黄河三角洲盐碱地菊芋起垄种植对产量的影响

为探究不同种植制度与种植密度对菊芋产量的影响，设置垄作(A1)和平作(A2)2种种植制度，60 cm(B1)、80 cm(B2)、100 cm(B3)3种行距进行大田试验，对收获期的地上茎叶生物量、地下块茎产量以及单个块茎质量进行分析研究。结果表明，垄作菊芋的地上茎叶生物量、地下块茎产量及块茎大小等指标均优于平作；从牲畜饲料收获和块茎产量角度，最优组合为A1B1；从块茎商品性和块茎产量角度，最优组合应为A1B3。因此，在推广菊芋种植制度时，可根据种植目的选择合适的栽培方式。本研究结果可为盐碱地菊芋高产栽培和资源高效利用提供理论指导。     

小麦叶面积及光合速率与产量关系的研究

选用不同叶片姿态、不同叶片类型以及不同经济系数等多种特性小麦品种(品系)以及拟近等基因系为试验材料,测定了不同叶位叶面积、旗叶光合速率以及小麦生物和经济产量。研究小麦叶面积、旗叶光合速率与产量的关系。结果表明:顶三叶面积与单株生物产量、经济产量显著正相关,而下部三片叶叶面积与单株生物产量和经济产量之间无显著相关;旗叶光合速率与生物产量和经济产量之间呈正相关,但相关不显著,而旗叶光合速率与旗叶面积的乘积与生物产量和经济产量之间呈显著正相关。提高小麦顶三叶面积和光合速率有利于提高产量,旗叶面积和光合速率乘积与产量的关系更为密切。     

带状套作荫蔽及复光对不同大豆品种(系)生长及产量的影响

选取我国南方套作模式下20个不同产量水平的大豆品种(系),于2013—2014年采用净作和遮阴(遮阳网或玉米)对比分析了高产和低产大豆品种在荫蔽期及复光期的生长特点。结果表明,荫蔽期间,茎叶干物重显著低于净作,分配规律表现为"茎多叶少",分别为58.4%和41.6%;与高产类型大豆相比,低产类型茎叶干重下降比例、茎长、茎长/茎粗、茎长/地上部干物质、茎长/叶面积显著增加;荫蔽期地上部干物质与产量呈显著正相关,茎干物质比例与产量呈显著负相关。光照恢复后,地上部干物质迅速增加,分配规律表现为"茎少叶多",复光后30 d分别为47.7%和52.3%;高产类型地上部干物质、叶面积、叶干重比例、茎粗均显著大于低产类型,茎长/茎粗、茎长/地上部干物质、茎长/叶面积均显著小于低产类型;地上部干物质、叶面积、茎粗、叶干物质比例与产量呈显著正相关,茎长/茎粗、茎长/地上部干物质、茎长/叶面积与产量呈极显著负相关。通过复光前后生长性状与产量的回归分析,复光后30 d的叶干物质比例、茎长/地上部干物质、茎粗可作为预测套作大豆产量的主要指标。上述结果表明,选择荫蔽期茎长较短、地上部干物质较大、叶面积更大,光照恢复期茎粗较大、叶干物质比例较大、茎长/地上部干物质较小的大豆品种可以在套作下获得高产。     

穿山龙叶面积与生物量的相关性研究

通过对穿山龙叶面积及生物量的测量分析,提出一个简易的穿山龙叶面积计算经验公式,用长宽乘积法计算穿山龙叶面积的矫正系数为0.692;整株穿山龙叶面积总和可以用叶片数与最大叶片的叶面积的乘积计算,矫正系数为0.502。并分析了穿山龙叶面积、地上与地下生物量、叶片数、株高之间极显著的直线相关关系。     

