Evaluation of carbon sources,gelling agents,growth hormones and additives for efficient callus induction and plant regeneration in Indian wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) genotypes using mature embryos

Various factors affecting in vitro regeneration like different carbon sources, different gelling agents, and growth additives were assessed comprehensively for callus induction and plant regeneration for five Indian wheat cultivars using mature embryos as the explants for the first time. The tissue culture responses of cultivars WH-1105, HD-2967, and PBW-343 have not been reported earlier. Besides, the effect of different concentrations of the cytokinin, zeatin has also been optimized. Using the optimized factors, the efficiency of five different varieties, i.e., HD 2967, C 306, RAJ 3765, WH 1105, and PBW 343 was evaluated for regeneration. Modified MS basal medium containing dicamba reduced precocious germination of the embryo and induced embryogenic callus more efficiently. Removal of embryogenic calli from non-regenerable structures during early callus phase improved plant regeneration. These calli on zeatin (1.0 mgl^-1) and dicamba (0.1 mgl^-1) containing medium showed the highest regeneration frequency (98%) with a maximum of 8-9 shoots per calli. Maltose had the maximum callusing and regeneration percentage than other carbon sources. Various gelling agents did not have any significant difference on the regeneration. Of all the varieties, C-306 and HD-2967 were found to be more regenerative and can be used in transformation experiments.     

普通小麦籽粒DON含量的配合力分析

为了选育抗赤霉病且籽粒毒素含量低的小麦品种以减轻赤霉病危害,在对我国南方麦区地方品种进行赤霉病抗性鉴定的基础上,选用8个籽粒中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol, DON）含量水平不同的小麦品种作亲本,按8×8半双列杂交配制28个杂交组合,以接种后成熟籽粒中DON含量、病小穗数、病小穗率和病粒率为指标,进行赤霉病抗性、一般配合力（GCA）和特殊配合力（SCA）遗传分析,以及不同鉴定指标间比较和相关性分析。结果表明,8个品种中籽粒DON含量以苏麦3号最低(0.5715 mg kg^-1),Alondra’s最高(13.5560 mg kg^-1),各组合F1的籽粒DON含量均低于感病品种Alondra’s。品种间GCA和SCA存在显著差异,籽粒DON含量以加性效应为主,存在部分显性效应。苏麦3号、望水白和翻山小麦表现出较好的一般配合力效应。以苏麦3号为亲本的5个组合、望水白为亲本的4个组合特殊配合力效应较大。扬麦158一般配合力效应较小,但有4个组合表现较好的特殊配合力效应。籽粒DON含量和病小穗数、病小穗率、病粒率呈极显著的正相关关系。感病品种Alondra’s和绵阳8545的各个抗性鉴定指标的一般配合力在8个品种的排序中表现一致,抗病品种各个抗性指标的一般配合力在8个参试材料间的排序有所差异。DON含量的狭义遗传力为74.54%,因此以抗DON积累为指标的赤霉病抗性育种,可以在早期世代进行选择。     

Effect of Drechslera (Helminthosporium) sacchari Toxin upon the Permeability of Sugarcane Leaf and Callus Tissues

Sugarcane leaves and calli from highly susceptible and resistant varieties to eyespot disease were used to evaluate the Drechslera sacchari toxin effect at different concentrations and incubation times by measuring electrolyte leakage. This expression of disease resistance was observed not only in the leaf but also in the callus. Furthermore, the growth of resistant calli MS medium supplemented with DS toxin, was higher when compared to the susceptible ones. The possibility of obtaining resistant somaclones is confirmed.     

