己酸二乙氨基乙醇酯缓解氯磺隆对玉米药害的研究

采用室内土培法分别测定了不同浓度己酸二乙氨基乙醇酯（简称DA-6）和不同浓度氯磺隆对玉米生长的影响,不同浓度氯磺隆处理土壤DA-6浸种对玉米根生长的影响。结果表明DA-6浓度在0.5～20mg/L范围内,玉米根长、根鲜重和株高、株鲜重高于对照,其中以5mg/L最好;氯磺隆处理浓度自0.25μg/kg起,明显抑制玉米幼苗的生长,且对主根长和根鲜重的抑制作用较株高和株鲜重更为严重;当用5 mg/L的DA-6浸种可不同程度地缓解0.25～8μg/kg的氯磺隆对玉米的伤害。     

3-二氯乙酰基-2,5-二甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷减轻氯磺隆对玉米的伤害作用研究

采用室内生物测定方法,测定了玉米主根长、根鲜重、芽长、芽鲜重,研究了除草剂安全剂3-二氯乙酰基-2,5-二甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷减轻氯磺隆对玉米的伤害作用。试验结果表明:当安全剂3-二氯乙酰基-2,5-二甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷与除草剂氯磺隆的浓度比为5∶1时,对玉米由1μg/kg的氯磺隆伤害有较好的解毒效果,保护率可达60%～110%。     

YF-12保护玉米免受乙草胺药害的活性研究

本文采用小杯法研究了化合物4-二氯乙酰基-3,4-二氢-6-氯-2H-1,4-苯并噁嗪（YF-12）保护玉米免受乙草胺的伤害作用。结果表明：乙草胺在浓度20mg/kg时,对玉米的生长有较为强烈的抑制作用。当使用不同浓度的YF-12浸种后,能不同程度地缓解乙草胺对玉米的药害。当化合物YF-12浓度为10mg/kg时,各项生长指标达到最大,其株高、株鲜重、根长和根鲜重的恢复率分别为：113.59、103.25、77.22和54.56%。安全剂YF-12能够在一定程度上保护玉米免受乙草胺的药害。     

新型5-二烷基氨基取代磺酰脲类化合物在土壤中的残留监测及其对作物的安全性

磺酰脲类除草剂代表性产品氯磺隆曾为超高效的麦田选择性除草剂,后因降解速率慢、残留期长导致对后茬作物产生药害而被禁用。经过对氯磺隆苯环5位基团的构效关系研究发现,5-二甲氨基取代氯磺隆 ( Ia ) 和5-二乙氨基取代氯磺隆 ( Ib ) 不仅能够保持超高效除草活性,而且其在酸性土壤和碱性土壤中的降解速度显著提高。为了进一步研究其应用价值,以油菜为指示作物研究了化合物 Ia 和 Ib 在温室土壤 (河北沧州,pH 8.46) 中的降解动态,并就其对后茬作物小麦和玉米的安全性进行了测试。结果表明:随着时间的推移,分别经有效剂量60 g/hm2的 Ia 和 Ib 处理的土壤对油菜的生长抑制呈逐渐缓解趋势,而经氯磺隆处理的土壤70 d后对油菜的抑制率仍大于70%。作物安全性测试结果表明:化合物 Ia 和 Ib 在有效剂量 15~60 g/hm2下,对茎叶处理的小麦生长无显著抑制作用;此外,化合物 Ia 在有效剂量30~120 g/hm2下对茎叶处理的玉米还展现出一定的生长促进作用。研究结果表明,化合物 Ia 和 Ib 具有较好的开发价值和应用前景,值得进一步研究。     

新型5-二烷基氨基取代磺酰脲类化合物在土壤中的残留监测及其对作物的安全性（英文）

磺酰脲类除草剂代表性产品氯磺隆曾为超高效的麦田选择性除草剂,后因降解速率慢、残留期长导致对后茬作物产生药害而被禁用。经过对氯磺隆苯环5位基团的构效关系研究发现,5-二甲氨基取代氯磺隆(Ia)和5-二乙氨基取代氯磺隆(Ib)不仅能够保持超高效除草活性,而且其在酸性土壤和碱性土壤中的降解速度显著提高。为了进一步研究其应用价值,以油菜为指示作物研究了化合物Ia和Ib在温室土壤(河北沧州,pH 8.46)中的降解动态,并就其对后茬作物小麦和玉米的安全性进行了测试。结果表明:随着时间的推移,分别经有效剂量60 g/hm~2的Ia和Ib处理的土壤对油菜的生长抑制呈逐渐缓解趋势,而经氯磺隆处理的土壤70 d后对油菜的抑制率仍大于70%。作物安全性测试结果表明:化合物Ia和Ib在有效剂量15～60 g/hm~2下,对茎叶处理的小麦生长无显著抑制作用;此外,化合物Ia在有效剂量30～120 g/hm~2下对茎叶处理的玉米还展现出一定的生长促进作用。研究结果表明,化合物Ia和Ib具有较好的开发价值和应用前景,值得进一步研究。     

