不同基肥对弃荒地牧草产量和质量的影响

在贫瘠的弃荒地使用不同组合的基肥探讨对牧草产量和质量的影响。结果表明 ,在相同的肥水管理条件下 ,以“复合肥 +牛粪 +石灰”基肥组合 (A处理 ) ,可使多花黑麦草 (特高 )、多年生黑麦草 (保利 )的年产草量分别比“猪粪 +牛粪 +石灰”的基肥组合 (B处理 )提高 10 .6 %和 2 9.2 % ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分分别有所提高 ;粗纤维、无氮浸出物有所降低     

施用有机肥基肥对多花黑麦草生长及品质的影响

水稻收获后施用0、30、75、120t/hm^3牛粪作基肥,研究了基肥用量对多花黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum cy.Teragold）产量和品质的影响。结果表明,秋播多花黑麦草春季生长迅速,随生长发育的进程,在抽穗这前干物质生产量直线上升,但粗蛋白含量略有降低,体外干物质消化明显降低,与不施牛粪作基肥的对照相比,牛粪不同施用量处理对多花黑麦草各生育阶段的干物质生产及饲草品质均无显著影响（P〉0.05）,农田种植多花黑麦草消化牛粪的能力大于8t/667m^2.     

石漠化旱地施用改良剂对黑麦草生长的影响

为研究石漠化区旱地施用改良剂对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)生长、返青及增产效果的影响,进行外源添加牛粪炭、蚯蚓粪、保水剂、长效有机复合肥和秸秆粉等改良剂的盆栽试验。结果表明,出苗生长期,与对照比较,施用蚯蚓粪处理的黑麦草出苗时间缩短50.00%,出苗率和分蘖数(60 d)分别提高了46.24%和46.34%,且都优于其他改良剂处理。添加复合肥对黑麦草的株高和单株鲜重增加量最大。返青恢复生长期,添加秸秆粉处理的返青时间、株高、鲜重和分蘖数等指标表现最好。本研究得出,施用不同改良剂对黑麦草生长适应性的提高效果为蚯蚓粪复合肥、牛粪炭、保水剂CK秸秆粉,返青恢复性为秸秆粉复合肥、蚯蚓粪、保水剂CK牛粪炭。因此,施加改良剂可促进多年生黑麦草生长。     

两种有机肥对黑麦草生长和营养品质的影响

为了了解不同有机肥对黑麦草生长和营养品质的影响,试验在种植黑麦草的土壤施加牛粪和猪粪有机肥,测定了黑麦草粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪等指标。结果表明:施用有机肥对黑麦草生长有较好的促进作用。在施肥处理120天时,猪粪组株高与对照组表现出极显著差异(P0.01);猪粪组和牛粪组黑麦草分蘖数和产量也有所增加。施加有机肥能显著提高黑麦草的营养品质,在出苗75天时,猪粪组与牛粪组、对照组的P含量差异显著(P0.05);黑麦草的粗脂肪含量在整个生长过程中相对平稳,但在出苗后的90~105 d较高;对照组黑麦草的粗灰分含量大多数时候高于猪粪组和牛粪组,在45,60,105,120天时表现出显著差异(P0.05)。     

牛粪和锯末混合物中添加石灰氮对大肠杆菌杀灭效果的研究

为了研究较低温度条件下在牛粪和锯末混合物中添加石灰氮对大肠杆菌的杀灭效果,分别在不同的温度(20℃、30℃、37℃、50℃、60℃)条件下进行堆肥试验,以此确定适宜堆肥温度,在此温度条件下添加不同浓度的石灰氮(0、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%),从而确定石灰氮的最适添加量。结果表明:30℃是杀灭大肠杆菌较理想的温度;在30℃条件下,添加3.0%的石灰氮在堆肥第2天已检测不到大肠杆菌,添加2.5%石灰氮在堆肥第5天已检测不到大肠杆菌,不添加石灰氮和添加2.0%石灰氮在堆肥的第5天仍未达到检出界限以下。说明在较低温度条件下要达到杀灭大肠杆菌的目的至少要在牛粪和锯末混合堆肥中添加2.5%的抑菌剂。     