257份菊芋种质资源表型性状的遗传多样性

为有效利用我国菊芋种质资源的遗传多样性,分析了257份菊芋种质资源,表明12个数量性状的变异系数(CV)在6%～50%之间,平均为24.75%,单株块茎重的变异系数最大(50%),生育期的变异系数最小(6%),多样性指数(H')分布在1.24～1.53之间,平均为1.44,单株块茎数的多样性指数最高(1.53),叶宽的多样性指数最低(1.24);8个质量性状的多样性指数在0.85～1.08之间,平均为0.98,以块茎习性最大,块茎整齐度最小,大部分性状表现出丰富的遗传多样性; 257份菊芋资源的隶属函数均值介于0.12～0.58之间,其中JA1095材料最高(0.58),其花数和单株块茎重具有明显优势。菊芋资源12个数量性状的相关性分析表明,茎粗、叶长、花和花盘大小可作为今后选育高产菊芋品种的指导目标性状;主成分分析结果表明,7个主成分因子的累计贡献率达66.794%,其中花数量、单株块茎数量、块茎毛根量、块茎表皮光滑程度4个性状是构成菊芋种植表型差异的主要因素;以20个性状为基础的聚类分析将257份种质材料分为5类,其中,第I类和第II类占总资源量的85%。本研究结果为菊芋种质资源的利用及品种选育等提供了重要参考。     

菊芋株型在高产育种中的作用

本试验通过在苏北滨海盐土上的试验研究菊芋株型在菊芋选育中的作用。结果如下：1）在2007年和2008年,南芋1号鲜产量和干产量比对照青芋2号和野生种高,2007年与2008年试验结果没有显著差异,而2007年与2008年品种间鲜产量及干产量差异显著; 2）南芋1号以植株生长势强,主茎粗,分枝多,茎干高,在盐土上植株生长势强,青芋2号有效分枝基本没有,茎秆细,开花多,在盐土上植株生长势弱,而野生品种茎秆较南芋1号细,分枝少,在盐土上植株生长势一般,茎干高度低于南芋1号;3）2007年和2008年块茎产量显著高于分枝数少的品种块茎产量,而各品种在2007年和2008年间互相差异不显著;4）分枝数与地上部生物产量、分枝数与块茎鲜重产量及分枝数与块茎干重产量的相关性分析显示其R2均达极显著水平。菊芋育种应注重选育分枝多的株型。     

水稻籼粳亚种间杂交后代的产量构成因素与产量的相关分析

本文通过对籼粳稻亚种间远缘杂交后代品系单位面积穗数、穗实粒数、千粒重与产量的研究分析表明:要获得高产,在稳定每单位面积穗数的基础上,在选育和栽培过程中,注意选育千粒重高、穗实粒数高的后代是取得成功的关键.     

马铃薯产量与主要农艺性状的相关性及灰色关联度分析

以2013-2016年3轮贵州省马铃薯区试六盘水试点38个马铃薯品种(系)的主要农艺性状为研究对象,分析了主要农艺性状与产量的相关性和灰色关联度结果表明:在相关性分析中,株高与单株块茎质量、平均单薯质量和大中薯率、单株块茎数与单株块茎质量、单株块茎质量与平均单薯质量和大中薯率、平均单薯质量与大中薯率之间均极显著正相关,而主茎数与平均单薯质量和大中薯率之间均极显著负相关;生育期与株高呈显著正相关,而单株块茎数与平均单薯质量呈显著负相关;其他性状间呈正相关或负相关,且未达显著水平;产量与株高、单株块茎质量、平均单薯质量和大中薯率之间均呈极显著正相关。在关联度分析中,鲜薯产量与各农艺性状之间的关联度依次为:单株块茎质量大中薯率平均单薯质量株高单株块茎数出苗率生育期主茎数。单株块茎质量、大中薯率、单薯质量和株高这4个主要性状与产量性状关联度较高,关联系数均大于0.7571,是影响产量的主要因素。因此,马铃薯在高产栽培和新品种选育方面,选择主茎数和株高适中、单株质量大、平均单薯质量大和大中薯率高的品种(系)是马铃薯获得高产和选育高产品种的有效途径。     

不同高粱品种水分利用效率的研究

通过在防雨棚中进行的盆栽试验,对6个高粱品种的子粒产量水分利用效率(WUE)及其相关生育性状指标,以及出苗后0～68天、0～95天、0～112天的生物量WUE及相关生育性状指标进行了研究,得出以下结论:6个高粱品种间子粒产量WUE的差异是由子粒产量和耗水量的差异造成的,并可分为高产低耗型、高产中耗型、中产中耗型、高产高耗型、低产低耗型和低产高耗型6个类型;光合速率(Pn)、叶面积、叶绿素与子粒产量WUE关系密切;具有高生物量WUE的品种同时也具有高子粒产量WUE;地上部干物重和根系性状与生物量WUE关系密切;根干重、根体积和根长是根系生长的3个重要因素;前期根小冠大和后期的根大冠小有利于提高生物量WUE.     

