气候变化对西南大西洋渔业生态系统的影响研究进展

西南大西洋是世界重要的渔区之一，捕捞国家包括阿根廷等西南大西洋沿海国以及中国、日本等众多非沿海国家，其中阿根廷滑柔鱼（Illex argentinus）、阿根廷无须鳕（Merluccius hubbsi）、巴西小沙丁鱼（Sardinella brasiliensis）与弗氏绒须石首鱼（Micropogonias furnieri）是西南大西洋年均产量最高的4种主要经济渔获物。探究气候变化对西南大西洋生态系统的影响有利于建立基于生态系统的渔业资源保护与利用格局。本文从渔业资源与生态系统两个角度出发，分别归纳了生态系统的生物因子（主要经济渔获物）、非生物因子（环境因素）与营养结构（食物链和食物网）对气候变化的响应情况。分析认为，在今后探究西南大西洋生态系统对气候变化的响应的研究中，选取代表物种表征生态系统的变化并结合人类活动与气候变化的影响可以丰富生态系统的相关结论，为西南大西洋海域提供基于生态系统的科学管理策略。     

Thermophysiology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Evidence from Oxygen Isotopes

The oxygen isotopic composition of vertebrate bone phosphate (delta(p)) is related to ingested water and to the body temperature at which the bone forms. The delta(p) is in equilibrium with the individual's body water, which is at a physiological steady state throughout the body. Therefore, intrabone temperature variation and the mean interbone temperature differences of well-preserved fossil vertebrates can be determined from the deltap variation. Values of delta(p) from a well-preserved Tyrannosaurus rex suggest that this species maintained homeothermy with less than 4 degrees C of variability in body temperature. Maintenance of homeothermy implies a relatively high metabolic rate that is similar to that of endotherms.     

Cotton remains from archeological sites in central coastal peru

Cotton remains from four archeological sites in central coastal Peru, representing a time sequence from about 2500 to 1000 B.C., were compared with similar materials obtained from living wild and cultivated forms of Gossypium barbadense L. The comparison revealed that the archeological cotton samples were primitive forms of Gossypium barbadense, differing little from present-day wild forms of the same species. Although not the earliest cottons recorded for the New World, they appear to represent the earliest stages of cotton domestication yet recorded.     

武汉市藏龙岛地区行道树绿化现状调查

对武汉市藏龙岛地区24条道路的绿化配置模式进行了调查,统计了行道树的品种、高度、胸径、应用频度及长势等指标。结果表明,该地区道路的绿化形式有一板二带式、二板三带式、三板四带式、四板五带式与其他5种形式,行道树种植设计形式有树池式、树带式、混合式及其他4种形式,行道树树种有13种,隶属于11科12属,以香樟、杜英、法桐、垂柳为主,有4条道路的行道树长势较差,有明显的病虫危害现象。     

葡萄根际寄生线虫群落的生态学分析

对我国16省市葡萄根际的552个群落的生态分析表明,假壮螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus)的分布频率、密度、优势度、生物量和重要值5个生态指标显著高于其他线虫,是我国葡萄根际线虫的优势种群。不同树龄根际寄生线虫呈4种群落构成:单种型、多种单优型、多种双优型和多种均衡型。土壤速效钾、有机质含量、葡萄树种植年限、年平均气温和年平均降雨量是影响一些种类线虫群体数量的重要因子。不同的种在0～60cm 土层内的垂直分布不同,水平方向上离根30 cm 处的线虫数量显著高于100 cm 处的数量。假壮螺旋线虫在田间分布不均匀。     

指接胶合木强度与工艺的关系

本文通过对四个树种指接胶合木的强度测定,说明指接胶合木的强度与加工工艺存在着密切关系,通过实验与分析找出了影响强度降低的主要因素为加工精度,如齿形,齿长、指顶隙和涂胶均匀性等。根据胶合强度,其破坏可分为四种主要形式。本试验发现抗弯强度与弹性模量间相关性较差。随温度变化,强度和温度间满足多项式关系,并且有较好的相关性。     

Variability features of the early ripeness traits of soybean vegetable and grain forms

It is shown that early biological ripeness of the soybean plant in the region of the Central Nonblack earth area with the low sum of active temperatures and short vegetation season has a significant value in agricultural production. It is not only genetically determined but also depends on the conditions of growing and weather-climatic features within the period of crop growth and development. The variability of the early ripeness traits within the interphase development periods was studied at 190 breeding lines representing the vegetable and grain forms of Russian and foreign origin, with a very early and early ripeness groups in the conditions of 55° N latitude. The duration of the vegetation period of the soybean is represented in the form of the sum of the active temperature. The earliest ripening samples of the vegetable and grain soybean are revealed with the necessary sum of the active temperatures—respectively 1838 and 1757°C in the conditions of Moscow oblast. A low variability of the duration of the vegetative, generative, and vegetation periods is specified. The interphase development periods of the vegetable and grain forms, except for the bud and flower formation periods, also has a weak variability degree, which is important to be considered in the breeding work. It is specified that the vegetable forms of the soybean are characterized by a later ripeness than the grain forms.     