牧草栽培及其加工利用技术(续上期)

3主要牧草栽培利用技术3.1赣选1号黑麦草赣选1号黑麦草属高蛋白越年生禾本科牧草,是江西省草地工作站育种工作者培育的黑麦草新品种。较一般黑麦草鲜草产量提高19.18%～105.24%,粗蛋白质含量提高34.1%,氨基酸含量提高33.33%,种子产量提高40%以上。该草生长快,再生能力强,抽穗成熟一致。耐寒、耐酸、耐瘠、抗病虫、适应性强,各种土壤均可种植,最适宜中等肥力的沙壤土生长。3.1.1主要栽培技术。3.1.1.1整地。地应整平,土块要细,施足基肥,每667m2(亩)施猪、牛粪2000～3000kg,同时施50kg钙镁磷肥。3.1.1.2播种及管理。秋播9月中旬至12月下旬均可…     

石灰氮对牛粪堆肥和牛粪、锯末堆肥大肠杆菌的抑菌效果研究

为了给科学化处理粪便提供有力的依据,试验以新鲜牛粪和鲜粪、锯末混合物作为堆肥原料,研究了不同比例(0%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%)石灰氮,在不同堆肥温度(20,30,37,50,60℃)下对堆肥大肠杆菌的抑菌效果。结果表明:石灰氮作为抑菌剂,在较低堆肥温度(20,30,37℃)下具有其真正的应用价值;要在此温度下达到彻底抑制堆肥中大肠杆菌的目的,至少要在堆肥中添加2.5%石灰氮。     

黑麦草和生物炭对喀斯特地区黄壤养分影响研究

为探究黑麦草和生物炭组合模式对喀斯特地区黄壤养分的影响,以贵州省播州区黄壤为研究对象,在温室进行盆栽试验,设置12个处理:裸地对照(CK),单植黑麦草(R),单施不同比例(1%、3%、5%、7%、9%)生物炭(BLB₁、BLB₃、BLB₅、BLB₇、BLB₉),黑麦草+不同比例生物炭组合模式(RB₁、RB₃、RB₅、RB₇、RB₉)。45 d后采集土样,测定土壤有机质、pH值、全磷、速效磷以及全钾和速效钾含量。结果表明:单植黑麦草处理会降低有机质、全磷、全钾和速效钾含量,黑麦草对养分的消耗量大于积累量;单施生物炭处理、黑麦草+生物炭组合模式处理均能提高养分含量,且生物炭比例和土壤各养分含量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数最低为0.78;除7%时,其他比例下单施生物炭对各养分含量的增益效应均高于黑麦草+生物炭组合模式处理。考虑到黑麦草生长最适pH值和喀斯特地区水土流失现状,确定现阶段黑麦草+7%生物炭组合模式是有效缓解黄壤肥力低下、质地黏重的最佳布设方式。本研究结果可为改良喀斯特地区黄壤养分限制因子提供科学依据。     

桐油包膜复合肥料的养分释放及其对黑麦草生长的影响

研究了4种供试桐油包膜复合肥料的基本特性,测定了其养分释放曲线.在不施基肥以及施以尿素、复合肥料和4种桐油包膜复合肥料基肥的情况下,用盆栽试验考察了施肥处理对黑麦草生长、形态指标和色泽的影响.结果表明,所有施肥处理均有助于黑麦草的出苗,在播种后的7周内,施以尿素、复合肥料或桐油包膜复合肥料处理的黑麦草植株高度和生物量均优于未施基肥的空白对照.施肥处理间黑麦草的植株高度差别不大,但第5周后,施以复合肥料的黑麦草生物量增加较快.桐油包膜复合肥料处理的黑麦草绿期优于复合肥料处理.     