水稻灿粳亚种间杂交后代的产量构成因素与产量的相关分析

本文通过对灿粳稻亚种间远缘杂交后代品系单位面积穗数、穗实粒数、千粒重与产量的研究分析表明：要获得高产，在稳定每单位面积穗数的基础上，在选育和栽培过程中，注意选育千粒重高、穗实粒数高的后代是取得成功的关键。     

Effect of environmental variables on performance of Jerusalem artichoke (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus tuberosus</Emphasis> L.) cultivars in a long term trial: a statistical approach

Tuber yield, together with tuber number and size are the basic agronomic and breeding traits in Jerusalem artichoke and can be significantly affected by environmental factors. We report the results of a long term trial on the performance of 20 Jerusalem artichoke cultivars. The random model for means with restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedure was used to estimate the overall effects of the genotype, environment and genotype by environment interaction on traits. The partial least square regression (PLSR) model was used for modeling genotype by environment interaction variance components with a set of available correlated environmental variables. The REML variance component estimates model revealed that tuber number and yield are more dependent on GE interaction which allowed identification of best genotypes for specific environments. The PLSR model revealed that the most important climatic variables for optimal emergence, canopy development, high tuber number and yield are adequate soil and air temperatures in April. For larger tuber mass, precipitation variables and even distribution of rainfall were the most important factor, together with soil and air temperature in June when tuber growth is initiated. The knowledge obtained in this study is valuable for the identification and understanding of key environmental factors that contribute to the performance of Jerusalem artichoke.     

膜下滴灌高产棉花根、冠生物量累积特性研究

在新疆膜下滴灌大田条件下,选用新陆早43号和新陆早45号2个棉花品种,测定不同产量水平棉田棉株根系生物量及其空间分布、地上部生物量、根冠比等,分析滴灌棉花产量形成过程中根、冠生物量的累积特征。结果表明:与一般产量棉田及中低产棉田相比,高产棉田在整个生育期根系生物量较高、中下层根系分布比例较大,棉株总生物量、地上部生物量、棉铃生物量均较高,根冠比较低;产量构成因子表现为总铃数较多、铃重较高。高产棉花由于其生物量快速累积起始时间较早、累积速率快,进而棉株根系生物量、总生物量累积多。因此,根据参试棉花品种的生育特点,在适期早播促生育进程提前、前期营养器官稳健生长的前提下,采取水肥后移或适当推迟停水时间,可适度增加棉花中下层根系分布,降低根冠比,提高光合产物向棉铃的分配比例,增加铃重,进一步提高棉花产量。     

Genotypic variability and genotype by environment interactions for inulin content of Jerusalem artichoke germplasm

Genetic variations in germplasm and genotype × environment interaction (G × E) are important for crop improvement. The objectives were to explore genetic variation in Jerusalem artichoke germplasm and to evaluate G × E interaction for inulin content. Seventy-nine accessions of Jerusalem artichoke were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with two replications for three seasons. Significant variation in inulin content (55.3–74.0% dry weight) was observed and the genotypes with high inulin content could be identified although there was intermediate G × E interaction. Genotypes were also significantly different for days to maturity, fresh tuber yield, biomass and harvest index and G × E interactions for these traits were also significant. The correlation between inulin content and days to maturity was not significant (r = −0.20), whereas inulin content and fresh tuber yield were significantly associated (r = 0.22). JA 37 and CN 52867 are promising for high yield and inulin content.     

