菌根真菌在退化喀斯特地区植被恢复中的应用

退化喀斯特地区普遍具有生境基岩裸露,土层浅薄,生境保水性差,基质、土壤和水体等环境富钙的生态特征,是该地区植被恢复过程中的一大难题,而菌根真菌较强的生态适应性,对困难立地条件下的植物生长具有明显的促进作用.通过分析喀斯特岩溶地区的恶劣立地条件,菌根菌的生理生态特性,表明通过菌根技术解决退化喀斯特地区的植被恢复是一条行之有效的途径:应用菌根技术必将提高喀斯特地区植被成活率,增加植物适应力,在喀斯特地区植被恢复进程中将有很好的应用前景.     

香格里拉亚高山两种植被类型主要植物的丛枝菌根研究

以滇西北香格里拉亚高山地区生态严重退化的荒草坡植被类型和基本实现恢复的近原生林地植被类型中主要植物的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)作为研究对象,对这些植物根系的AMF感染率及其根际土壤中的AMF孢子密度进行了调查研究。结果表明,荒草坡的10种植物和近原生林地的9种植物,均形成典型的丛枝菌根(AM)。荒草坡和近原生林植物根际土壤中的平均孢子密度分别为674±221(SE)个/100g土和290±72个/100g土。单因素方差分析表明,两植被类型的主要植物在根系AMF菌丝感染率以及根际土壤中AMF孢子密度方面的差异都极显著。同种植物在近原生林地具有较高的AMF感染率,而根际土壤中的孢子密度则是在荒草坡为高。相关性分析表明,所调查植物的根系AMF菌丝感染率与根际土壤中的AMF孢子密度间不存在相关性。     

菌根技术在喀斯特岩溶矿区生态恢复中的应用

喀斯特岩溶地区缺土缺水缺林、生态环境脆弱,传统的复垦方法对采空区进行生态恢复难度很大,菌根技术在喀斯特岩溶矿区生态恢复中具有重要意义.通过对平果铝矿区菌根种类及其对农作物的影响研究,发现利用微生物活性熟化复垦地新耕层是一种有效的方法,在实验室对优势菌株进行筛选,用穴内平面撒播菌剂法进行接种试验和增益对照效果试验。结果表明:为喀斯特岩溶地区平果铝矿区筛选到优势土著VA真菌菌种的3个优势菌株E11、E16和E20,该优势菌株对矿区复垦的先锋植物——大豆、玉米、银合欢、宽叶雀稗等有较强的侵染能力,能使土壤熟化度增大,土壤供肥保肥的能力增强,土壤肥力得以提高,在平果铝喀斯特岩溶矿区生态恢复效果明显。     

矿区排土场土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对刺槐接种效应

土壤中丛枝菌根真菌促进植物对矿质营养和水分的吸收,可以增强宿主植物在逆境条件下的生存能力。利用丛枝菌根真菌与宿主植物共生关系,在以矿区排土场土壤为基质的盆栽试验条件下,向刺槐幼苗接种供试丛枝菌根真菌(摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae、象牙白多孢囊霉Diversispora eburnea、隐类球囊霉Paraglomus occultum及3种真菌的混合菌剂),验证丛枝菌根真菌对刺槐生长的影响。结果表明,接种供试丛枝菌根真菌能显著提高刺槐幼苗生物量和叶绿素含量,其中以接种摩西球囊霉组植株菌根侵染率、株高、地径、生物量和SPAD值最高,说明供试菌剂中摩西球囊霉与刺槐幼苗根系的亲和力最高,接种效应最显著。研究结果为菌根技术在矿区土地复垦中的应用提供参考。     

丛枝菌根真菌扩繁技术研究

本研究以白三叶草作为宿主植物,采用单孢接种和多孢接种,在土培、沙培和液培条件下培养丛枝菌根真菌。综合分析丛枝菌根真菌各项菌剂生产指标,筛选丛枝菌根真菌、培养方法及接种方法的最佳组合,为生产实践提供依据。     

江南油杉幼苗接种AMF的菌根浸染及依赖性分析

为探索接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对江南油杉(Keteleeriai fortunei var.cyclolepis)苗木生长的影响,选择4个菌剂(HUN03B、XJ08A、HEB04、XJ04B)进行接种,检测接种AMF后幼苗的菌根浸染情况,测定苗高、地径和生物量等生长指标,并进行菌根依赖性分析.结果表明,4个菌剂均能...     

