株在番茄与茄子植株的定殖时间最长,达90 d;其次为甜椒、香蕉和粉蕉,至少60 d;在甜瓜、西瓜和黄瓜上为40~50 d。该菌株能促进番茄植株生长,显著提高其株高和叶片数量,对番茄枯萎病的盆栽与田间防治效果分别达76.70%和69.56%。表明菌株FJAT-9290具有良好的定殖能力且对番茄枯萎病具有较好的防治效果。     

三种寄主植物对扶桑绵粉蚧发育和繁殖的影响

［目的］ 研究棉花、番茄和茄子3种寄主植物对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响。［方法］ 在恒温27 ℃下观察扶桑绵粉蚧的个体发育及种群发展情况,记录并分析各虫态的发育历期、存活率及实验种群生命表参数。［结果］ 扶桑绵粉蚧在3种寄主植物上的平均存活率为棉花﹥茄子﹥番茄,存活曲线差异明显,但均以l龄和2龄若虫的死亡率最高。若虫的发育历期除1龄外无显著差异,棉花上蛹期显著长于其他两者,雌性成虫存活历期为棉花﹥番茄、茄子,雄性为棉花、茄子﹥番茄。交配过的扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫多于夜间产卵,但棉花上部分扶桑绵粉蚧可于白昼产卵;其在3种寄主植物上的产卵能力为棉花﹥茄子﹥番茄。3种寄主上扶桑绵粉蚧种群的内禀增长率（rm）和周限增长率（λ）相近,但净增殖率（R0）及种群增长趋势指数（I）差异较大,均为棉花﹥茄子﹥番茄,分别为142.10、88.91、43.56和156.67、87.95、32.74。［结论］ 扶桑绵粉蚧繁殖力及种群发展能力极强,从而使其具备较强的环境适应性,是其极易大规模发生的主要原因。