不同盐浓度下AM真菌和禾草内生真菌对多年生黑麦草生长的影响

以多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为材料,在温室内研究了不同盐浓度处理下丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌和禾草内生真菌(grass endophyte)对黑麦草生长的影响。试验设对照,无盐胁迫(0%)、轻度盐胁迫(0.2%NaCl)和重度盐胁迫(0.5%NaCl)处理,AM真菌为摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae),禾草内生真菌处理以含有、不含有内生真菌种子建立。结果表明:盐分处理可显著降低黑麦草的株高、生物量、根冠比,以及AM真菌的菌根侵染率,禾草内生真菌与AM真菌均在不同盐分处理下对黑麦草的生长有一定的促进作用,两菌协同作用明显,其中禾草内生真菌处理下的多年生黑麦草的株高、地下生物量和根冠比较对照分别增加13.26%,15.30%和19.51%(P0.05);AM真菌处理下黑麦草的株高、N、P含量分别提高9.76%,32.12%和12.45%(P0.05);在无盐胁迫下,禾草内生真菌可促进丛枝菌根真菌侵染,使其侵染率提高5.53%。与两类共生微生物单独作用相比,AM真菌与禾草内生真菌互作,对多年生黑麦草生长、耐盐性有一定的提高,但差异不显著。     

硼、钼、锌与大量元素配施对紫花苜蓿草产量和品质的影响

在氮磷钾肥料基础上,研究硼、钼、锌配施对紫花苜蓿草产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施氮磷钾肥可以提高苜蓿干草产量,降低叶茎比,但对其粗蛋白质含量的影响不大;在氮磷钾肥适量的基础上,硼、钼、锌合理配施可以增加苜蓿干草产量,其中单施硼(2.0 kg/hm2)或锌(1.5 kg/hm2)增产显著(P＜0.05),分别较对照增产29.0%和25.9%;硼、钼、锌配施对各茬次粗蛋白质含量的影响不同;单施锌苜蓿粗蛋白质含量呈降低趋势,单施钼粗蛋白质含量呈增加的趋势.     

Prediction of crude fat content of longissimus muscle of beef using the ratio of fat area calculated from computer image analysis: comparison of regression equations for prediction using different input devices at different stations

Crude fat content of longissimus (ribeye) muscle of beef cattle was predicted from a ratio of fat area (RFA) to area of ribeye muscle calculated from computer image analysis (CIA). Cross sections of 64 ribeyes taken from the 6-7th rib from cattle at experiment station A and cross sections of 94 ribeyes taken from the 6-7th rib from cattle at Experiment Station B were used in this study. Slices (1 to 1.5 cm in thickness) of just the Longissimus dorsi were homogenized and sampled for chemical estimation of crude fat content using petroleum ether. Crude fat content as determined from chemical analysis was used as the true estimate of fat content. A CCD (charge-coupled device) camera was used as the input device at Experiment Station A, and a single-lens reflex camera was used at Experiment Station B to photograph ribeyes for CIA. The contour comparison method, which assigns a threshold value for each marbling particle, was used to obtain accurate binarization in this study. Minimum and maximum of chemical measurements of crude fat were 2.1 and 39.8%, and for CIA calculation of the RFA were 6.1 and 56.8%, respectively. This range covered almost the complete range of the beef marbling standard used in carcass grading in Japan. The equation for the regression of the crude fat content (Y) on RFA (X) calculated from CIA for all of the data was Y = .793X-3.04 with r2 = .96. Regression equations for prediction of crude fat percentage from RFA taking into consideration the effect of experiment station were Y = .741X-2.22 with r2 = .91 for Experiment Station A, and Y = .782X-2.54 with r2 = .91 for Experiment Station B. Analysis of covariance showed that the effects of experiment stations on intercepts and slopes were not significant (P > .10). The ranges of differences between actual and predicted crude fat content from the prediction equation that was calculated without consideration of the effect of station were -6.4 to 4.0%. CIA of cross sections of the ribeye muscle seems to have potential for prediction of crude fat content.     