杭州市耐阴植物应用调查研究

调查得知,杭州城市绿地中耐阴植物种类共54种,分属33科、39属。其中乔木10种,灌木23种,藤本4种,草本15种,应用较多的(≥3种)科有石蒜科、百合科、小檗科、夹竹桃科、忍冬科和冬青科,占到总科数的18.8%。分析总结了耐阴植物在杭州园林中的应用形式并提出建议。     

1400-million-year-old shale-facies microbiota from the lower belt supergroup, montana

Carbonaceous shales of the Middle Proterozoic Newland Limestone, Belt Supergroup, Little Belt Mountains, Montana, contain abundant and well-preserved filamentous and spheroidal microfossils. The filamentous forms, ranging from less than 1 to 12 micrometers in width, are interpreted as representing the preserved sheaths of at least four species of nostocalean cyanophytes. The spheroidal forms, ranging from 15 to 108 micrometers in size, are evidently planktonic forms and are tentatively interpreted as representing the encystment stage of eukaryotic algae. The Newland microbiota is adaptable to petrographic thin-section work, and useful for evaluating the potential of such microfossils for intercontinental biostratigraphic correlation. It is the oldest shale-facies microbiota presently known from North America.     

云南4种材用丛生竹的主要物理力学性质

通过对龙竹,甜龙竹,黄竹和油勒竹４种云南材用丛生竹主要物理力学性质的检测分析认为,其饱湿含水率,气干密度,绝干密度和基本密度随竹种和秆高部位的不同而差异显著,但气干含水率,饱湿密度的差异不大;干缩率特别是径向干缩率随竹种不同而显著有异,但与竹秆部位无明显关系;径向干缩率大于统向干缩率,竹青端的弦向干缩率大于竹黄端的统向干缩率;顺纹抗压强度和弦向抗弯强度的竹秆部位差异竹种间的差异为大,上述差异的存在     

用微卫星标记研究南海四种石斑鱼的遗传变异与种间关系(英文)

[目的]从DNA分子水平揭示我国南海的四种重要经济海水鱼类点带石斑鱼(Epinephelusmalabaricus)、斜带石斑鱼(E.coioides)、鲑点石斑鱼(E.fario)、蜂巢石斑鱼(E.merra)的遗传群体变异水平与种间关系。[方法]本研究利用从GenBank中搜索到的21对微卫星引物,对点带石斑鱼、斜带石斑鱼、鲑点石斑鱼及蜂巢石斑鱼的等位基因数A、有效等位基因数Ne、多态信息含量PIC、观察遗传杂合度Ho、期望遗传杂合度He等遗传参数进行检测,并采用UPGMA类聚分析法探讨这四种石斑鱼的种间关系。[结果]点带石斑鱼群体的A、Ne、PIC、Ho和He等遗传参数的平均值分别为4.38±1.60、3.69±0.86、0.69±0.08、0.67±0.08、0.72±0.06,斜带石斑鱼群体的为3.88±1.13、3.55±1.04、0.66±0.10、0.68±0.21、0.70±0.08,鲑点石斑鱼群体的为6.00±1.07、4.68±0.65、0.78±0.03、0.73±0.25、0.79±0.03,蜂巢石斑鱼群体的为5.50±1.07、4.58±0.80、0.76±0.05、0.75±0.18、0.78±0.04。[结论]综合比较上述数值可知,四个石斑鱼群体的遗传变异程度依次为鲑点石斑鱼群体>蜂巢石斑鱼群体>点带石斑鱼>斜带石斑鱼群体;与其他海水鱼类的遗传变异水平比较,四种石斑鱼的群体遗传变异水平都较高,说明我国这些石斑鱼种类的遗传种质资源尚好。另外,遗传距离与类聚分析表明,点带石斑鱼与斜带石斑鱼遗传距离最近,而斜带石斑鱼与蜂巢石斑鱼的亲缘关系最远。     

Genetic variation in a gradient of environmental variability: marine bivalvia (Mollusca)

Six bivalve mollusk species were sampled for genetic variability at two enzyme synthesizing loci. The effective number of alleles and absolute number of alleles decreased with depth of burial within the sediment, intertidally, and with depth of water, subtidally. It is proposed that environmental variability regulates genetic variability at these two loci.     

Karyotype analysis of Leishmania species and its use in classification and clinical diagnosis

Chromosomes of four species of Leishmania represented by ten different geographic isolates were analyzed by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis (PFG) to assess chromosome stability in these parasitic protozoans. Among different geographic isolates of the same subspecies, more than two-thirds of chromosomes had similar sizes, ethidium bromide staining intensities, and locations of alpha,beta-tubulin genes. However, among New World Leishmania, members of different species or subspecies have fewer than one-third of their chromosomes in common. Therefore, PFG karyotypes of Leishmania exhibit intraspecific variability similar to that reported for other parasitic protozoans. The greater similarities of the karyotypes of members of the same Leishmania subspecies may indicate that they represent valid taxa. These similarities also allowed the use of PFG in clinical diagnosis for rapid and accurate typing of patient isolates.     