几个温敏不育水稻品种组织培养特性的研究

以我国特有的温敏不育系籼稻品种安农S-1,及其转育的不育系安湘S和香125S为实验材料,对愈伤组织的诱导、继代和再生体系的建立进行了研究.结果表明:不同水稻品种和不同的外植体种类愈伤组织的诱导存在比较明显的差别:对成熟种子来说,安农S-1的愈伤组织诱导率最高;而对幼胚而言,香125S的诱导率最高.不同的水稻品种所适用的培养基不同,形成的愈伤组织的状态也存在差别,香125S所适用的培养基种类比较广泛,形成的胚性愈伤组织状态最好,也最容易形成.在愈伤组织的分化阶段,添加3 mg/L 6-BA 1 mg/L NAA分化成苗率最高;随继代时间的延长,愈伤组织的再生率下降,形成的幼苗的状态也存在明显的差别.     

Genetic analysis of resistance to Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum in Chinese wheat cultivar Sumai 3 and the Japanese cultivar Saikai 165

The genetic constitution of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) caused by Fusarium graminearum in the Chinese wheat cultivar Sumai 3 and the Japanese cultivar Saikai 165 was investigated using doubled haploid lines (DHLs) and recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Frequency distributions of DHLs derived from two F₁ crosses, Sumai 3 (very resistant to resistant; VR-R) / Gamenya (very susceptible; VS) and Sumai 3 / Emblem (VS), fitted well to 1: 2: 1 (resistant: moderately resistant: susceptible) ratios for reaction to FHB in the field. It is suggested that the resistance of Sumai 3 is controlled by two major genes with additive effects. One of the resistance genes may be linked in repulsion to the dominant suppressor B1 for awnedness with recombination values 15.1 ± 3.3% in Sumai 3 /Gamenya and 21.4 ± 4.3% in Sumai 3 / Emblem. Saikai 165 is a Japanese resistant line derived from an F₁ Sumai 3 / Asakaze-komugi (moderately resistant; MR). The data for RILs derived from the cross Emblem / Saikai 165, indicates that three resistance genes control the resistance of Saikai 165. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genotypic differences in callus growth and organogenesis of eight pearl millet lines

Summary Calli were obtained from mesocotyl explants of eight varieties of pearl millet using MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D. Variable frequencies of callus initiation were observed among the varieties. Plantlets were regenerated from the calli by transferring on to the medium devoid of auxins. Incorporation of coconut milk, Kinetin, IAA or NAA did not enhance either the callus initiation or growth rate or plantlet regeneration. The eight genotypes differed among themselves in callus growth rate and frequency of shoot bud production.     

新陆早42号体细胞胚发生和植株再生

 以新陆早33号为对照研究新疆主栽品种新陆早42号的体细胞胚胎发生。研究表明,所用4种激素组合均能有效诱导愈伤组织,但二者仅在经过IBA 1.0 mg·L^-1+KT 0.5 mg·L^-1和2,4-D 0.1 mg·L^-1+KT 0.1 mg·L^-1两种激素组合诱导初生愈伤后,才能胚胎发生。新陆早42号在IBA 1.0 mg·L^-1+KT 0.5 mg·L^-1培养基上46 d就开始胚胎发生;新陆早33号则不能直接胚胎发生,需继代到MSBP培养基上培养48 d才有胚胎发生。经2,4-D 0.1 mg·L^-1+KT 0.1 mg·L^-1组合培养的愈伤均需要继代到MSBP培养基上培养才能胚胎发生,新陆早42号和新陆早33号胚胎发生的最早时间分别是71 d和81 d。胚性愈伤在铺有滤纸的MSBF培养基上分化成胚并发育成再生植株。新陆早42号在140 d有根系发育良好的能嫁接植株（株高 7～8 cm）,而新陆早33需180 d。即成功建立了新陆早42号的再生体系,且其胚胎发生能力和再生能力均优于对照。     

Anther callus induction and green plant regeneration at high frequencies from an interspecific rice hybrid Oryza sativa Linn. x O. rufipogon Griff

