蔬酸铜和蛋氨酸铜对生长猪生产性能和粪便特征的影响

试验目的是评估有机铜和无机铜对生长猪的生长性能的影响。选择平均63日龄且初始体重为（21。46＋1,13）kg的100头生长猪随机分为5个处理组,包括：CON组（基础日粮,铜含量为0mg／kg）、T1组（基础曰粮＋硫酸铜67mg／kg）、T2组（基础日粮＋硫酸铜134mg／kg）、T3组（基础日粮十蛋氨酸铜67mg／kg）和T4组（基础日粮＋蛋氨酸铜134mg／kg）。试验结果表明,在整个试验期间,日粮处理对生长猪平均日增重（ADG）、平均日采食量（ADFI）和饲料报酬比值（GfF）均无显著性差异。与CON组相比,T1、T2、T3和T44个组生长猪的干物质消化率显著提高（P〈0．05）。在T3组较CON组生长猪氨的消化率显著提高（P〈0．05）。与T1组相比,CON、T3和T4组生长猪粪便pH显著改善（P〈0．05）。CON、T3和T4组生长猪粪便中的铜浓度显著低于T1和T2组（P〈0。05）。与CON相比,T2、T3和丁4组腹泻率减少。总之,日粮中添加67mg／kg或134mg／kg的蛋氨酸铜能有效地提高养分消化率和生长猪粪便的pH,并能减少粪便中铜的浓度。     

大麦型日粮添加复合非淀粉多糖酶制剂对生长猪生产性能的影响

选择体重35kg左右的杜长大杂交仔猪144头，随机分成4组，每组3个重复，每个重复12头，用来研究不同大麦用量的日粮中添加试验筛选的复合非淀粉多糖（NSP）酶制剂对生长猪生产性能的影响。结果表明：在使用大麦专用复合NSP酶制剂情况下，40％大麦型饲粮和70％大麦型饲粮（全部大麦、无玉米）与玉米型饲粮对生长猪的生产性能无显著影响，40％大麦型饲粮组每千克增重饲料成本较玉米型饲粮组略低；用40％大麦型饲粮饲喂生长猪时，添加复合NSP酶制剂可使日增重提高5．8％（P〈0．05），饲料利用率提高9.3%每千克增重饲料成本降低0．295元。     

粉渣酸化料在肥育猪生产中的应用

为了在肥育猪生产中应用粉渣酸化料,试验探讨了日粮中添加粉渣酸化料对育肥猪生长性能的影响。试验采用单因子随机设计,选用体质量65kg左右、日龄相近、体质良好的杜长大三元杂交猪40头．随机分为4组（试验1,2、3组和对照组）,分别饲喂含有0、2％、铂和6％粉渣酸化料的日粮。结果表明：与对照组相比试验1组、2组、3组日均采食量显著提高（P〈0．05）,腹泻指数显著降低（P〈0．05）;试验1组和2组平均日增重较对照组显著提高（P〈0．05）。可见粉渣酸化料能提高育肥猪的生长性能,综合各组指标．饲料里添加4％粉渣酸化料效果较好。     

不同净能水平日粮对不同体重阶段猪生长性能和能量摄入量的影响

试验旨在研究不同净能水平的日粮对不同体重阶段猪的生长性能和能量摄入量的影响。试验1选择12头初始体重（24.50±0.96）kg的杜×长×大三元杂交健康去势公猪，随机分为3组，每组4个重复，每个重复1头猪。3个日粮处理分别为低净能水平日粮（9.63 MJ/kg）、中净能水平即对照组日粮（10.26 MJ/kg）和高净能水平日粮（10.89 MJ/kg）。试验采用拉丁方设计连续进行7期，每6天为1期。试验2选择180头体重（75.4±1.4）kg的三元杂交健康猪，按体重和性别将猪随机分为5个组，每组5个重复，每个重复6头猪（3公3母），日粮净能水平分别为8.87、9.14、9.41、9.69、9.96 MJ/kg。试验1结果表明：相较于对照组，高净能组与低净能组猪的日采食量下降（P<0.05）；高净能组的饲料转化率和日增重均高于低净能组（P<0.05）。试验2结果表明：猪日粮净能值为9.69、9.96 MJ/kg时，猪的耗料增重比最低（P=0.09）。由此可见，日粮净能水平的增加会降低猪的采食量，改善饲料转化率；猪体重阶段在75～100 kg时，适宜的日粮净能水平为9.69 ...     

