热带土壤上连续9年施入污水污泥后重金属Zn, Cd和Pb的分离研究

A long-term field experiment was carried out in the experiment farm of the Sao Paulo State University, Brazil, to evaluate the phytoavailability of Zn, Cd and Pb in a Typic Eutrorthox soil treated with sewage sludge for nine consecutive years, using the sequential extraction and organic matter fractionation methods. During 2005-2006, maize (Zea mays L.) was used as test plants and the experimental design was in randomized complete blocks with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of four sewage sludge rates (in a dry basis) : 0.0 (control, with mineral fertilization), 45.0, 90.0 and 127.5 t ha^-1, annually for nine years. Before maize sowing, the sewage sludge was manually applied to the soil and incorporated at 10 cm depth. Soil samples (0-20 cm layer) for Zn, Cd and Pb analysis were collected 60 days after sowing. The successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil did not affect heavy metal (Cd and Pb) fractions in the soil, with exception of Zn fractions. The Zn, Cd and Pb distributions in the soil were strongly associated with humin and residual fractions, which are characterized by stable chemical bonds. Zinc, Cd and Pb in the soil showed low phytoavailability after nine-year successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil.     

共培养对土壤重金属污染植物修复的调控作用

A co-culture of two plant materials, Astragalus sinicus L., a leguminous plant with concomitant nodules, and Elsholtzia splendens Naki-a Cu accumulator, along with treatments of a chelating agent (EDTA), root excretions (citric acid), and a control with E. splendens only were used to compare the mobility of heavy metals in chelating agents with a co-culture and to determine the potential for co-culture phytoremediation in heavy metal contaminated soils. The root uptake for Cu, Zn, and Pb in all treatments was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of the control treatment. However with translocation in the shoots, only Cu, Zn, and Pb in plants grown with the EDTA treatment and Zn in plants co-cropped with the A. sinicus treatment increased significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, when a co-culture in soils with heavy and moderate contamination was compared, for roots in moderately contaminated soils only Zn concentration was significantly less (P < 0.05) than that of heavily contaminated soils, however, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations of shoots were all significantly lower (P < 0.05). Overall, this "co-culture engineering" could be as effective as or even more effective than chelating agents, thereby preventing plant metal toxicity and metal leaching in soils as was usually observed in chelate-enhanced phytoremediation.     

三种植被类型植物根系对崇明岛海岸带稳定性的影响

Coastal erosion is currently a major problem along the southern coast of Chongming Island, Shanghai. To enhance the erosion protection ability of coastal shelterbelts, two woody tree species, Taxodium ascendens and Salix babylonica, were planted separately into Phragmites australis + Scirpus mariqueter communities in 2006. Two years later, we investigated whether either of these experiments reduced erosion and increased stability in the native herbaceous plant community. We also examined soil stability and root length density under T. ascendens added, S. babylonica added and native herbaceous vegetation conditions along an intertidal gradient from the soil surface to a depth of 40 cm in each experiment, thus to determine the capacity of T. ascendens and S. babylonica to contribute to shoreline stabilization. Topsoil under the native vegetation had greater stability at the middle and higher intertidal zones because its soil stability index and root length density were significantly higher than in the T. ascendens or S. babylonica planted communities. The effect of T. ascendens on soil stability was not generally better than that of the native vegetation. Only at the 20-30 cm soil depth of the middle intertidal zone and in the 10-20 cm layer of the higher intertidal zone the soil stability index and root length densities under the T. ascendens added condition were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the native vegetation. The S. babylonica planted soil had greater stability in the deeper soil layer than the soil under either the native vegetation or the T. ascendens added condition, and its soil stability index and root length density were significant higher (P < 0.05) than those of other vegetation conditions at the 30-40 cm soil depth for the lower intertidal zone and at the 20-40 cm layer for middle and higher intertidal zones.     