Summary Callus induction and green plant regeneration at high frequencies from an interspefic hybrid, Oryza sativa L. x O. rufipogon Griff. has been achieved by simply coordinating the growth regulators in the induction medium. The study was conducted with two different basal media (Potato-2 and N₆) and seven different combinations of growth regulators 2,4-D, NAA and kinetin. Synergistic effects of the two auxins in enhanced anther response to callus induction and subsequent green plant regeneration were observed in both media. The highest frequency of callus induction was obtained on Potato-2 medium supplemented with 1 mg/12,4-D, 2 mg/l NAA and 1 mg/l kinetin. The same combination of growth regulators which yielded higher frequencies of callus induction also induced higher mean number of calli per anther. Although the calli formed on N₆ medium showed high regenerability, there was a concomitant increase in the number of albinos among the regenerants. The auxins in the induction media had considerable influence on the regeneration capacity of the calli. The regeneration frequencies were higher from calli formed in the presence of both auxins in the induction media. The levels of growth regulator combinations seem to influence the green plant regeneration especially for calli induced on Potato-2 medium. Among the pollen grain derived plants the majority were either haploids or double haploids and very few were chromosomal variants.     

Improved plant regeneration and in vitro somatic embryogenesis of St Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze]

St Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is an important warm season turf and pasture grass. In vitro tissue culture of St Augustinegrass could serve as an important mean for its improvement through genetic transformation as well as induced somaclonal variation. To optimize tissue culture conditions for plant regeneration of St Augustinegrass, tissue culture responses of 11 explant tissues and four callus induction/subculture media have been examined. Embryogenic calli with regeneration potential were observed on cultures of early immature embryo [3 days after pollination (DAP)], immature embryo (7–14 DAP), and shoot base of young seedlings. The addition of benzyladenine (BA) in the callus induction/subculture medium enhances callus regeneration ability and does not harm callus induction for immature embryos. The best response came from 7 to 14 DAP immature embryo on MS medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l BA. The callus induction and regeneration rates were 97.7% and 47.6% respectively. However, BA supplement reduced callus formation and failed to enhance regeneration for young leaf bases. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that plant regeneration of St Augustinegrass is via somatic embryogenesis.     

冬小麦遗传再生体系及根癌农杆菌介导的转化研究

摘要:以冬小麦品种临优145的幼胚为外植体,消毒后用解剖刀挑取幼胚,盾片朝上接种于MS+2,4-D 2 mg/L+肌醇100 mg/L＋MES 400 mg/L＋CH 100 mg/L[7]＋40g/L麦芽糖＋8g/L琼脂的培养基中诱导愈伤组织, 每两周继代一次,将诱导出的淡黄色、颗粒状Ⅱ型胚性愈伤组织接种于分化培养基（MS+ZT 1 mg/L+IAA 1mg/L+ MES 400 mg/L＋CH 100 mg/L+麦芽糖40g/L+gelrite 2.6g/L,PH5.8）上培养2－3周,然后转接到再生培养基(1/10MS+NAA 0.5mg/L+KT 0.5mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+ gelrite 2.6g/L,PH5.8)中进行再生成苗。接种1229块幼胚,得到987块愈伤组织, Hyg抗性愈伤组织123块,抗性再生植株34株。在建立了再生体系的基础上,用根癌农杆菌介导法将GUS基因导入幼胚愈伤组织,抗性植株的PCR检测呈阳性。X－gluc染色表明, 少部分愈伤组织出现肉眼可见的蓝色晕斑,说明GUS基因已经在小麦幼胚愈伤组织中表达。     

