桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在尾巨桉幼林扩散为害研究

在崇左市江州区以零星分布在林中的已受桉树枝瘿姬小蜂（Leptocybe invasa Fisher＆La Salle）严重为害的巨园桉（Eucalyptus grandis×E.tereticornis）DH201-2植株作为虫源株,研究其产生的桉树枝瘿姬小蜂对由尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophylla×E.g...     

巨桉人工林下土壤团聚体稳定性及分形特征

选择3年生巨桉纯林、巨桉+粮食作物、巨桉+果树土壤作为研究对象,农耕地作为对照,运用标准化平均质量直径及分形理论,分析不同巨桉人工林下的土壤团聚体稳定性及分形维数特征。结果表明,不同林地模式下,水稳性团聚体平均质量直径的变化顺序为农耕地>林粮>巨桉纯林>林果,农耕地与不同林地模式下水稳性团聚体平均质量直径差异显著,农耕地在退耕成巨桉人工林后不利于土壤大团聚体的形成;3种林地模式与农耕地比较有效磷、容重差异显著,土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效钾含量差异不显著,说明林地覆盖增强了土壤的紧实度;相关分析表明,影响土壤稳定性的最重要因素为大团聚体的含量,而其他因素影响不显著;分形维数与<0.25mm团聚体含量、容重呈显著、极显著正相关,与1～2mm团聚体含量、平均质量直径呈极显著负相关,说明土壤团聚体的分形维数越小,土壤大团聚体含量越高,土壤团聚体稳定性越强;团聚体的分形维数值能反映土壤性质的变化,通过对土壤分形维数特征的研究可以定量揭示不同巨桉模式下土壤质量的特点。     

桂西南连续年龄序列尾巨桉人工林的生物生产力

为了揭示桂西南尾巨桉人工林生长过程中的生物量和生产力的变化特征,本文采用固定标准地法对广西宁明县1、2、3和4年生尾巨桉人工林的生物量及生产力进行了研究。研究结果显示:尾巨桉人工林乔木层生物量随林龄的增大而逐步积累,分别为9.02、46.53、73.67和97.20t/hm~2,其中干材所占的比例随着林龄的增加而明显增大,树枝、干皮和树叶所占的比例则呈现相反的变化趋势。各林龄乔木层净生产力分别为每年9.02、23.26、24.56和24.30 t/hm~2,不同林龄净生产力的比例均以干材最大,其次是树根、树枝和树皮,最小是树叶。1~4年生尾巨桉人工林生林下植被生物量为5.42~8.62 t/hm~2,随林分生长过程而逐渐积累。研究结果可为该地区桉树人工林的经营管理提供科学依据。     

两种巨桉人工林地土壤抗蚀性的比较研究

[目的]揭示巨桉人工林组培苗和实生苗两种起源对土壤抗蚀性的影响。[方法]利用S形采样法在样地内采集多个样点,按上(0—10cm),中(10—20cm),下(20—30cm)三层分别利用环刀和塑料盒采集原状土壤,测定不同层次土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、渗透速率、水稳性团聚体含量等。[结果](1)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤容重呈现递增趋势,而总孔隙度和通气孔隙度呈递减趋势。组培巨桉林土壤容重低于实生苗巨桉林地,而土壤总孔隙度、通气孔隙度高于显著实生苗巨桉林地(p0.05);(2)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤水稳性指数、抗蚀指数、团聚状况、团聚度和结构系数呈现下降趋势,水稳性指数和抗蚀指数达到显著水平(p0.05),而分散率和分散系数呈现升高趋势。组培巨桉林地不同土层的抗蚀指数和结构系数均高于实生苗巨桉林地,但分散系数均显著低于实生苗巨桉林地(p0.05);(3)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤各粒径水稳性团聚体含量和平均重量直径(MWD)呈现出下降趋势,土壤结构体破坏率呈现上升趋势。组培苗巨桉林地不同土层各粒径(5mm;5~2mm;0.5~0.25mm;0.5mm;0.25mm)水稳性团聚体含量和MWD均高于实生苗林地,而结构体破坏率、2~1mm和1~0.5mm水稳性团聚体含量均低于实生苗巨桉林地。[结论]组培巨桉人工林的土壤抗蚀性更佳。     