安全剂R-28725保护玉米免受氯磺隆药害的作用

采用生物测定法研究了安全剂R-28725保护玉米免受除草剂氯磺隆药害的作用.在氯磺隆毒土浓度为2 μg/kg时,使用5mg/kgR-28725浸种处理,玉米根部受到氯磺隆抑制的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量由空白对照的57.3％恢复至83.4％;玉米叶片中乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)活性增加了17.2％;玉米根部的谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性增加了191.8％;GST酶促反应动力学参数Vmax增大102.5％,Km减小40.0％.结果显示:R-28725能够提高氯磺隆处理后玉米中GSH的含量,增加GST和ALS活性,增强了玉米根部GST酶对底物的亲和力,缓解氯磺隆对玉米产生的药害.     

磺酰氨基氯磺隆的合成、除草活性、作物安全性及其土壤降解研究

基于活性亚结构拼接方法,在氯磺隆分子中苯环的5位引入不同磺酰氨基,设计合成了4个氯磺隆衍生物 ( H01 ~ H04 ),其结构经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、碳谱(13C NMR)和高分辨质谱(HRMS)确证。初步的生物活性测试结果表明,目标化合物在有效成分150 g/hm2测试浓度下表现出较好的除草活性,其中:苗前处理时, H01 、 H02 及 H04 对油菜生长的抑制率均高于85%, H01 对反枝苋的抑制率为100%,优于对照药剂氯磺隆 (68.8%);苗后处理时, H04 对油菜和反枝苋的抑制率均与氯磺隆相当,对稗草的抑制率 (85.2%) 优于对照药剂氯磺隆 (68.8%)。安全性测试结果表明,目标化合物对小麦和玉米生长的抑制率均低于氯磺隆。苗前处理时, H01 和 H04 对小麦安全, H01 ~ H04 对玉米的抑制率均低于氯磺隆;苗后处理时, H01 ~ H04 对玉米生长无抑制作用。降解试验结果表明, H01 ~ H04 在碱性土壤 (pH 8.39) 中的降解半衰期为44.43~53.32 d,比氯磺隆的半衰期 (157.53 d) 明显缩短。研究结果表明, H01 和 H04 可作为潜在的小麦田和玉米田磺酰脲类除草剂候选药物。本文可为进一步设计具有高效除草活性、降解速率快以及作物安全性高的新型磺酰脲类除草剂提供参考。     

化合物YF-206防除乙草胺药害研究

本文采用土培法对本课题组所合成的化合物5-二氯乙酰基-6-甲基-9-氧杂-1,5-二氮杂二环[4.3.0]壬烷(YF-206)进行了室内活性测定实验。当化合物YF-206浓度为25mg/kg时,玉米各项生长指标恢复率达到最大,其株高、株鲜重的恢复率分别为:55.39%和55.86%;玉米幼苗根部GSH含量增幅达到50.59%,叶片中增幅为26.02%,玉米根部GST比活力为2.694 nmol/s/mg。实验结果表明化合物YF-206对玉米有较好的安全活性,能在一定程度上解除乙草胺对玉米的药害。     

降解菌2N3对被氯嘧磺隆污染土壤的生物修复

在实验室条件下,研究了高效降解菌2N3(克雷伯氏菌属,Klebsiella sp.)对被氯嘧磺隆污染土壤的修复作用及其影响因素。当土壤中氯嘧磺隆的添加浓度为20 mg/kg,每 1克土壤中2N3的接菌量为1×106个菌体时,第30 d时土壤中氯嘧磺隆的降解率为84.6%,对照仅为13.4%;相同2N3接菌浓度下,当土壤中氯嘧磺隆浓度为100 mg/kg时,其降解率为31.1%。以小麦、玉米、黄瓜为供试作物,在土壤中施加 20 mg/kg的氯嘧磺隆, 当每 1克土壤中2N3的接菌量为1×106个 菌体时,小麦、玉米、黄瓜的出苗率分别为85%,82%和79%,且处理组株高高于对照,表明降解菌2N3具有明显减轻氯嘧磺隆药害的作用。研究表明,人工接种降解菌2N3可提高土壤中氯嘧磺隆的降解率,有效降低其在土壤中的残留。     

安全剂R-28725保护玉米免受绿磺隆药害的机理

在盆栽和田间小区模拟条件下，测定了安全剂R-28725对玉米的株高和株鲜重的影响，确定了玉米体内GSH及其支链氨基酸的变化。结果发现：当绿磺隆的使用量为2．5、5、10g/hm^2时，R-28725能够明显提高玉米株高、株鲜重，混喷的效果显著高于其它处理。在绿磺隆的使用量为5g/hm^2时，使用R-28725混喷处理，玉米的产量为对照的101．68％。R-28725能够直接提高玉米幼苗中体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量，在绿磺隆浓度为1μg／kg，使用R-28725浸种处理，玉米幼苗中体内GSH含量增加27．83％，说明R-28725能够诱导绿磺隆与谷胱甘肽的轭合，从而达到解毒的目的。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.