Identification of heat tolerant wheat lines showing genetic variation in leaf respiration and other physiological traits

A total of 140 diverse spring wheat lines were characterized for agronomic and physiological traits under hot field conditions, and a subset of thirteen were selected for dark leaf respiration studies (R_d). These genetic resources included synthetic-derived lines, landraces, landrace-derived lines, bread wheats, and durum wheats. Initial phenotyping showed that better heat-adapted genotypes (best yielding) exhibited high early biomass (assessed by normalized difference of vegetative index, NDVI), high grainfilling rates, and low canopy temperatures. As for other studies R_d increased as temperature increased (within the range of 15–40 °C), and decreased with plant age. Correlations between R_d and leaf temperature ranged between 0.50 and 0.85. R_d was negatively associated with yield when recorded at 30–35 °C during anthesis and grainfilling. Comparisons between wheat groups showed that synthetic-derived materials expressed lower leaf respiration rates and larger yields than the other groups at warm temperatures.     

引进马铃薯种质资源在干旱半干旱区的表型性状遗传多样性分析及综合评价

马铃薯种质资源缺乏,适宜干旱半干旱条件下生长的品种更为紧缺,引进马铃薯种质是丰富种质资源的有效途径。本文采用Shannon-Wiener’s多样性指数及综合得分(F值)对119份从秘鲁国际马铃薯中心引进的马铃薯材料的表型性状(出苗率、株高、茎粗、叶面积、生育期、单株结薯数、单株产量、商品率、干物质含量和块茎长宽比)进行遗传多样性分析及综合评价。结果表明,参试材料的10个表型性状中生育期遗传多样性最为丰富;茎粗、叶面积、生育期、单株结薯数、单株产量、商品率、干物质含量、块茎长宽比对马铃薯种质资源表型性状综合值具有显著影响,这些指标可用于旱作条件下对马铃薯种质资源的综合评价;综合得分F值与所测经济性状(单株产量、商品率、干物质)具显著相关性,可作为马铃薯种质资源的主要评价指标;引进材料中CIP393228.67和CIP 385561.124在干旱区,CIP304350.95、CIP392797.22、CIP388615.22在半干旱区分别表现出较好的丰产稳产特性。这些材料综合评价较好,可有效补充中国马铃薯种质资源。     

山西省小麦苗期根系性状及抗旱特性分析

小麦苗期根系形态是成株期根系分布的基础,与抗逆和产量密切相关,全面认识苗期根系及抗旱特性,对于抗旱优异种质的利用和早期筛选具有重要意义。采用239份山西省小麦品种(系)在土培条件下,研究了苗期根系性状及对水分胁迫的响应。结果表明,正常生长下山西小麦苗期根系性状多样性丰富,地方种变异最大;不同年代品种中,除最大根长随年代略下降外,其他性状均呈先升后降的趋势;不同根系性状对水分胁迫响应存在差异,总根长对水分最敏感,其次为根表面积、根体积和根生物量,最大根长和平均根数不敏感。苗期根系综合抗旱能力随年代呈先降后升的趋势,地方种和20世纪70年代品种多为中抗,80和90年代的品种抗旱性较低,2000年以后审定品种的抗性较高,其中旱地品种抗性最好。苗期根系抗旱特性与产量性状相关分析发现,最大根长、总根长、根体积和根生物量与雨养条件下的千粒重和产量显著正相关,最大根长和根生物量与成株期抗旱性也显著正相关。因此苗期最大根长和根生物量可作为半干旱地区旱地育种过程中抗旱性和产量的早期筛选指标。     

The variation of relative water content,SPAD chlorophyll meter reading,stomatal conductance,leaf area,and specific leaf area of Jerusalem artichoke genotypes under different durations of terminal drought in tropical region