不同巨桉人工林土壤分形特征及抗蚀性分析

为探讨耕地退耕成人工巨桉林后对土壤团粒结构及土壤抗蚀性能产生的影响,在野外调查与室内分析的基础上,选择4.5年生巨桉纯林、巨桉+果树、巨桉+粮食作物土壤作为研究对象,农耕地作为对照,研究了不同巨桉人工林下水稳性团聚体分形维数的变化特征,分析了分形维数与土壤养分状况、土壤结构稳定性以及土壤抗蚀性能的关系。结果表明,4种模式土壤分形维数介于2.142~2.296;在0~15 cm土层分形维数表现为耕地林果林粮纯林,纯林和农耕地之间差异显著,其他3种模式之间差异不显著;在15~30 cm土层分形维数表现为耕地纯林林粮林果,4种模式之间差异不显著。分形维数与土壤有机质含量、大团聚体含量呈显著和极显著负相关;与土壤平均重量直径、水稳性指数有负相关趋势;与土壤体积质量、微团聚体含量呈极显著正相关。说明土壤分形维数越小,土壤有机质、大团聚体含量越高,土壤平均重量直径、水稳性指数越大,土壤体积质量、微团聚体含量越低,土壤结构越稳定,抗蚀力越强。因此,团聚体的分形维数值能反映土壤性质的变化,通过对土壤分形维数特征的研究可以定量揭示不同巨桉模式下土壤抗侵蚀的能力。     

桂西南连续年龄序列尾巨桉人工林碳储量及其分布特征

采用固定标准地法对广西宁明县连续年龄系列(1~4年)生尾巨桉人工林的碳储量和年碳素固定量进行了研究。结果表明:尾巨桉各器官中碳素含量范围在455.4~502.4 g/kg之间,不同器官碳素含量高低的排列顺序为树叶、树干、树皮、树枝、树根。林分中不同结构层次碳素平均含量高低的排列顺序乔木层、地表凋落物层、灌木层、草本层;0~80 cm土壤碳素含量均随林龄的增长而增加。1、2、3和4年生尾巨桉人工林生态系统碳储量依次为88.42、106.84、122.76和135.30 t/hm~2,其中乔木层碳储量占4.84%~35.04%,灌草层占0.38~1.14%,现存凋落物层占为1.85%~2.48%、土壤层占61.77%~92.90%.4个林龄杉尾巨桉人工林乔木层净生产力依次为9.02、23.26、24.56和24.30 t/(hm~2·a),碳素年净固定量分别为4.30、11.12、11.92和11.84 t/(hm~2·a).     

巨桉人工林下土壤团聚体分形特征及碱解氮分布研究

了解川中丘陵区巨桉林土壤团聚体分形特征及碱解氮含量状况对于掌握该地区巨桉种植对土壤稳定性及土壤养分的影响十分必要。该研究以典型川中丘陵区3.5a生巨桉纯林、巨桉+果树、巨桉+粮食作物土壤为研究对象,以弃耕地土壤为对照,应用分形模型,分析了土壤团聚体分形特征及不同粒径团聚体对土壤碱解氮分布的影响。结果表明:土壤团聚体数量随着粒径的增大呈现出先减少再增加后减少的趋势,其中2~5mm粒径团聚体在土壤结构中占有重要地位;土壤分形维数排序为:弃耕地纯林林果林粮;土壤碱解氮含量排序为:弃耕地林粮林果纯林,巨桉林地较弃耕地土壤分形维数和碱解氮含量低,说明巨桉的栽培在有利于保持土壤水土流失的同时却造成了土壤养分流失和地力衰退;巨桉林地土壤碱解氮集中分布在0.25mm和0.25~0.5mm粒径的细砂和中砂砾中;相关分析表明,土壤碱解氮含量与0.25~0.5mm团聚体碱解氮含量呈负相关,与2~5mm团聚体碱解氮含量呈显著正相关。该研究结果科学评价了巨桉种植对土壤结构和养分的影响,为川中丘陵区土壤的水土保持和肥力维护工作提供了合理的经营模式。     