中猪饲粮中使用肉骨粉替代鱼粉的比较饲养试验

为了比较肉骨粉替代鱼粉在生长中猪中的饲用效果，本试验选取288头杜长大三元杂商品中猪进行测试。试验分鱼粉组（对照组）和肉骨粉组（试验组），分别在日粮中加入3％进口鱼粉和4．55％进口肉骨粉。试验期为38天，对照组与试验组试验猪每日每头平均采食量、平均日增重和耗料增重比分别为2041g、2100g；731g、734g和2．79、2．86，试验结果经检验差异不显著（P＞0．05），表明了在中猪日粮中，肉骨粉完全可以替代鱼粉而不影响生长中猪的增重和饲料效率。     

高铜日粮在猪生产中的应用

1高铜在猪的生产中的应用1．1对仔猪的作用国内外大量的试验表明在仔猪的生长期和育肥期，日粮中高剂量的铜会对其生长性能产生作用。王晓飞等（1994）报道，以黑龙江农垦区常用饲料组成基础日粮，选取平均体重10千克（P〉0．05）的三江白猪断乳仔猪30头，进行日粮中铜、铁、锌适宜添加水平的试验。     

三元杂交猪早期饲养试验

我们于１９９７年４月２５日至５月２７日在响水县万头良种猪养殖场进行了三元杂交猪饲养试验,试验用杜长大〔杜洛克×（长白×大约克）〕杂交猪测定了三种饲料配方下的早期生长性能。以期了解杜长大在几种饲料情况下的生长情况,从而为推广该杂交组合猪确定适宜的饲养条件。１　材料与方法１．１　试验猪选择　选择６０日龄左右体重相近的杜长大三元杂交猪６窝,去势,驱虫,免疫注射,随机分为３组,每组２窝１５头,每组性别比例基本相同（１１）。１．２　饲粮组成　见表１。１．３　饲养管理及饲养时间１．３．１　饲养管理：预试期…     

饲料营养与猪肉品质（二）

饲料营养与猪肉品质（二）中国农业大学动物科技学院汪尧春２、铜和生物素养猪生产中采用高含量的铜，来促进猪的生长性能，可使日益增重和饲料转化率提高５％－１５％。然而，生长猪日粮添加高剂量铜（１２５－２００ｐｐｍ）极大增加了背膘软度。这和Ｈｏ等（１９７６）...     

半胱胺在育肥猪饲养中的应用效果

在育肥猪饲料中添加不同剂量的半胱胺．探讨半胱胺对育肥猪生产性能的影响。试验选择健康的（杜X长X大）三元杂交育肥猪30头，体重58kg左右，随机分为3组。对照组饲喂基础日粮．试验1组为基础日粮＋130mg／kg半胱胺．试验2组为基础日粮＋200mg／kg半胱胺。结果表明。试验1组和2组与对照组相比。平均日增重分别提高7．13％和7．74％（P〈O．05）差异显著：料重比分别下降2．11％和2．41％（P〈O．05）差异显著；毛利收入增加6．66％和5．4％。试验1组和试验2组相比。试验2组日增重提高O．57％、料重比下降O．31％，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）；而经济收入减少1．16％。表明在育肥猪饲粮中添加130mg／kg和200mg／kg的半胱胺，均可显著提高育肥猪的日增重和饲料转化率，增加经济收入。而以添加130mg／kg半胱胺的综合效果较好。     

蚕沙喂猪效果试验

１　材料与方法１．１　试验猪　选择大×本杂种商品猪,第１期（肥育前期）４０头按性别、体重随机分为２组,每组分２栏饲养,每栏１０头,组间体重相近,试验期７５天;第２期（肥育后期）４０头分为２组,每组分２栏饲养,每栏１０头,组间体重相近,试验期６０天。１．２　饲粮组成　基础日粮用本县饲料公司生产的配合料,按参试猪的不同生长阶段,第１期用中猪料,第２期用大猪料。试验组第１期基础日粮９０％、蚕沙１０％;第２期基础日粮８５％,蚕沙１５％;对照组基础日粮１００％。１．３　饲料营养水平　第１期每１ｋｇ基础饲料…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.