精确农业导论

不管农田固有的空间差异,采用单一方法进行管理,是当前普遍采用的一种传统管理方式。由于农业机械化的需要,地块越来越大,这就使这种管理方式的弊端日趋严重。精确农业（ｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ ｆａｒｍｉｎｇ）是在信息技术支撑下的一种新型管理方式,它可以使经营者更深刻地理解和精确地控制农场的生产状况。精确农业的核心是对变化因素进行管理。最明显的变化因素有三个：空间（ｓｐａｔｉａｌ）、时间（ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌ）和预     

Marine phytoplankton vary in their response to chlorinated hydrocarbons

Photosynthesis and growth in cultures of four marine phytoplankton species, isolated from different oceanic environments, were affected by three chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, dieldrin, and endrin) to varying extents. This ranged from complete insensitivity in Dunaliella to toxicity at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 part per billion of the pesticides in Cyclotella. Other forms were intermediate in their response.     

咸宁市园林绿地中观赏芳香植物的应用现状及分析

芳香植物兼有香料植物、药用植物及观赏植物等多种属性,为拓宽芳香植物在园林景观中的应用形式及范围,建设咸宁"香城"的同时满足人们对园林景观设计上的需求,在调查咸宁城区四类园林绿地中观赏芳香植物种类及应用情况的基础上,对咸宁城区园林建设中观赏芳香植物应用存在的问题进行分析,并提出相应的对策,以便对观赏芳香植物开展进一步的研究,拓宽其应用领域。     

福州市居住区植物群落特征及配置方式分析

为进一步了解福州居住区植物群落的特征及配置状况,对福州市4个典型居住区中庚国际华府、三盛托斯卡纳、大儒世家朗园、三盛国际公园的植物群落特征及配置状况进行了调查与分析。结果表明：植物群落的植物组成有59科、112属、140种。其中乔木共有71种、灌木种共有41种、藤本4种、草本25种(含蕨类1种)。群落各生活型植物占总种数的比例分别为: 常绿乔木50.71%,落叶乔木12.14%,常绿灌木29.28%,木质藤本2.85%,草本17.85%。样地群落中常绿乔灌木植物生活型的种类均较丰富,但落叶树种及藤本应用较少,群落层次不够丰富,景观季相变化不明显,配置方式单一,景观雷同缺乏特色。     

气候和生境异质性对华北地区植物生活型分布格局的影响

[目的]明确气候和生境异质性对华北地区植物生活型分布格局的影响。[方法]根据Raunkiaer生活型分类系统对华北地区30个自然保护区的植物物种丰富度进行统计,分析华北地区不同生活型植物的物种丰富度分布格局,并采用SPSS软件对物种丰富度和环境因子进行回归分析。[结果]华北地区生活型谱以高位芽植物为主(46.04%),其次是隐芽植物(41.40%)和地面芽植物(32.86%),地上芽植物和1年生植物比较贫乏。回归分析表明华北地区植物物种丰富度主要受生境异质性和气候因子的共同影响:高位芽植物物种丰富度与海拔高差和最冷月均温相关,地上芽植物、地面芽植物以及隐芽植物物种丰富度均只与海拔高差相关,1年生植物物种丰富度与各因子的相关性都较小。[结论]海拔高差是华北地区不同生活型植物物种丰富度的主要影响因子,即生境异质性是影响华北地区植物生活型物种丰富度空间分布格局的主要因素。     

粤东柿品种资源表型多样性研究

本文调查了潮州地区柿品种资源,以枝、叶、花、果、种等部位的 154个形态为研究指标,对8个代表种进行多样性分析。结果显示：潮州柿品种表型性状表现丰富,有明显的形态多样性。果实变异程度要高于叶片和花的变异程度,果实性状对潮州柿资源种质鉴定起到关键作用。八个柿品种的果实大小在45-120 g,变异系数达0.40。聚类分析将8种柿划分为四大类,第一大类为水柿、牛心柿和红柿1,第二大类两种野山柿;第三大类是大红柿和红柿2;第四大类为晚柿。说明潮州柿资源具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,为今后柿种质资源利用提供理论依据。     

Genetic diversity analysis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plantago ovata</Emphasis> and some of its wild allies using RAPD markers

Plantago ovata, commonly called as the 'desert Indian wheat' is a cultivated and economically important plant of the genus Plantago, a large genus containing ~200 species. It yields Psyllium (Isabgol) which has several health benefits and applications in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. In view of the genetic uniformity, detection of variability has remained a challenge in this species as the plant lacks inherent variability and has a narrow genetic base. During the present study, Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to determine genetic relationship and detect whatever little hidden variation exists in this species and some of its wild allies. Limited genetic variability was observed in P. ovata whereas; extensive genetic variability was seen in its wild allies. The genetic distances among different accessions of P. ovata and different species of Plantago, were used to generate a dendrogram.