丛枝菌根真菌对重茬银杏生长及抗病性的影响

研究了 3种丛枝菌根真菌Glomusmosseae (Nicol.&Gerd .)Gerd .&Trappe ,Glomusin traradicesSchenck&Smith和Glomusversiforme (Karsten)Berch对银杏幼苗在重茬土中生长的影响。结果表明 :不论土壤消毒与否 ,重茬土中 3种丛枝菌根真菌均可促进银杏幼苗的生长 ,显著提高银杏的苗高、叶面积、叶绿素含量和叶片、茎、根的干重 ,极显著提高了根系活力。苗高比对照提高了 17 6 %～ 38 0 % ,叶片干重增加了 2 5 %～ 37 7% ,根系TTC还原量是对照的1 30～ 1 4 1倍 ;此外 ,接种 3种丛枝菌根真菌还可降低重茬银杏叶枯病 (Alternariaalternata(Fr.)Keissl;Glomerellacingulata (Stonem .)Spauld .etSchrenk ;PestalotiaginkgoHori)病情指数 ,消毒土上病情指数下降了 4 1 6 %～ 6 3 4 % ,未消毒土上下降了 6 3 9%～ 73 1%。     

分子生物学技术在菌根真菌研究中的应用

随着生物技术的迅速发展，以DNA分析技术为基础的分子生物学技术在菌根真菌研究中得到了广泛应用。故此对菌根真菌的研究中所采用的DNA分析技术和同工酶分析等技术作了介绍，并综述了其在菌根真菌分类鉴定、多态性及亲缘关系和菌种持续性等方面研究中的应用成果，还探讨了分子生物学技术在菌根真菌研究中的应用前景。     

丛枝菌根真菌提高林木抗逆性机制研究进展

丛枝菌根（AM）真菌是存在于土壤中的重要真菌之一,它能够与宿主林木根系产生互利共生体,从而对林木的生长发育有着多种促进作用。文中综述了近10年来国内外关于AM真菌对林木影响的研究进展,包括AM真菌对林木的抗旱性、抗病性、抗盐性、耐热性、耐虫性及对有害重金属抗性的影响等,通过促进林木光合作用、营养吸收、新陈代谢等来增加林木生长量、生物量的积累,从而提高林木的抗逆性;对在AM真菌研究中存在的难题进行了分析,并对其在林木中的应用研究进行了展望,旨在为林木抗逆性机制研究、森林经营等提供科学参考。     

丛枝菌根真菌和外生菌根真菌对凋落物分解的影响机制

丛枝菌根（AM）真菌和外生菌根（EM）真菌与约80%的维管植物可形成共生体,其共生体除了促进植物生长发育外,还具有调节凋落物和土壤有机质分解的重要生态功能。在AM和EM真菌主导的生态系统中,凋落物分解速率在不同的基质类型（AM树种凋落物、EM树种凋落物）、不同的分解阶段（早期阶段、后期阶段）和不同的环境条件（水分、温度等）下均存在显著差异。虽然部分菌根真菌缺乏腐生生物的直接作用于凋落物的能力,但它们通过其他方式影响分解。普遍认为,AM和EM真菌与腐生微生物的相互作用是影响分解速率的主要原因,二者互作机制主要表现为激发效应（向腐生微生物提供能量）和养分竞争效应（与腐生微生物竞争养分）。文中阐述AM和EM真菌对凋落物分解的影响及相关因素,剖析AM和EM真菌与腐生微生物分解凋落物的作用机制,旨在为全面分析AM和EM真菌在森林生态系统中的生态学功能提供参考。     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on leaf solutes and root absorption areas of trifoliate orange seedlings under water stress conditions

The effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae on plant growth, leaf solutes and root absorption area of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) seedlings were studied in potted culture under water stress conditions. Inoculation with G. mosseae increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight, when the soil water content was 20%, 16% and 12%. AM inoculation also promoted the active and total absorption area of root system and absorption of phosphorus from the rhizosphere, enhanced the content of soluble sugar in leaves and roots, and reduced proline content in leaves. AM seedings had higher plant water use efficiency and higher drought tolerance than non-AM seedlings. Effects of G. mosseae inoculation on trifoliate orange seedlings under 20% and 16% soil water content were more significant than under 12% soil water content. AM infection was severely restrained by 12% soil water content. Thus, effects of AM fungi on plants were probably positively related to the extent of root colonization by AM fungi. The mechanism of AM fungi in enhancing drought resistance of host plants ascribed to greater osmotic adjustment and greater absorption area of root system by AM colonization. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 2005, 30(5): 583–588 [译自: 植物生理与分子生物学报, 2005, 30(5): 583–588]     

Dual inoculation of a woody legume (Centrolobium tomentosum) with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi in south-eastern Brazil

The integration of N₂ fixing trees into stable agroforestry systems in the tropics is being tested due to their ability to produce high biomass N and P yields, when symbiotically associated with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. The growth of Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth, a native leguminous tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, was assessed with dual inoculation of Rhizobium spp and mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions. Complete fertilization was compared to treatments of inoculation with selected rhizobia strains BHICB-Ab1 or BHICB-Ab3, associated or not to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The dual inoculation increased the height and growth in relation to the plants treated with rhizobia alone. Plants inoculated with strain BHICB-Ab1 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) exhibited an increase of 56% dry matter over uninoculated control and nitrogen accumulation was greater than with BHICB-Ab3 inoculated plants. Strain BHICB-Ab1 presented a synergetic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi since the combined inoculation with BHICB-Ab1 enhanced plant height and dry weight more than single inoculation while the growth of BHICB-Ab3 plants was not modified by AMF inoculation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced plants survival and seemed to favour the nodule occupation by rhizobia strains as compared to the non-mycorrhizal plants. Inoculation with selected rhizobia and AMF improved the growth of C. tomentosum under field conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

铁皮石斛菌根真菌离体培养条件初探

通过对温度、光照、pH值和碳源等培养条件进行筛选,研究铁皮石斛菌根真菌在不同培养条件下的生长状况。结果表明,铁皮石斛菌根真菌(001)的较佳培养条件为25℃、12 h光照+12 h黑暗、pH6.5、蔗糖、葡萄糖为适宜碳源。     

Contributions of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to growth of retama monosperma and acacia gummifera under water stress (case study: essaouira sand dunes forest)

ABSTRACT

Two leguminous plant species: Retama monosperma and Acacia gummifera were selected for water deficit tolerance test for future use in reforestation programs of the Atlantic sand dunes forest of Essaouira region. Mycorrhizal fungal colonization was used to help plants amend the water deficit. To assess R. monosperma and A. gummifera response to water stress and the effectiveness of mycorrhizal formation alleviating it, two categories for each plant species were made, one inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and the other not, were submitted to a hydric deficit treatment of four levels for 6 months. This treatment impact on the plants was assessed by comparing root/shoot dry weight ratios, levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, and by measuring mycorrhizal colonization frequencies and intensities. Results showed that these parameters were significantly affected by water deficit. The presence of the mycorrhizal fungi had significantly enhanced plants phosphorus uptake by 72–124% for Acacia gummifera and 87–161% for Retama monosperma. Nitrogen uptake was increased by 134–388% for Retama monosperma and 510–901% for Acacia gummifera. The colonization frequencies changed significantly only for the treatment extreme level and stayed between 80%-90% for the other levels. The mycorrhization intensities showed significant lessening between each treatment level decreasing from 35% to 10%.     