土地利用方式和施肥对潮棕壤氨氧化细菌活性和群落组成的影响

The effects of long-term (19 years) different land use and fertilization on activity and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in an aquic brown soil were investigated in a field experiment in Liaoning Province, China. The 19-year experiment conducted from 1990 to 2008 involved seven treatments designed: cropping rotation of soybean-corn-corn with no fertilizer (control, CK), recycled manure (RM), fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) (NPK), NPK+RM, and no-crop bare land, mowed fallow, and non-mowed fallow. The results showed that the potential nitrification rates of the RM, NPK+RM, mowed fallow, and non-mowed fallow treatments were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the CK and NPK treatments, indicating that the long-term applications of recycled manure and return of plant residues both significantly increased the activity of AOB. Although the application of NPK did not enhance soil potential nitrification because of decreased pH, available K had an important effect on potential nitrification. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprint profiles showed that no-crop treatments had an increase in the diversity of the AOB community compared to the CK, RM, and NPK treatments, implying that agricultural practices, especially tillage, had an adverse effect on the soil AOB community. The NPK+RM treatment had the most diverse DGGE patterns possibly because of the increased available P in this treatment. A phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the DGGE bands derived belonged to Nitrosospira cluster 3, not Nitrosospira cluster 2. These demonstrated that different land use and fertilization significantly influenced the activity and composition of the AOB community by altering the soil properties, mainly including pH, total C, available K, and available P.     

食品温度及F值/C值计算机实时采集显示系统的研制

在流态化固体食品超高温杀菌中，可采用静态颗粒法记录杀菌全程颗粒的中心温度，尽管热电偶限制了颗粒运动及表面换热，但在颗粒之间传热学特性相同的情况下，被测定颗粒是系统最冷颗粒，这样首次出现的超高温杀菌条件下固体颗粒食品中心温度及杀菌动力学参数实时采集计算的需要。因此研制了一种基于Visual Basic6.0，能够完成数据采集和积分运算的食品温度和F值/C值计算机实时采集显示系统。温度传感器采用超细热电偶以适用于小尺寸颗粒。该系统的温度、压力及F值/C值测量准确度分别为±0.1℃、±0.005 MPa及±2.3%。在流态化固体食品超高温杀菌原理验证设备上应用该系统对马铃薯颗粒的进行多路温度采集，F值/C值计算及数据实时显示，证明该系统适用于超高温条件下的食品颗粒杀菌的验证和记录。     

水分和CO2对玉米光合性能及水分利用率的影响

利用环境生长室探讨不同CO₂浓度和土壤水分亏缺处理下玉米植株生物量、气孔形态与分布特征、叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数等生长及生理指标的变化规律。以‘郑单958’ 玉米品种为试材,利用环境生长室设置2个CO₂浓度和4个土壤水分梯度对玉米进行CO₂浓度和水分处理。结果表明：1）不同程度土壤水分亏缺均显著降低玉米地上生物量（P<0.05）,但CO₂浓度升高增加了轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米地上生物量（P<0.01）和总生物量（P<0.01）。2）大气CO₂浓度升高导致轻度和中度水分亏缺条件下玉米的净光合速率（P_n）分别提高15.8%（P<0.05）和25.7%（P=0.001）,而CO₂浓度升高却降低了玉米叶片蒸腾速率（P<0.001）和气孔导度（P<0.001）,最终导致玉米瞬时水分利用效率均显著提高（P<0.001）。3）不同水分处理对玉米叶片气孔密度和单个气孔形态特征均造成显著影响（P<0.01）。因此,大气CO₂浓度升高可以增加轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片氮含量、叶片非结构性碳水化合物含量和光合电子传递速率,从而提高玉米植株的生物量累积以及叶片碳同化能力和水分利用效率。研究结果将为深入理解气候变化背景下玉米对大气CO₂浓度升高和土壤水分亏缺的生理生态响应机制提供科学依据。     

GGE双标图的信息比校正原理与应用*——以长江流域棉花品种生态区划分为例

GGE双标图方法在农作物品种区域试验中被广泛地应用于品种评价、环境评价和品种生态区划分的统计分析和图形直观展示,但GGE双标图分析只能局限于前两个主成分,不能根据信息比准则恰当地取舍主成分数,因而无法保证对数据的最优拟合效果。本研究以长江流域国家棉花区域试验数据为例,选择信息比IR≥1的主成分对GGE双标图模型进行校正,通过试验环境主成分得分的欧氏距离矩阵的聚类分析,校正通过双标图分析的品种生态区划分方案。结果表明,GGE双标图恰当拟合试验数据的比例仅为28.6%,在68.6%的试验中拟合不足,并在2.9%的试验中拟合过度。信息比校正的GGE(IR-GGE)模型总体拟合度提高了8.7%,而在GGE双标图拟合不足或拟合过度的试验中校正了12.2%的失拟度。GGE双标图模型的离优度系数为15.9%,对区域试验的总体模拟效果较好,仍可以展示基因型与环境互作的基本模式;但IR-GGE模型的拟合度更高,分析结果也更可靠。GGE双标图模型和IR-GGE模型对棉花品种生态区划分的总体架构相似,都将南襄盆地和四川盆地棉区划分为特定生态区,但在长江中下游棉区的划分细节上存在较大差异。IR-GGE模型的生态区划分方案与地理区域和生态特征更加吻合,实用性更强。本研究为GGE双标图的信息比校正研究和应用提供了范例,是对GGE双标图应用的重要补充,在基于GGE双标图的农作物品种区域试验数据分析和利用等方面具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