重度火烧迹地巨尾桉营造技术

解决火烧迹地的植被恢复，是火灾后人们面临的一个重要问题。有选择地种植适应性强、生态效益好、经济效益高且具有开发前景的造林树种，是火烧地人工更新、加速森林植被恢复的最佳选择。为了探索森林火灾后迹地的巨尾桉造林技术，使森林生态环境良性发展，针对淘溪小流域的调查资料进行分析论述，重点介绍了造林技术。     

重度火烧迹地营造巨尾桉技术及效益分析

解决火烧迹地的植被恢复,是火烧后人们面临的一个重要问题,而有选择地种植适应性强、生态效益好、经济效益高且具有开发前景的树种,是火烧迹地人工更新,加速森林植被恢复的最佳选择。为了探索森林火灾后迹地的巨尾桉造林技术,使森林生态环境向良性发展,本文对淘溪小流域的调查资料进行统计分析,为进一步扩大生产,采取合理的营林技术措施和效益评价提供依据。     

巨尾桉工业原料林下植物多样性与土壤因子的关系

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了巨尾桉工业原料林下植物多样性、土壤因子的变化特征以及二者之间的关系。结果表明,物种丰富度指数是草本层最高,而Simpson指数,Shannon—Wiener指数和均匀度指数是灌木层最高。巨尾桉林地土壤水分含量的变化规律为:母质层淀积层腐殖质层,有机质、水解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量的变化规律为:腐殖质层淀积层母质层。腐殖质层、淀积层和母质层的土壤水分含量、有机质含量与灌木层或草本层丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数无显著相关性;腐殖质层速效钾含量与草本层Simpson指数极显著相关;淀积层速效钾含量与灌木层Simpson指数极显著相关;水解氮与灌木层及草本层以Simpson指数为基础的均匀度指数,以Shannon—Wiener指数为基础的均匀度指数极显著相关;母质层土壤各因子含量与灌木层或草本层多样性指数无显著相关。研究结果为巨尾桉林的可持续经营管理提供理论基础和科学依据。     

Edaphic macroarthropod communities in fast-growing plantations of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maid (Myrtaceae) and Acacia mangium Wild (Leguminosae) in Brazil

This study compares the edaphic macroarthropod communities from experimental plantations of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus grandis, both 7 years old, and from the primary forest, all located on the table-land region in the state of Espírito Santo (Brazil). Most of the taxonomic groups analyzed reach densities as high, or higher, in the plantations as in the primary forest. Four points however differentiate the communities of both plantations from that of the forest: the absence of Diplura and Pseudoscorpionida; the lower relative abundance of ants; the dominance of some non-social arthropods; and the concentration of a great percentage of macroarthropods in the litter layers. All these features seem to reflect a higher complexity in the decomposition subsystem of the primary forest, which is expected since it is a natural ecosystem. Regarding agroecosystems, the community under A. mangium shows a lower seasonal variation of total densities and a higher density of Blattaria, Isopoda, Coleopteran larvae and Lepidopteran larvae. These differences are apparently a consequence of the greater quantity of leaf litter, rich in nutrients, accumulated on the soil in this plantation. Therefore, both plantations create a propitious environment for macroarthropod communities. But A. mangium seems to provide better conditions to the soil communities, and thus it seems to be an important alternative to conciliate the wood production and the recuperation of edaphic communities in areas surrounding the remnants of the Atlantic forest.     