赤松幼苗接种菌根真菌生长效应的初步研究

以赤松幼苗接种松茸菌进行盆栽和圃地栽培试验,研究菌根菌感染数量和菌根菌对苗木生长效应的影响。结果表明:在盆栽条件下,三种处理根系菌根真菌的感染指数分别为80、50、3,截根接种和不截根接种分别为对照的26.7倍和16.7倍,且截根处理是不截根的1.6倍;幼苗苗高、地径生长量显著提高,干重比对照分别增加33.3%和18.5%。在圃地条件下,截根接种与不截根接种的幼苗苗高、地径生长量比对照分别提高5.4%、4.2%和14.9%、6.9%。     

铁皮石斛优良共生菌的抗旱机理

为阐明细胞膜保护酶在菌根提高铁皮石斛抗旱能力过程中的作用,采用模拟自然干旱胁迫的方法,对胁迫过程中菌根化铁皮石斛细胞膜保护酶的活性变化进行研究。结果表明:铁皮石斛菌根真菌(JSAFC003、JSAFC004)能够在一定程度上提高植株的抗旱能力,SOD、POD活性与植株抗旱能力呈正相关,MDA含量与植株抗旱能力呈负相关,表明细胞膜保护酶的调节作用在菌根提高铁皮石斛抗旱能力过程中发挥了一定作用。     

丛枝菌根对植物抗性的影响研究进展

综述了国内外丛枝菌根影响宿主植物的抗旱性、耐盐性、抗低温性、抗重金属毒害及抗病虫害能力等方面的研究成果。同时提出了丛枝菌根真菌影响植物抗逆性研究领域值得深入研讨的问题。     

绿化树种接种VA菌根真菌的生长效应研究

试验结果表明,VA菌根真菌对10个参试的绿化树种均有不同程度的增效。对苗高和基径均有增效的占参试树种的80%,其中对苗高有增效的占80%,对基径有增效的占100%。但接种效应差异性程度各有不同,处理与对照苗高、基径生长均达到极显著差异的树种有黑金刚、花金刚、巴西榕,差异显著的有竹节树,其余树种接种后虽有增效作用,但没有达到显著水平。综合来看,VA菌根真菌对黑金刚、花金刚、红关公、巴西榕和竹节树的增效效应最为明显,对扭纹铁、红桂木的增效效应较好,而对石楠、红楣和伞花木则稍差。     

灰背杜鹃菌根真菌的分离与鉴定及DGGE的应用

应用传统的培养方法分离菌根真菌,应用ITS rDNA分子生物学手段,进行了菌株的分类鉴定,并结合DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)技术对菌根真菌进行检测。传统培养得到了2种与杜鹃花菌根真菌亲缘关系十分密切的真菌,分别为Phialocephala fortinii和Epacris pulchella root associated fungus。DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)技术检测到1种菌根真菌为Rhizoscyphus ericae。     

Symbiosis between fungi and the hybrid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cymbidium</Emphasis> and its mycorrhizal microstructures

Tissue culture seedlings of the hybrid Cymbidium were inoculated with six different fungal strains, isolated from the roots of different wild terrestrial orchids. About three months later, the average increment of fresh weight of seedlings inoculated with strains CF1, CF3 and CF12 were respectively 130.26%, 345.65% and 153.34% while that of the control was only 88.40%. The differences between the three treatments and the control were statistically significant （α = 0.05）, highlighting the treatment with strain CF3 （α = 0.01）. In addition, the three strains were obtained by re-isolating. Pelotons, regarded as typical structures of orchid mycorrhiza, were also found in the inoculating roots under a microscope. It seems that the strains of CF1, CF3, and CF12 are associated with the hybrid Cymbidium and supplied the orchid with nutrition. It can be confirmed that the three strains are beneficial for the seedlings of this hybrid.