水分对苹果园土壤呼吸季节性与年际变化的影响

[目的]了解果园土壤呼吸的季节和年际变化及其影响因素,为退耕还果条件下黄土高原地区土壤碳源汇功能变化研究提供依据。[方法]在长武农田生态系统国家野外站,以盛产期果园为对象,利用土壤碳通量监测系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)连续3 a原位监测了土壤呼吸、土壤水分和温度变化,分析了土壤呼吸的季节性和年际间的变化及其与水分、温度变化之间的关系。[结果]土壤呼吸具有明显的季节和年际变异特征:最高值出现在雨季(7—9月),3 a分别为3.14,3.98,4.71μmol/(m~2·s),最低值出现在11月后,3 a依次为0.99,0.88,0.69μmol/(m~2·s);年际间累积呼吸量变异约21%。土壤呼吸与温度呈显著指数关系,而不同水分状况下土壤呼吸及温度敏感性(Q_(10))不同,当土壤水分含量11.12%时,土壤呼吸为2.01μmol/(m~2·s),当土壤含水量变化于11.12%～23.63%之间时,土壤呼吸为2.24μmol/(m~2·s),当土壤含水量23.63%时,土壤呼吸则为1.38μmol/(m~2·s);相应地不同水分条件下Q_(10)值分别为1.57,1.63和1.38。[结论]土壤水分显著影响黄土区苹果园土壤呼吸和Q_(10),研究结果为黄土区果园生态系统碳汇功能的估算提供了依据。     

基于同异性分析的不同类型棉花品种纤维品质特征与分类评价

为精确分析中国棉花纤维品质的区域特征、分布规律及综合性评价,以2005-2014年国家棉花品种区域试验531个参试品种纤维品质数据为材料,运用作物育种同异性分析理论对杂交棉和常规棉品种的纤维品质进行综合评价。结果表明：1）常规棉品种纤维品质符合审定标准Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型的品种数分别占参试常规棉品种数的1.58%、28.42%和14.74%,杂交棉纤维品质符合审定标准Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型的品种分别占参试杂交棉品种数的0.59%、19.94%和10.56%。黄河流域常规棉品种、杂交棉品种纤维品质综合同一度分别为0.869 3和0.888 8,长江流域杂交棉纤维品质综合同一度为0.864 3,西北内陆棉区常规棉纤维品质综合同一度为0.890 5。2）不同棉区常规棉与杂交棉纤维品质性状比较表明,西北内陆棉区常规棉品种纤维品质性状优于黄河流域杂交棉;而黄河流域杂交棉又优于黄河流域常规棉和长江流域杂交棉,黄河流域常规棉与长江流域杂交棉纤维品质性状差异不显著。可见,黄河流域棉区适宜种植推广中长绒、高比强和高马克隆值的常规棉品种;长江流域棉区适宜种植中长绒、高比强度和高马克隆值的杂交棉品种;西北内陆棉区适合种植长强细的优质常规棉品种,可作为棉纺工业纺中高支纱的优质棉生产基地。本研究对优化我国优质棉区域布局和种植结构调整有重要参考价值。     

甘蓝型油菜硼营养高效在F1代的遗传研究

采用上培方法,研究了甘蓝型油菜不同硼效率品种为亲本的15个杂交组合农艺性状、棚的吸收、累积、分配和硼效率系数等性状在F1代的表现。结果表明,正反文杂交一代生育期短、抽更早,与高效亲本相近;对土壤轻度缺棚的反应也与高效亲本一致。土壤轻度缺硼时,苗期硼含量较低,累积吸收的单位棚量所形成的干物质重较高,蒙期茎中棚的相对含量高,有利于正反交杂交一代硼素向生长点的运转和再利用。硼效率系数与高效亲本达显著相关,说明甘蓝型油菜硼高效品种与低效品种间的杂交一代表现为硼高效,硼营养高效性状为显性。     