短程分子蒸馏技术精制巨尾桉叶精油工艺优化

为了优化巨尾桉叶精油精制工艺,采用短程分子蒸馏,对初级桉叶精油中1,8-桉叶素和α-蒎烯进行精制,研究不同温度和压力条件下2种物质分离特性。以巨尾桉叶为试验材料,依次采用超临界CO2萃取和分子蒸馏对其进行桉叶油树脂提取和纯化得到初级桉叶精油,采用二因素五水平的响应面优化试验,将馏出物得率、馏出物中1,8-桉叶油素质量分数及α-蒎烯质量分数、馏余物中1,8-桉叶油素质量分数及α-蒎烯质量分数作为试验指标,对分子蒸馏精制桉叶精油工艺进行优化研究。最优纯化工艺条件:以馏出物为目标产物,蒸馏温度38℃,蒸馏压力41 Pa,馏出物中1,8-桉叶油素和α-蒎烯的质量分数分别约为60.80%和31.58%,馏出物的得率为82.06%。分子蒸馏能够对桉叶精油进行有效的纯化精制,桉叶初级精油经过二级分子蒸馏精制后,1,8-桉叶油素和α-蒎烯的质量分数分别提高了77.62%和56.72%。蒸馏温度和蒸馏压力对1,8-桉叶油素质量分数的影响均较α-蒎烯明显,同时,对于1,8-桉叶油素,蒸馏压力的变化对其质量分数的影响较蒸馏温度明显,相反的,对于α-蒎烯,蒸馏温度对其质量分数影响更为显著(P0.05),该研究结果可为分离提纯2种物质提供技术参考。     

Effects of exotic tree plantations of teak (Tectona grandis) and gmelina (Gmelina arborea) on a forest soil in south-western Nigeria

Abstract. The properties of soil under 15-year-old plantations of gmelina ( Gmelina arborea ) and teak ( Tectona grandis ) were compared with logged forest soil in south-western Nigeria. The soil was significantly denser in the 0–10 cm layer of plantation soil and total porosity less than that of forest soil. Organic carbon was significantly greater in the 0–10 cm layer of forest soil. Similarly, the concentrations of total N, exchangeable Ca, Mg and K were greater under forest soil, but the concentrations of available P were similar under all three ecosystems. The smaller organic carbon and nutrient content of plantation soil is mainly due to its more open organic matter and nutrient cycles and nutrient immobilization in the fast-growing exotics.     

Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium in monoculture and intercropped plantations: Evolution of soil and litter microbial and chemical attributes during early stages of plant development

Soil microorganisms and microbial processes are influenced by the quality and quantity of plant waste entering the soil, by its seasonal and spatial distribution, by the ratio of above- to below-ground inputs, and by changes in nutrient inputs. Soil management strategies sometimes promote mixed-species plantations to mitigate the loss of soil nutrients and improve biogeochemical cycling. The objective of this study was to explore changes in microbiological and chemical attributes of soils and litter in the early stages of the second rotation of mixed and pure plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium, and to look for correlations between attributes. Soil samples at 0–10 cm depth were collected two, seven, 14, and 20 months after planting in the following treatments: monocultures of A. mangium and E. grandis, a monoculture of E. grandis with N-fertilizer, and an intercropped plantation with E. grandis and A. mangium. Microbial soil attributes varied dramatically between treatments 20 months after planting. Total C, N and P contents in litter showed the strongest correlations with microbial biomass C and N (C_mic and N_mic), microbial respiration, and dehydrogenase activity in all sampling periods. Lower C/N and C/P ratios in litter and lower C/N and C_mic/tC ratios in soils after 20 months in the intercropped plantation illustrated the system's capacity for supplying inputs of high-quality organic matter rich in N and P, but this did not result in higher contents of these elements or greater microbial activity in soils. An implication of this finding is that, at least in the initial growth phase of these plantations, chemical attributes of the litter and variation in those attributes govern microbial processes and, consequently, are mostly responsible for plant development. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed changes in the microbiological and chemical attributes of soil in the intercropped plantation due to the plants growth and the leaf litter accumulation. Twenty months after planting, the different plantations could be discriminated by differences in litter chemistry (C, N, and P), total soil C, N_mic, and dehydrogenase activity, which were very similar in intercropped plantations and E. grandis with N-fertilizer. These results from the early stages of plantation development are important for understanding the dynamics of soil attributes in these systems, and especially in intercropped plantations. In intercropped areas the cumulative effect of microbial attributes reflects a more sustainable system. Long-term studies are needed to identify patterns that develop after 20 months, during the growth period of these plantations.     