高丹草与黑麦草适宜混贮比例研究

为研究高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum sudanense)与黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)适宜的混合青贮比例,本试验将不同比例[10∶0(A),7∶3(B),5∶5(C),3∶7(D),0∶10(E)]的高丹草与黑麦草进行混合青贮,室温条件厌氧发酵60 d后测定了青贮的营养成分、发酵品质、微生物数量及体外消化特性。结果表明:随着黑麦草比例增加干物质,酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量呈下降趋势,粗蛋白质含量呈上升趋势,差异显著(P<0.05);A和E组青贮pH值为4.40,显著高于B,C,D组(P<0.05);D组乳酸含量达到最大值,显著高于A,B,C组(P<0.05);E组乙酸含量最低,显著低于其他各组(P<0.05);A组氨态氮含量最高,E组最低,差异显著(P <0.05)。B,C,D组乳酸菌数量显著高于A和E组(P<0.05);混合青贮中,D组干物质消化率显著高于B和C组(P<0.05)。本试验条件下,高丹草与黑麦草混合青贮适宜比例为3∶7。     

Study on Supplementary Quantity of Grazing Beef Cattle in Spring in Inner Mongolia Grassland

The experiment was conducted to study the optimal supplementary feeding quantity of grazing beef cattle in spring in Inner Mongolia grassland.Seventy-five Simmental beef cattle with average weight of (281.19±17.15)kg were selected and divided into 5 groups (group A,B,C,D and E) with 15 replicates per group.Those cattle grazed optionally and supplemented with 0,0.8,1.7,2.5,3.4 kg/d concentrate,respectively,according to beef cattle weight of 0,0.3%,0.6%,0.9% and 1.2%.Pre-trial period was 15 d,the trial period was 60 d.The results showed that,with the increasing of concentrate supplementation,the daily gain of beef cattle was gradually significant increased (P < 0.05);Group D were 331.25%,130.00% and 38.00% higher than that of group A,B and C,respectively,the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein were significantly higher than that of other groups (P < 0.05).The daily income of group D was 11.22 yuan and were 183.33%,102.53%,36.17%,20.52% significantly higher than that of group A,B,C and E (P < 0.05),the fattening income of group D was the highest.According to above results,the optimum adding levels was 2.5 kg/d in spring under the condition of grazing in Inner Mongolia.The higher daily gain and higher economic benefits could be obtained under the optimal supplementary feeding quantity.     

内蒙古草原放牧肉牛春季补饲量的研究

试验旨在研究内蒙古草原放牧肉牛春季最佳补饲量。选择75头体重为(281.19±17.15)kg的健康西门塔尔杂交肉牛随机分为5组(A、B、C、D、E组),每组15头牛,1头牛为1个重复。各组分别按体重的0、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%及1.2%补饲精料,依次为0、0.8、1.7、2.5及3.4 kg/d,其他放牧条件相同。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明,随着精料补饲量的增加,肉牛的平均日增重依次显著增加(P < 0.05),D组平均日增重较A、B、C组分别提高331.25%、130.00%及38.00%,日粮中干物质和粗蛋白质的表观消化率显著高于其他各组(P < 0.05);D组日均收入为11.22元,分别较A、B、C及E组显著提高了183.33%、102.53%、36.17%及20.52%(P < 0.05),育肥效益最好。综合以上结果,内蒙古草原春季放牧条件下,肉牛每天的最佳补饲量为2.5 kg,在此条件下可获得较高的日增重及较高的经济收益。     

The development of a recombinant Babesia vaccine.

Crude extracts of Babesia bovis parasites were shown to induce levels of protection in susceptible cattle equivalent to that resulting from natural infection. The crude material was systematically fractionated and tested in numerous sequential vaccination/challenge experiments in adult cattle. Antigens in protective fractions were then purified by affinity chromatography with monoclonal antibodies. Three highly protective (more than 95% reduction in parasitaemias) antigens were thus identified. None of these antigens was immunodominant; a number of immunodominant antigens were identified and all were immunosuppressive and/or non-protective. The three protective antigens were cloned and expressed as either beta-galactosidase or glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins. Two of these, GST-12D3 and GST-11C5, when used in combination were almost as protective as has been previously shown for the commercially available live attenuated vaccine. A short fragment of a third antigen (21B4) has also been shown to be protective. In two of the antigens, repetitive segments have been shown to be non-protective while the third antigen (12D3) does not contain repetitive domains. Homologues of these antigens exist in other Babesia species and it is anticipated that these may be candidate antigens for protective vaccines against those species.     