绿色棉新彩棉7号体细胞胚胎发生及其植株再生

以绿色棉新彩棉7号的子叶、下胚轴为外植体,MSB(MS培养基附加B5维生素)基本培养基附加不同激素组合,诱导愈伤组织及调控分化,通过体细胞胚胎发生方式获得再生植株.结果表明:0.1 mg· L-1 KT(Kinetin,激动素)+ 0.1 mg·L-12,4-D(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic,2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)为诱导愈伤组织的最适植物激素组合,不同外植体处理出愈率均达到100％,但下胚轴纵切面背向培养基放置培养更有利于诱导愈伤组织形成;分化调控阶段的最佳植物激素组合为0.15 mg·L-1 KT+ 0.3 mg·L-1 IBA(Indole-3-butyric acid,吲哚丁酸),胚性愈伤分化率可达23.33％; MSB中去除NH4NO3同时KNO3加倍,附加0.5 g·L-1Asn(Asparagine,天冬酰胺)和lg· L-1 Gln(Glutamine,谷氨酰胺),胚性愈伤可进一步分化获得体细胞胚,将成熟的子叶胚接种于1/2MS获得完整的再生植株. 本研究通过体细胞胚发生途径获得了新彩棉7号的再生植株,为天然彩色棉基因工程研究奠定了一定基础.     

农杆菌介导谷子成熟胚遗传转化体系的建立与优化

为建立一个稳定的谷子遗传转化体系,对216份谷子种质资源进行筛选,确定材料178成熟胚为受体材料,从植物激素浓度、防褐化剂、农杆菌菌液浓度、侵染时间、乙酰丁香酮（AS）浓度等方面对谷子再生及转化体系进行优化。结果表明,在MS培养基中加入生长素2,4-D 9μmol/L、细胞分裂素Kinetin 4μmol/L、硝酸银8mg/L,愈伤组织诱导率最高且能有效防止褐化。在侵染液和共培养基中加入100μmol/L AS,gus表达效果最好。农杆菌溶液OD₆₀₀为0.3~0.5,侵染15min,共培养3d时,抗性愈伤组织率最高。获得的转基因植株,经PCR检测及gus染色分析,确定外源bar基因已成功整合到谷子基因组中。初步建立了一套谷子遗传转化体系,为今后谷子遗传转化提供一些参考。     

Influence of genotype and culture medium on callus formation and plant regeneration from immature embryos of Triticum turgidum Desf. cultivars

Twelve durum wheat cultivars were evaluated for their response to in vitro tissue culture. Zygotic immature embryos were used to induce callus formation using four different Murashige and Skoog‐based media. Each contained 9.05 μM 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid but differed in their carbon source (sucrose or maltose) and the presence of NaCl (0 mM or 40 mM). The influence of both genotype and medium on the type and percentage of callus produced was observed. Calli were either compact and frequently embryogenic, or soft and watery. Percentages ranged from 54 to 100%, depending upon genotype and induction medium. All calli were then plated on a regeneration medium containing 20 g/l sucrose, 2.68 μM 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid and 2.22 μ 6‐benzylaminopurine. The regeneration of plantlets was higher from compact than from soft calli, with a strong dependence on genotype and type of induction medium used. MSm induction medium (30 g/l maltose) and MS40s (30 g/l sucrose plus 40 mM NaCl) were best for inducing compact calli, and gave the highest proportion of regenerated plants. The in vitro response (number of total shoots from a compact callus/number of embryos plated) was higher for immature embryos of ‘Baztan’, ‘Bradano’ and ‘Don Pedro’. These cultivars are a good starting material for experiments involving transformation of calli from zygotic immature embryos.     

In vitro techniques for selecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Fusarium-resistance. II. Culture filtrate technique and inheritance of Fusarium-resistance in the somaclones

Summary Calli of resistant, intermediary and susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties were selected using culture filtrates of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum and the regenerants were evaluated for resistance up to R₃. Czapek-Dox broth medium was inoculated with mycelia of Fusarium isolates and incubated for 2–6 weeks. Filtrates were added to MS callus growing medium, then 5 weeks-old calli were transferred onto this medium (MST) for 4–5 weeks. MST containing 30% filtrate was found to be suitable for selection. Resistant calli were transferred again to fresh MST for further two selection cycles. The surviving calli produced less fertile regenerated lines (R₀) than the non-selected ones. Among 18 R₁ lines tested for Fusarium-resistance in the seedling stage by artificial inoculation in the greenhouse, two (11.1%) were significantly more resistant, one (5.6%) was more susceptible than the original cultivar and the rest (83.3%) behaved similarly to the donor plants. Among unselected R₃ lines of three varieties, practically the same number of resistant plants were found as among the related selected ones. When the R₃ selfed generations obtained through double-layer and culture filtrate selection techniques were tested for Fusarium-resistance, 35.7% of the lines were found to be more resistant than the original cultivars, none was more susceptible and 64.3% had a reaction similar to that of the source materials. Thus, inheritance of the disease reaction was not stable in all cases. Success of in vitro selection for Fusarium-resistance depended also on the genotype, and toxin analysis showed that although being effective, the selective media contained deoxynivalenol only exceptionally. In selecting wheat for Fusarium-resistance in vitro, the culture filtrate technique proved better than the double-layer procedure.     