Influence of land use (savanna,pasture, Eucalyptus plantations) on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in Brazil

In Brazil, most Eucalyptus stands have been planted on Cerrado (shrubby savanna) or on Cerrado converted into pasture. Case studies are needed to assess the effect of such land use changes on soil fertility and C sequestration. In this study, the influence of Cerrado land development (pasture and Eucalyptus plantations) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) stocks were quantified in southern Brazil. Two contrasted silvicultural practices were also compared: 60 years of short‐rotation silviculture (EUC_SR) versus 60 years of continuous growth (EUC_HF). C and N soil concentrations and bulk densities were measured and modelled for each vegetation type, and SOC and SON stocks were calculated down to a depth of 1 m by a continuous function. Changes in SOC and SON stocks mainly occurred in the forest floor (no litter in pasture and up to 0.87 kg C m^?2 and 0.01 kg N m^?2 in EUC_SR) and upper soil horizons. C and N stocks and their confidence intervals were greatly influenced by the methodology used to compute these layers. C/N ratio and ¹³C analysis showed that down to a depth of 30 cm, the Cerrado organic matter was replaced by organic matter from newly introduced vegetation by as much as 75–100% for pasture and about 50% for EUC_HF, poorer in N for Eucalyptus stands (C/N larger than 18 for Eucalyptus stands). Under pasture, 0–30 cm SON stocks (0.25 kg N m^?2) were between 10 and 20% greater than those of the Cerrado (0.21 kg N m^?2), partly due to soil compaction (limit bulk density at soil surface from 1.23 for the Cerrado to 1.34 for pasture). Land development on the Cerrado increased SOC stocks in the 0–30 cm layer by between 15 and 25% (from 2.99 (Cerrado) to 3.86 (EUC_SR) kg C m^?2). When including litter layers, total 0–30 cm carbon stocks increased by 35% for EUC_HF (4.50 kg C m^?2) and 53% for EUC_SR (5.08 kg C m^?2), compared with the Cerrado (3.28 kg C m^?2), independently of soil compaction.     

Effect of understory fern (Dicranopteris dichotoma) removal on substrate utilization patterns of culturable soil bacterial communities in subtropical Eucalyptus plantations

Although understory vegetation is known to play an important role in driving the processes and functions of forest ecosystems, little is known about how understory vegetation affects the composition and function of soil microbial communities in forest ecosystems, especially in subtropical and tropical forests. This study used the experimental removal of understory fern (Dicranopteris dichotoma) to investigate the effect of the fern on substrate utilization patterns of culturable soil bacterial communities in two subtropical Eucalyptus plantations. One year after treatment, the removal of understory fern significantly increased soil temperature by 2–3 °C and retarded litter decomposition by 5.6–23.1%. However, understory fern removal did not affect the substrate utilization pattern of soil bacterial communities. Our study provides evidence that, although understory fern removal significantly alters soil temperature and litter decomposition rate, the disturbance caused by understory removal one year after treatment is too weak to cause detectable changes in substrate utilization pattern of culturable soil bacterial communities in subtropical Eucalyptus plantations.     