Potential associations between fecal shedding of Salmonella in feedlot cattle treated for apparent respiratory disease and subsequent adverse health outcomes

A prospective cohort study was used to assess whether Salmonella fecal shedding in commercial feedlot cattle treated with antimicrobials for respiratory disease was associated with subsequent adverse health outcomes. Feces were collected per rectum from cattle that were examined for apparent respiratory disease, had a rectal temperature > or = 40 degrees C, and subsequently received antimicrobial treatment. Salmonella were recovered from 918 (73.7%) of 1 245 fecal samples and weekly prevalence estimates ranged from 49 to 100% over the 3-month study. Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Salmonella strains in the population were determined. Serogroup E Salmonella were most common (73.3%), followed by C1 (11.0%), C3 (8.6%), and B (1.1%). Predominant serotypes were Orion (46.5%), Anatum (19.8%), Kentucky (8.7%), Montevideo (7.5%), and Senftenberg (4.9%). Few isolates (36/918) were positive for antimicrobial resistance-associated integron gene intI1. Phenotypic susceptibility was associated with isolate intI1 status. Crude re-pull, re-treatment and case fatality risks were higher for cattle that were Salmonella-positive versus -negative at initial treatment, but not statistically different on multivariable analysis. However, case fatality risk was higher for cattle shedding Group B Salmonella than for cattle shedding other serogroups. Lots (groups) with a higher Salmonella prevalence at first treatment had a higher proportion of mortalities occur in a hospital pen, higher overall re-treatment risks, and were more likely to be sampled later in the study. Results indicate a high prevalence of Salmonella in this population of cattle treated for apparent respiratory disease, but that effects associated with clinical outcomes may depend on the Salmonella strain.     

绢蒿荒漠粪甲虫对牛粪、马粪分解及粪下土壤养分的影响

采用野外实验和室内实验相结合的方法,研究绢蒿荒漠草地中粪甲虫的介导对牛粪和马粪的分解状况及其对粪便下方土壤养分的影响.结果表明,有粪甲虫活动的粪便随着分解时间的延长酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、全碳、全氮和全磷降解率逐渐升高.有粪甲虫活动的粪便养分降解率均高于无粪甲虫活动的粪便,牛粪分解末期较无粪甲虫...     

绵羊宿营法清除天然植被对土壤和植物的影响

研究绵羊宿营法通过践踏和粪尿对土壤和对天然植被和人工草地的影响。结果表明,绵羊啃食和践踏对植被地上部分损坏严重,8羊夜后草本植物被全部清除,但对土壤容重、紧实度和通气性无显著影响。新鲜粪尿入土后,氨态氮和亚硝态氮浓度迅速上升(最高值分别达377mg·kg^-1和56.1mg·kg^-1),对植物产生毒害作用。单纯尿处理土壤氨态氮和亚硝态氮浓度分别达139mg·kg^-1和28.1mg·kg^-1,显著高于单一粪处理和对照。无毛丑柳叶片粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照(P<0.01)。调查结果表明,羊奶果和黄花香发芽枝条数在试验前后变化不大,但宿营后的无毛丑柳枝条数显著少于处理前。宿营处理的产草量明显高于践踏处理。     

蝉花菌丝体和植物提取物对雁荡麻鸡生产性能和肌肉品质的影响

为研究2种不同植物成分对雁荡麻鸡生长性能和肌肉品质的影响,选取90日龄体况良好、体重相近的雁荡麻鸡青脚黑麻羽系肉鸡90只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,A组饲喂基础日粮,B组在基础日粮中添加2％蝉花菌丝体,C组在基础日粮中添加250 mg/kg植物提取物.试验期40d.对期末体重、平均日增重等生长性能和血清IgA、IgG...