不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜苗期对硼镁营养的反应

利用溶液培养研究硼低效和高效甘蓝型油菜(Brassica.napus)苗期对硼镁营养的反应。结果表明,低硼浓度下提高镁时,油菜的生长受影响不大,硼含量和累积量降低,镁含量和累积量及叶绿素上升。低镁浓度下提高硼时,油菜镁含量、镁积累量降低,且硼低效品种降低幅度大于硼高效;叶绿素降低幅度则硼高效大于硼低效品种。高硼浓度下提高镁时,硼镁含量和累积量及叶绿素含量均提高,提高幅度为硼高效品种大于低效品种。高镁浓度下提高硼时,硼镁表现出显著的相互促进,硼高效品种促进效应大于低效品种。在很大程度上镁影响油菜叶绿素a的含量,而硼影响油菜叶绿素b的含量。硼镁营养对锌含量无大的影响;在低镁浓度下,油菜低效品种锰含量显著增加。无论是低镁或高镁浓度下提高硼,硼高效和低效品种铁含量均有所增加,低效品种增加显著。     

不同氮效率油菜SPS和PEPC活性差异及其对籽粒产量与油分含量的影响

【目的】蔗糖磷酸合成酶(sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS)与磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPC)分别控制着植物体内的碳骨架向碳代谢和氮代谢的流转,影响作物的产量与品质。为探明氮高效油菜品种在高效利用氮素的同时协调籽粒蛋白与油分累积矛盾的机理,研究了不同氮效率油菜品种的SPS与PEPC活性差异及其对籽粒油分含量的影响。【方法】采用土培试验,以氮高效品种27号(H)与氮低效品种6号(L)为试验材料,在常氮(N)与低氮(S)条件下,研究不同氮效率油菜品种苗期到花期叶片与角果发育初期的角果、角果发育中期的角果皮与籽粒中SPS与PEPC活性变化及差异、生长后期碳素转运量与转运率以及收获期籽粒油分含量的差异。【结果】两种供氮水平下,氮高效品种27号的产量与籽粒油分含量均显著高于氮低效品种6号,品种优势明显;且氮高效品种27号苗期到花期叶片与角果发育初期的角果、角果发育中期的角果皮与籽粒中的SPS与PEPC活性均高于氮低效品种6号,两种供氮水平的规律相同,但是SPS与PEPC活性的比值(SPS/PEPC)却因生育期不同而异,营养生长期叶片中氮高效品种27号的SPS/PEPC高于氮低效品种6号,开花期品种间叶片SPS/PEPC相近,角果发育期主要生殖器官中的SPS/PEPC值氮高效品种反而低于氮低效品种。说明氮高效品种向碳代谢和氮代谢输送的碳骨架在全生育期均多于氮低效品种,而碳代谢对氮代谢的响应只在生育前期强于氮低效品种,生育后期则相反。碳素转运量与转运率、籽粒油分含量与产量也是氮高效品种大于氮低效品种,这可能为氮高效品种协调籽粒蛋白与油分累积矛盾的重要生理机制。供氮水平对上述各指标有不同的影响,籽粒产量、PEPC活性、碳素转运量及转运率以常氮处理高于低氮处理,而油分含量、SPS活性及SPS/PEPC以常氮处理低于低氮处理,但不改变以上指标的品种间差异。【结论】与氮低效品种相比,氮高效品种全生育期向碳、氮代谢均输送更多的碳骨架,这是氮高效品种缓解碳、氮代谢矛盾的重要前提;碳代谢对氮代谢的响应生育前期较高、生育后期较低,同时生育后期有更多营养器官的碳素转运到籽粒,也为油菜生育后期满足籽粒碳、氮代谢所需要的碳骨架,并协调籽粒油分与蛋白质含量的矛盾提供了条件。     

磷肥对甘蓝型春油菜产量、磷肥利用效率及经济效益的影响

利用大田试验研究了不同磷肥用量对甘蓝型春油菜产量、养分积累、磷素利用效率和经济效益的影响。结果表明,在低磷土壤上施用125 kg/hm2N和135 kg/hm2K2O基础上增施磷肥,可显著增加油菜不同部位产量,其中籽粒产量平均提高12.5%,生物量平均提高29.0%。施磷明显提高油菜地上部P素含量,有利于促进油菜K素营养累积,但对N素、K素含量无显著影响。随磷肥施用量的增加,磷肥偏生产力显著下降,施磷后磷肥农学效率、磷肥表观利用率和磷肥生理利用率平均分别为4.6 kg/kg P2O5、13.0%和40.2 kg/kg P2O5,磷肥对籽粒产量的贡献率仅为10.9%。根据经济效益分析结果,青海甘蓝型春油菜生产中磷肥用量以75 kg/hm2为宜。     