Effect of biofertilizers application on the growth of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings under greenhouse conditions

Abstract

To investigate the effect of biofertilizers on the growth and yield of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings, greenhouse experiments were performed applying fertilizers based on agricultural byproducts, inoculated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genera Azotobacter spp and Azospirillum spp. For the biofertilizers formulation, a nitrogen-fixing bacteria consortium was inoculated, and the experimental design was a 2?×?2 × 2 factorial arrangement, the factors were nitrogen source (NS: chicken manure), source of carbon (CS: eucalyptus leaf litter) and source of micronutrients (RS: rhizospheric soil) with two dose levels, inoculated with a consortium of Azotobacter spp and Azospirillum spp. The optimal time production of the best biofertilizers was 30?days, with the highest density of Azospirillum (9.23 × 10⁶ CFU·g^?1) and Azotobacter (19.3 × 10⁶ CFU·g^?1), and total nitrogen contents in the range of 2.15-5.64%, released into the biofertilizers with chicken manure and bioaugmented with the bacterium consortium. The treatment with the highest dose of biofertilizer, 500?g, showed the most significant effect on seedling development, increasing growth, stimulating rooting and the highest increase in leaf number. The results show that biofertilizers contributed to Eucalyptus grandis crop yield, and biofertilizers are proposed as an alternative for implementing sustainable soil management in the forest sector.     

Soil microbial community composition under Eucalyptus plantations of different age in subtropical China

Eucalyptus is one of the fastest growing woody plants in the world, but few studies have reported the soil microbial community composition in Eucalyptus ecosystems. This study investigated the soil microbial communities in plantations of 3-, 7-, 10- and 13-year-old Eucalyptus in subtropical China based on phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) analysis. The variation in soil microbial biomass and community compositions were influenced by sampling site and season and the interaction of both, which were consistent with the variation in soil total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil moisture. The number and abundances of PLFAs, and the amount of soil TN and SOC were higher in plantation of 13-year-old Eucalyptus than those in other younger plantations, suggesting that the soil properties and the soil microbial community composition is not negatively affected by the planting of Eucalyptus. The ratio of monounsaturated-to-branched fatty acids, the proportional abundance (mol%) of bacterial PLFA and fungal PLFA varied significantly with Eucalyptus plantations of different age, suggesting that the individual PLFA signatures might be sensitive indicators of soil properties associated with forest plantations.     

Legume cover cropping effects on early growth and soil nitrogen supply in eucalypt plantations in south-western India

Growth and soil N supply in young Eucalyptus tereticornis stands at two sites in Kerala, India, were examined in response to cover cropping with three legume species (Pueraria phaseoloides, Stylosanthes hamata, and Mucuna bracteata). The effects of legume residues on soil N supply were investigated in a long-term (392 day) laboratory incubation using leaching micro-lysimeters. Residues from the eucalypt and legume species had different rates of net N release during the laboratory incubation. Net N release was significantly related to residue N concentration (R² =0.94), the C:N ratio (R² =0.91), the lignin:N ratio (R² =0.83), and the (lignin + soluble polyphenol):N ratio (R² =0.95). Nitrogen release rates declined in the order Mucuna > Pueraria > Eucalyptus > Stylosanthes. There was no net N release from Stylosanthes residues during the 392-day laboratory incubation, whereas Mucuna and Pueraria released N throughout the incubation period. Net N release from mixtures of legume and eucalypt residues was not additive in the early phase of the incubation, probably because eucalypt residues initially immobilized a portion of the legume-derived N in addition to the soil-derived N. Legume establishment had no significant effect on tree growth at one site (Kayampoovam), but resulted in depressed tree growth at the lower rainfall site (Punnala) at 18 months. There were no significant treatment effects on growth at Punnala after that time. Cover cropping with legumes during the early phase of forest plantation growth may be a useful mechanism to enhance soil N supply and optimize the synchrony between N supply and tree N uptake. Although these effects did not translate into improved plantation growth in the 3 years of this study, improved soil organic matter and N fertility may help ensure sustainable productivity over several rotations in the future. This study showed that the effect of legumes on N dynamics varies markedly with legume species. This, together with other factors (e.g. competition with trees, N fixation capacity), will be important in selecting suitable species for cover cropping in forest plantations.