Optimization of mature embryo-based high frequency callus induction and plant regeneration from elite wheat cultivars grown in China

We have developed an efficient procedure for plant regeneration of elite wheat cultivars using mature embryos. Firstly, we established the optimal combination of basal media, inoculation method and pretreatment method using biostatistical methods. The results indicated that the combination of MS medium and longitudinally bisected mature embryos showed the highest culture efficiency, whereas the pretreatment method had no significant effects on callus induction or plant regeneration. A 70% primary callus induction rate was achieved on MS medium containing 2 mg/l 2,4‐d for all tested cultivars. Primary calli were then transferred onto the subculture medium to initiate embryogenic calli. Supplementation of the subculture medium with the appropriate combination of phytohormones (2.0 mg/l 2,4‐d , 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA) significantly enhanced embryogenic callus production. The addition of AgNO₃ (10 mg/l) in regeneration medium promoted plant regeneration, whereas CuSO₄ stimulated root formation. The use of this protocol achieved successful plant regeneration in eight tested cultivars. The culture efficiency ranged from 15.3% to 36.8%, suggesting this regeneration system may be an effective alternative for wheat genetic transformation.     

Phenylacetic acid stimulation of direct shoot formation in anther and somatic tissue cultures of rice (Oryza saliva L.)

The effect of phenylacetic acid (PAA) on rice (Oryza saliva L.) anther culture was investigated with six genotypes, using 2,4-D as control. In the two-step culture protocol, replacing 2, 4-D with PAA in the induction medium did not influence callus induction but significantly improved the shoot differentiation from callus, particularly in the indica cultivar Teqing. The anther-derived calli of all genotypes regenerated shoots directly on the callus induction medium containing PAA. Most of the directly-regenerated plantlets had well-developed root systems and were therefore readily transplanted into soil. The improved shoot differentiation potential and the frequency of direct regeneration depended on genotype, basal medium and PAA concentration. The one-step green shoot regeneration frequencies obtained were 1.98% with the indica cultivar ‘129’, 1.5% with the indica × japonica hybrid ‘Teqing/02428’ (F₁), and 1.98% with the indica × indica hybrid ‘Waiyin 2/C.B.’ (F₁). The PAA-based one-step method was most effective on the anther culture of indica genotypes. Three DH populations have been constructed from hybrids (F₁) via one-step culture. PAA also enhanced the one-step plantlet formation in rice somatic tissue culture.     

Indirect Organogenesis through Seedling-Derived Leaf Segments of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ficus Religiosa</Emphasis> - a Multipurpose Woody Medicinal Plant

The aim of this study is to introduce the suitable protocol for indirect regeneration from seedling-derived leaf segment of Ficus religiosa. The leaf explant successfully produced callus on MS medium containing various concentrations of auxin in combination with BAP. The maximum callus induction (100%) was achieved in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D plus 0.05 mg/l BAP and MS medium containing 1.5 mg/l NAA plus 0.15 mg/l BAP as well. MS medium consisting of 2,4-D produced yellow-brownish and friable callus (type I) while the yellowish and compact calli (type II) were obtained in MS medium consisting of NAA. On the other hand, MS medium supplemented with IBA formed greenish and compact calli (type Ш). The regeneration rate in type II callus was less than the type I, and there was no shoot induction observed on type Ш calli. MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.15 mg/l IBA had the highest regeneration frequency (100%) and maximum shoot numbers (5.16) as well as shoot length (2.56 cm) in type I callus. A maximum of 93.33% root induction was observed in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l IBA plus 0.1mg/l NAA. The plantlets were successfully transferred to the greenhouse. This system could be utilized for large-scale multiplication of Ficus religiosa.     