This work assessed the responses of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) genotypes experienced to different durations of terminal drought for relative water content (RWC), SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR), stomatal conductance (SC), leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA), investigated the significant contributor of physiological traits to yield and yield reduction and diversity of physiological traits in terminal drought tolerance genotypes. Field research was conducted during the late-rainy season for 2 years using a split-plot design with four replications. The three irrigation treatments involved no-drought (SD0), short (SD1) and long (SD2) durations of terminal drought were arranged as main plots, and sub-plots were six genotypes of JA. The current study revealed that RWC, SC, LA, and SLA, were drastically reduced whilst SCMR values slightly increased under SD1 and SD2 compared to SD0. According to multiple linear regression indicated that SLA (SD0), and RWC (SD1 and SD2) had high contributions to tuber fresh weight (TFW), whereas SC had a high contribution to TFW reduction under terminal drought. Principal component analysis also confirmed that the diversity of LA, RWC, and SLA had maximized contributing traits, followed by HI, SCMR and SC in these breeding materials of JA under three irrigation treatments. Our finding emphasized that JA125 (low SLA), HEL256 and JA37 (high SLA) lead to the high performance of TFW under SD0, and they exhibited high TFW under SD1 by performing medium RWC. Likewise, JA4 and JA37 had high TFW under SD2 caused by medium RWC. HEL253 and JA60 were identified as terminal drought-tolerant genotypes because of performed medium SC, which contributed to a low reduction in TFW. Our promising results are the basis for further studies, SLA, RWC and SC are an important keys for screening drought tolerance (low economic yield reduction) and these genotypes studied could be used for parental lines to improved drought tolerance progenies through breeding programs under different durations of terminal drought-prone areas.     

Relationship between relative water content during reproductive development and winter wheat grain yield

Summary Water is often the most limiting factor to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the southern Great Plains of the U.S.A., yet the lack of reliable screening criteria has precluded direct selection for drought resistance in breeding programs. Previous work showed that leaf relative water content (RWC) was highly heritable when measured under field-drought conditions, but its adoption as a screening tool for yield improvement requires further investigation of the genetic relationship between grain yield and RWC. Plants representing high and low yield potential under drought stress, and a random group of plants, were selected from an F₂ population having the pedigree, TAM W-101/Sturdy. Two sets of entries, each comprised of the two parents and 24 F₂-derived lines, were evaluated under a rainshelter in the F₃ (1986) and F₄ (1987) generations to determine differences in leaf RWC during reproductive development. One set of entries did not receive any water after the jointing stage, and the other set was grown under well-watered conditions. A positive relationship was observed between grain yield and RWC measured during anthesis and mid-grain fill, as the high-yield selections maintained a significantly higher RWC than the low-yield selections. Grain yield and RWC were also positively associated among random selections segregating for both traits. Subsequent adjustment of genotype means for differences in reproductive development at time of sampling underscored the need to consider differences in maturity when RWC is the selection criterion.     

Drought resistance of potato cultivars with contrasting canopy architecture

There has been little research in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to define the ideal canopy structure for obtaining high and stable tuber yields. Two field experiments were conducted on a loamy sand soil (Haplic Luvisol) near Braunschweig in the North German Plain. The eight medium late potato cultivars grown in the year 2000 under non-limiting conditions differed significantly (P < 0.05) for leaf and stem dry weight, leaf/stem mass ratio, leaf number, leaf area, and other canopy structure parameters. Genotypes characterised by a high leaf/stem ratio (leaf-types) produced a lower shoot biomass than those with a low leaf/stem ratio (stem-types). The cultivars Producent and Tomba, representing a leaf- and a stem-type, respectively, were chosen to study the relationship between shoot and tuber yield under rainfed and irrigated conditions during the years 2001–2003. Different seasonal rainfall together with varying levels of extra water from irrigation created a wide range of soil moisture levels. The detrimental effects of drought on light interception were much greater for the leaf-type than for the stem-type. Under rainfed conditions, the relative tuber dry weight of the stem-type as compared with the leaf-type amounted to 99% in the absence of drought (2002), 109% under moderate drought (2001), and 148% under severe drought (2003). Obviously, the ability of stem-types to form a greater aboveground biomass is especially advantageous under soil water deficit conditions. High availability of water under irrigation in the years 2002 and 2003 produced a canopy size in the stem-type in excess of that required for maximum light interception. Consequently, the tuber dry weight of the stem-type displayed an optimum relationship with the shoot dry weight whereas the tuber yield of the leaf-type increased linearly with the shoot yield.