超高产大豆根系活力和根瘤特性的比较研究

以超高产大豆辽豆14、中黄35与普通品种辽豆11为试材,在盆栽条件下于不同生育时期比较超高产品种和普通品种根系活力和根瘤特性的差异。结果表明:R2期伤流量超高产品种与普通品种差异显著,根系活力则是普通品种辽豆11最大,但在R4和R6期超高产品种根系伤流量和根系活力均显著大于普通品种;R4和R6期,超高产品种根瘤重、固氮活性、固氮量均显著高于普通品种辽豆11。R2和R4期,施磷酸二铵100 mg.kg-1处理的根系伤流量和根系活力显著高于其它施肥处理。因此,超高产大豆品种在R4和R6期具有更强的根系生理功能。     

磷素处理对不同磷效率基因型大豆根系性状的影响

大豆的耐低磷能力与根系性状密切相关.以磷高效基因型大豆锦豆33和磷低效基因型大豆铁丰3号为试材,采用沙培的方法,设5个磷浓度,研究了不同生育时期磷效率基因型大豆的主根长、根冠比、根体积、根系活性和根系比表面积对磷素处理的反应.结果表明:不同生育时期磷效率基因型大豆根系性状对磷浓度的反应比较复杂.幼苗期,不同磷浓度处理下主根长度和根冠比磷高效基因型品种均显著高于磷低效基因型品种;在有些磷浓度处理下根体积、根系活力和根系比表面积等指标基因型间差异达到显著水平,指标值的大小随磷浓度的变化没有一致的规律性.分枝期,不同磷效率基因型品种间和不同磷浓度处理间主根长度都没有显著差异.开花期,不同磷浓度处理下主根长度和根冠比存在显著的基因型间差异,表现为磷高效品种显著大于磷低效品种.结荚期,根系活力和根体积在不同磷浓度处理下均表现出显著的基因型间差异.在各磷浓度下,磷高效品种的根系活力都显著大于磷低效品种的.在O.5、1.O、1.5和2 mmol·L-1的磷浓度下,磷高效品种的根体积显著大于磷低效品种.     

2016年安徽省阜阳点夏大豆区域 试验及分析评价

2016年安徽省夏大豆区域试验共有38个参试品种(系),对照为中黄13.通过田间观察及对考种结果进行方差分析,结果表明在参试的38个品种(系)中,有29个在产量上与对照有显著差异,有23个存在极显著差异,嘉豆54、HS0905是减产,其余均是增产.综合田间表现,优良品种(系)有阜05-10、阜06-32、中涡29,中涡30、圣豆13、阜0501、华成豆8号、中作X8110、SK8-6-2、圣豆12、鑫豆18、永育1号、紫豆0504、阜1232共14个.     

大豆芽期和苗期耐盐性评价指标筛选

大豆耐盐性是决定盐碱地大豆产量的关键因素之一。为探究不同盐浓度对大豆芽期、苗期生长发育的影响,评价不同大豆品种对不同盐浓度的耐受能力,以合豆3号、徐豆14、中黄55和临豆10号大豆品种为材料,在芽期,设置50,75和100 mmol·L~(-1)的盐溶液处理,苗期设置100,200和250 mmol·L~(-1)盐浓度处理。记录大豆芽期生长指标和苗期形态生理指标,并以各指标耐盐指数隶属函数值、总隶属函数值为依据,对4个大豆品种芽期和苗期耐盐性进行比较及聚类分析。结果表明:芽期主根长、下胚轴长、根干重、含水量、鲜重、根鲜重、活力指数耐盐指数的隶属函数值与总耐盐指数隶属函数值的相关性均达到极显著水平,苗期根干重、根鲜重、MDA含量、株高的耐盐指数与总耐盐指数隶属函数值的相关性均达到显著水平。在不同时期和不同品种的盐耐受分析中,不同生育时期的大豆耐受性表现不同;芽期4个大豆品种耐盐程度大致相同。苗期徐豆14、临豆10号耐盐性较强,中黄55耐盐性中等,合豆3号耐盐性较弱。在耐盐指标筛选分析中,下胚轴长、根干重、含水量、鲜生物量、根鲜重和主根长的耐盐指数可作为大豆芽期耐盐鉴定指标,而MDA含量和株高的耐盐指数则可以作为大豆苗期耐盐鉴定指标。     

不同大豆品种对触杀型除草剂耐受性研究

采用不同浓度除草剂处理大豆叶片,对4个大豆品种的草铵膦和百草枯耐受性进行研究。结果表明,不同品种对两种除草剂的耐受性存在明显差异,以中豆32对百草枯耐受的最高浓度为0.24mg/L;中黄10号次之,为0.18mg/L;东农50和小粒豆最低为0.12mg/L。中豆32对草铵膦耐受的最高浓度为6mg/L;吉林小粒豆1号次之,为4mg/L;中黄10号和东农50的耐受浓度均为3mg/L。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂与大豆抗大豆胞囊线虫的关系

对大豆胞囊线虫3号小种的抗病品种Hartwig和小粒黑豆,感病品种辽豆15和中黄28分别接种线虫,检测大豆根系中大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的表达量对大豆抗胞囊线虫的抗性.经过胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性测定结果表明,接种大豆胞囊线虫的抗感品种的大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(STI)表达量明显高于未接种的品种,各个品种的STI表达量也不同.说明大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂参与抗病过程.但是各个品种的变化趋势并不相同,表明抵御线虫的抗病作用机制存在品种间差异.     