Quantification of loss in oilseed rape yield caused by delayed sowing date in a Mediterranean environment

ABSTRACT

Rapeseed acreage has been increasing fast in the last few decades and cultivated areas have expanded into lower latitudes because of the high value of its seed. This work evaluates the effect of date of sowing and nitrogen (N) fertilization on crop productivity and N use efficiency in a Mediterranean environment. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with the dates of sowing as the main-plots and N rates the sub-plots. Rapeseed recovered 128 to 212 kg N hm^-2 before top-dress N application in late winter if sown before the last week of September. Seed yield was very dependent on the date of sowing, varying from 3.4 to 6.2 Mg hm^-2 on the first sowing date in September to 0.3 to 1.0 Mg hm^-2 on the last sowing date in November. The daily loss in seed production was 68.9 kg hm^-2 (or 482.3 kg hm^-2 per week) or 1.53 % (or 10.7 % per week). N rate significantly increased seed yield within each sowing date but did not allow late-sowed plants to regain the productivity levels of those sown earlier. Apparent N recovery and agronomic N efficiency were particularly dependent on the growing conditions associated to different sowing dates.     

Yield,yield formation,and blackleg disease of oilseed rape cultivated in high-intensity crop rotations

The short-term economic benefit has in recent years prompted farmers to grow oilseed rape (OSR) (Brassica napus L.) and thus the frequency of this crop increased in German crop rotations. Here, we investigate the impact of high-intensity OSR crop rotations on yield, yield formation, and blackleg disease (Leptosphaeria maculans) in a rotation experiment in the Hercynian dry region of Central Germany over two seasons (2014/2015?–?2015/2016). The preceding crop combinations compared were winter wheat (WW) (Triticum aestivum L.)-WW, WW-OSR, OSR-OSR, and an OSR monoculture. Furthermore, the fertilizer treatments 120 kg N ha^?1 and 180 kg N ha^?1 were analyzed.

Higher OSR cropping intensity decreased seed yields, however, with a variation among years and oil yield was highest when OSR was following WW-WW over both years. Minor differences were observed among the yield components, but significantly less pods per m² were developed in a long-term OSR monoculture. The disease assessment clearly showed an increased blackleg incidence and severity when OSR was grown successively.

Results of our study emphasize that high-intensity OSR production will very likely be unsustainable over the long term associated with yield losses and increased infestation levels of blackleg disease.     

The effect of co‐composted cabbage and ground phosphate rock on the early growth and P uptake of oilseed rape and perennial ryegrass

Phosphorus (P) availability to crops in organic systems can be a major issue, with the use of readily available forms often restricted. One product that can be used in organically managed systems, that is also relatively easily accessible to growers, is phosphate rock, although its solubility and therefore crop availability is often poor. One possible approach to improve this situation is co‐composting phosphate rock with selected organic waste materials. Various ratios of phosphate rock and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) residues were co‐composted and the products tested at different rates of application. The effects were assessed over 12 weeks using oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as bioassay crops in a pot experiment. At harvest, estimates of P derived from cabbage and phosphate rock for the lowest of two rates of compost were ≈ 2 and 10 mg P pot^–1 for oilseed rape, compared to 5 and 2 mg P pot^–1 for perennial ryegrass, respectively. Roots tended to have higher P concentrations than shoots. The crops showed differences in their abilities to access various P sources, with oilseed rape effectively taking P from phosphate rock, whereas perennial ryegrass was more effective at accessing cabbage‐derived P (the main substrate in the compost). Oilseed rape was able to take up 20% of the total P applied as phosphate rock, whereas perennial ryegrass took up less than 5% of the total P applied from this material. Both pre‐ and post‐application solubilisation/transformation mechanisms were involved in supplying plant‐available P. Quantifying the relative contribution from individual P sources remains problematic even within this relatively simple system.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen dynamics in oilseed rape using 15N‐labeling field experiment