两个小麦抗赤霉变异系的抗性及RAPD分析

在禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素胁迫下,通过幼胚培养无性系的筛选,获得了QK-02和HK-04两个抗赤霉病的小麦变异系,与其供体亲本相比,抗赤性明显提高,其它个别性状虽略有改变,但其综合性状表现与其亲本基本相似。用524个随机引物对两个变异系和各自亲本及苏麦3号进行RAPD分析,结果显示,变异系QK-02与亲本西农1376间存在多态片段的引物有11个,变异率为2.1%,在这些多态片段中,S3471220和S3751360在苏麦3号上也能检测到;变异系HK-04与亲本花育888间有15条引物有多态片段,变异率为2.86%,在这些多态片段中,S149620在苏麦3号上也能检测到。RAPD分析结果表明,两个抗赤霉变异系与亲本的抗病性差异是由于遗传物质的改变引起的,其抗赤霉病性是可以稳定遗传的。在抗病变异系与亲本及苏麦3号上筛选到的3个分子标记（S3471220、S3751360和 S149620）可能与小麦赤霉病抗性有关。     

NAA或潮霉素对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织分化的影响

以5个栽培小麦品种诱导而来的成熟胚愈伤组织为外植体,研究了在分化培养基中加入NAA对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织分化的效果以及潮霉素浓度对不同阶段成熟胚愈伤组织分化的影响。研究结果表明,在对照的分化培养基中(含5mg/L激动素)加入0.1mg/L萘乙酸(NAA,1-naphthlcetic acid)形成的分化培养基,可显著提高4个供试小麦基因型的成熟胚愈伤组织的分化率,提高幅度达到12%～32%。不同的潮霉素浓度在"花培1号"愈伤组织的诱导阶段进行抗性筛选的结果表明,即使是在潮霉素浓度达到250mg/L时,仍有24%左右的愈伤组织存活率,这些存活的愈伤组织仍可能分化形成绿点甚至分化成苗,说明在"花培1号"愈伤组织的诱导阶段进行潮霉素抗性筛选是不适合的。5个不同小麦品种分化阶段进行潮霉素筛选具有明显的效果,但不同品种之间存在一定差异,其中:宁麦13的适宜潮霉素浓度为20mg/L,花培1号和扬麦158的适宜潮霉素浓度约为30mg/L,宁麦9和宁麦16的适宜潮霉素浓度在30～40mg/L左右。因此,我们认为,在分化阶段进行潮霉素抗性筛选是理想的筛选时期,在分化培养基中添加20～40mg/L浓度的潮霉素即可完全抑制小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的分化。本研究结果将有助于改进和完善普通小麦成熟胚遗传转化体系。     

In vitro Selection for Fusaric Acid Resistant Barley Plants

Calli of two genotypes of barley,‘Dissa’and W 193, were used for selection of resistance against fusaric acid, a pathotoxin of Fusarium. Callus was initiated from 7- to 10 days old immature embryos. 1000 calli of the‘Dissa’and 500 of the W 193 genotypes were grown for 4 selection cycles on medium with 0.8 mM fusaric acid. In the first selection cycle, about 80 % of the calli were killed; after the 4 selection cycles, 8 to 11 % resistant calli were obtained and plants were regenerated. Resistant calli maintained on non-toxic medium showed retention of resistance ability after 3 months of sub-culturing. Plants could be regenerated from the surviving calli and testing by leaf bioassay revealed that many were resistant to the same toxin concentration employed for callus selection (100 %), while some were only resistant up to a concentration of 75 %.