大豆胞囊线虫不同生理小种对大豆根内酶活力的影响

采用辽豆10、PI88788、PI90763,3个品种均同时接种大豆胞囊线虫1号、3号和14号生理小种.测定了大豆胞囊线虫不同生理小种对大豆PAL、POD、PPO、SOD活力的影响,分析不同大豆品种接种大豆胞囊线虫后保护酶活力的变化和抗性关系.结果表明:PI88788接种大豆胞囊线虫3号和14号生理小种后根系中4种酶活性显著高于对照;PI90763接种大豆胞囊线虫1号和3号生理小种后根系中4种酶活性显著高于对照.研究证实不同大豆品种对大豆胞囊线虫不同生理小种的抗病性与接种SCN不同生理小种后大豆根内PAL、POD、PPO、SOD活力的变化密切相关.     

野生大豆和不同栽培大豆品种在镉胁迫下种子萌发及幼苗生长的差异

为探讨野生大豆和不同栽培大豆品种在镉胁迫下种子萌发的差异,筛选优质的大豆耐镉资源,首先比较5种镉浓度(5,10,25,40 mg·L^-1)对野生大豆与栽培大豆的种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长及芽长等参数,筛选出对镉敏感的性状及适中的镉浓度处理;然后以此为基础比较野生大豆1503、超高产大豆(沈农9号和辽豆14)及普通栽培大豆(辽豆16和沈农20)耐镉性差异。结果表明:野生豆1503和栽培豆辽豆16种子的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数在较高浓度(25或40 mg·L^-1)处理时明显下降,其它浓度处理与对照差异不明显或者高于对照,而活力指数、根长及芽长等指标在较低浓度(5或10 mg·L^-1)处理时就表现明显的被抑制效应,尤其对根长抑制更明显。活力指数、根长及芽长对镉胁迫更为敏感,可以作为鉴定耐镉材料及监测镉胁迫对植物的影响的重要指标。在5 mg·L^-1镉处理下,1503的活力指数、根长、芽长与对照差异不显著,10 mg·L^-1时显著下降,辽豆16在5 mg·L^-1时3种参数显著低于对照,因此镉浓度5 mg·L^-1的处理适中,可用来比较不同品种的耐镉性。在5 mg·L^-1镉处理下,按照3个敏感性状的平均值,筛选出耐镉性较强野生豆1503,镉性较弱的栽培豆沈农20,可用于耐镉育种及耐镉机制研究。     

黄淮海耐压实大豆品种的初步筛选及根系特征分析

黄淮海地区加大机械化耕种收力度的同时也造成了更严重的土壤压实,为给耐压大豆品种的选育提供参考,利用华北地区自1920年以来的25个大豆品种,从根系的调控机制出发,对机械压实条件下大豆的地上部生物性状以及根系特征进行分析。研究表明:供试品种中有10个(上蔡二糙平顶式、益都平顶黄、文丰7号、豫豆8号、鲁豆11、晋豆25、冀豆12、郑92116、菏豆13和冀豆17)具有较好的抗压实性能。这些耐压实品种地上部生物性状表现为植株矮化,茎粗加大,主茎节数和地上部生物量不减。地下部根系表现为根系最大宽度、根面积、水平生长空间增加,或侧根数、根尖数增加。说明根系通过针对性的自我调控来适应压实环境,满足逆环境下对土壤水肥气的有效吸收,从而维持地下和地上部的生物量,保障作物的稳产。本研究能够为新时代机械化耕种收条件下大豆育种提供数据支撑及理论依据,具有一定的生产指导意义。     

大豆种子萌发期对渗透胁迫的响应

在PEG模拟干旱条件下,研究了五种大豆种子萌发期对渗透胁迫的响应.结果发现,在25%(W/V)聚乙二醇(PEG6000)渗透胁迫环境中,五种大豆种子吸水率为豫豆26＞豫豆22＞地神2＞中黄20＞周C-4-1.在15%(W/V)PEG6000渗透胁迫下,五种大豆种子的发芽势和发芽率均显著下降,但相对发芽势除周C-4-1较低外,其余四种无显著差异;相对发芽率除周C-4-1和中黄20较低外,其余三种无显著差异.渗透胁迫有利于大豆种子胚根的生长,而抑制下胚轴的生长,在豫豆26、豫豆22和地神2表现得尤为显著.用隶属函数法对五种大豆萌发期抗旱性的综合评价结果表明,豫豆22和豫豆26属强抗旱型,地神2属较强抗旱型,中黄20的抗旱能力中等,周C-4-1则属干旱敏感型.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).