In order to optimize nitrogen (N) fertilization and to reduce the environmental impact of oilseed rape without decreasing yield, a clearer understanding of N dynamics inside the plant is crucial. The present investigation therefore aimed to study the effects of different N‐application rates on the dynamics of N uptake, partitioning, and remobilization. The experiment was conducted on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Capitol) under three levels of N input (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha^–1) from stem elongation to maturity using ¹⁵N‐labeling technique to distinguish between N uptake and N retranslocation in the plant. Nitrogen fertilization affected the time‐course of N uptake and also the allocation of N taken up from flowering to maturity. Most pod N came from N remobilization, and leaves accounted for the largest source of remobilized N regardless the N‐application rate. However, the contribution of leaves to the remobilized N pool increased with the N dose whereas the one of taproot decreased. Stems were the main sink for remobilized N from stem elongation to flowering. Leaves remained longer on N200 than on N0 and N100 plants, and N concentration in fallen leaves increased with the N treatment and in N100 plants along an axial gradient from the basal to the upper leaves. Overall, these results show that the timing of N supply is more crucial than the N amount to attain a high N efficiency.     

Sulfur uptake and remobilization are differentially affected by N deficiency in winter oilseed rape cultivars

Genotypic variation in nitrogen (N) efficiency of rapeseed is caused by differences in reproductive growth. This might be related to genotypic variation in sulfur (S) utilization. In this study it was tested if S deficiency in growing plant parts is induced under N-limiting conditions due to high sulfate accumulation in mature leaves which is poorly remobilized. Leaf S remobilization was compared under high and low N supply in four rapeseed cultivars that were grown in hydroponics with leaf-senescence induction by shading. Low N conditions did not increase sulfate accumulation in mature leaves. Total S remobilization from the leaves was higher under N-limiting than N-sufficient conditions. The proposed S deficiency in young plant parts therefore may not be more probable under low than under high N conditions. However, genotypic variation in S uptake and remobilization was found under N-limiting conditions only and might therefore contribute to genotypic variation in reproductive growth.     

不同品种油菜子粒产量及氮效率差异研究

采用大田试验,以16个冬油菜品种为试验材料,系统研究了油菜子粒产量、氮素吸收量、氮素响应度和氮素利用效率的品种间差异,并初步探讨了氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率对不同品种油菜氮效率差异的贡献。结果表明,无论施氮水平如何,不同品种的子粒产量、氮素利用效率和氮素响应度均有显著差异,而氮素吸收量只有在不施氮条件下品种间差异才达到显著水平。根据不施氮时的氮效率和氮素响应度将16个油菜品种分为4种不同类型:1）氮高效–高氮响应（NHE-NHR）型,包括Xy1、Xy16、Xy17、Xh19、Xh20和Xy21; 2）氮低效--低氮响应（NLE-NLR） 型,包括Xy6、Xy8和Xy9;3）氮高效–低氮响应（NHE- NLR）型,包括Xy7、Xy12、Xy14、Xy15和Xy24;4）氮低效–高氮响应（NLE-NHR） 型,包括Xy11和Xy13。无论供氮水平如何,氮素利用效率的变异系数均大于氮素吸收效率的变异系数,说明氮素利用效率对油菜氮效率差异的贡献大于氮素吸收效率。但是,氮素吸收效率的变异系数不施氮时大于施氮条件,氮素利用效率的变异系数则相反,说明在氮胁迫条件下,氮效率的差异中来源于氮素利用效率的变异减少,来源于氮素吸收效率的变异增加。     

Efficiency of foliar selenium application on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) as influenced by rainfall and soil characteristics

The Czech Republic is characterized by a low Se soil content, resulting in Se deficiency in crops, humans, and animals. This study investigated the response of oilseed rape to foliar application of selenate solution in a microscale field experiment conducted at two locations differing in soil and climatic conditions but with comparable total Se contents. Sodium selenate (Na₂SeO₄) was applied at two rates (25 and 50 g Se ha^?1). The potential effect of Se application on the uptake of essential elements was also evaluated. The foliar Se application resulted in an effective stepwise increase in the Se contents of all the plant components studied (leaves > stems > roots > siliques ~ seeds), as expected. No significant influence of Se fortification on the other investigated macro- and microelements was observed. However, the soil and climatic conditions influenced the Se uptake, such that a higher Se content was observed in plants grown in the most acidic location (Cambisol soil) that had a higher oxidizable carbon content and higher average annual rainfall compared to the less acidic location (Luvisol soil). These observations indicated the necessity to optimize the Se application for the particular soil and climatic conditions to achieve a maximum biofortification effect.