Water holding effect of subalpine dark coniferous forest soil in Gongga Mountain, China

由于土壤性质和腐殖质含量的不同,土壤的含水量并不能很好地说明是否适宜植物的生长。本研究以土壤PF(表示土壤的水分状态,与植物的生长发育有密切关系的数值)为主要研究依据,将土壤含水率和PF联系起来,定量研究了贡嘎山地区亚高山暗针叶林不同演替阶段土壤的含水率与PF值之间的相互作用关系。研究结果表明:①在相同的PF时,随着暗针叶林演替的进展,土壤腐殖质层的含水率逐渐增加,即过熟林>成熟林>中龄林>幼龄林。②随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重增加,含水率减小,但各植被演替阶段之间土壤含水率差异并不显著。③植被不同演替系列主要是通过提高其土壤有机质含量,改善土壤结构,降低土壤容重和增加土壤毛管孔隙度等土壤物理特性,改善土壤的蓄水和持水性能。④本区暗针叶林土壤腐殖质层涵养水源作用最为明显。图1表2参15。     

Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Forest Ecosystem in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River -Case Study on Gongga Mountain

The deforestation on large scale in the upper reaches of Yangtze River has caused serious problems of ecosystem and environment. Restoration of the degenerated forest ecosystems is one of the main research fields. Taking Gongga Mountain as an example, degeneration features and existing problems of forest ecosystems are analyzed in this paper, and the measures are also proposed.     

贡嘎山东坡林地土壤低吸力段持水特性及其影响因素分析

以贡嘎山东坡几种森林类型为例,采集林地原状土以减压法测定土壤低吸力段持水曲线,进行幂函数模拟和计算分形维数。结果表明:该地区针叶混交过熟林、冷杉成熟林林地的土壤在低吸力段,各吸力值含水量高,其持水性能有利于森林水文功能的发挥和林木的生长;而次生林,尤其是次生针叶纯林林地的土壤持水性能差。幂函数对研究区土壤低吸力段的持水曲线模拟较好,新指标—分形维数的计算结果充分反映了土壤低吸力段持水性与土壤的结构、质地、有机质含量等因素的关系,为森林水文生态研究提供了新的方法。     

Influence of soil organic matter contents on soil water characteristics of forests on east slope of Gongga Mountain

By testing soil organic matter （SOM） contents, soil water contents （SWC） within low suctions, and saturated infiltration rates of samples taken from east slope of Gongga Mountain of China, the enhancive effects of SOM contents on SWC within low suctions and saturated infiltration rates were quantified. The simulated functions might be applied on regional experience forest-hydrology model. The improving function of protecting forest floor and increasing SOM contents on forest ecosystem hydrological effects were also embodied.     

土壤温度和水分对长白山3种温带森林土壤呼吸的影响

为了研究土壤温度和土壤含水量对阔叶红松林(山地暗棕壤)、云冷杉暗针叶林(山地棕针叶林土壤)和岳桦林(生草森林土)的土壤呼吸的影响,于2001年9月在长白山进行了土壤实验。利用增加土壤样柱的含水量,将土壤含水量分为9%,、21%、30%、37%和43%5个等级,土壤样品分别在0、5、15、25和35的温度下保持24小时。阔叶红松林土壤在0~35范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关。在一定的含水量范围内(21%~37%),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低。土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用。不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林.红松阔叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35,含水量37%;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25,21%;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35,含水量37%。但是,由于长白山阔叶红松林,云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4~5,所以野外所测的同期的山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率。图2表1参25。     

Assessing stand structure in successional stages of dark coniferous forests in western Sichuan,China

Subalpine dark coniferous forests in the western Sichuan Province of China play an important role in the hydrological processes in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Second-growth forests, with different stand successional stages, have developed as a result of logging over the past 50 years. Forest cover and stand structure changed greatly with concomitant degradation of forest ecosystem functions. To understand how the stand structures of the second-growth forests change during the stand succession process, we analyzed stand structure characteristics and an old-growth state index of the bamboo and moss-forest types. We found that stand structure at the young successional stage featured one-third of the structure characteristics of the old-growth dark coniferous forests,while the structure of the medium-aged stage had reached half the structure of the old-growth state. The two forest types were similar in the rate of development at the young successional stage but differed at the medium-aged stage;the moss-forest type had more advanced development than the bamboo-forest type at the medium-aged successional stage.     

不同植被类型蛾类及植物相似性分析

对紫金山不同植被类型植物种类及蛾类群落结构、时空动态进行了调查,运用jaccard相似性分析方法对不同植被类型植物种类、蛾类种的相似性进行了分析,并在植物及蛾类的相似性之间进行了分析探讨。结果表明：紫金山植物种类丰富,植物分布特别是草本植物分布对环境有较强的依赖性。蛾类种亦丰富,有蛾类28科494种,各植被类型植物种类与蛾类种、数量呈正相关,生态环境及植物群落的差异是导致紫金山蛾类群落结构差别的主要因素;紫金山蛾类多食性种较多。紫金山针阔混交林和阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林亲缘关系较近,验证了紫金山针阔混交林是由针叶林衰退的基础上自然演替或是人工干预发展而成的,最后将演替成含有常绿成份的落叶阔叶林,各植被类型处于演替的不同阶段,竹林受人为干扰最大。     

不同森林植被类型蛾类群落结构及其多样性研究

为揭示不同森林植被类型鳞翅目蛾类昆虫群落的结构状态和功能,评价不同植物群落的生态稳定性,于2007～2008年对紫金山主要植被类型蛾类昆虫种类、种群密度、分布及发生规律进行了调查;对不同植被类型、不同季节、整体时间动态的蛾类昆虫进行了多样性方面的分析研究.结果表明:紫金山共有蛾类13总科28科355属494种,阔叶林蛾...     

南京紫金山春季蛾类多样性研究

采用灯诱的方法对紫金山4种不同植被类型鳞翅目蛾类资源进行了调查.共收集蛾类1182只,隶属于9总科、21科、155属176种.应用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度、优势度、相似性系数等分析了紫金山不同植被类型蛾类的多样性.结果表明:紫金山阔叶林蛾类多样性较高,种类较丰富;针阔混交林、针叶林、竹林等植物群落正处于演替的某个中间阶段.蛾类多样性指数不受均匀度影响.植物群落及生态环境的差异是导致蛾类群落结构差别的主要因素.蛾类可作为环境变化的指示物种.     

Variation in litter decomposition-temperature relationships between coniferous and broadleaf forests in Huangshan Mountain,China

A study was conducted to identify the differences in the decompositions of leaf litter, lignin and carbohydrate between coniferous forest and broadleaf forest at 20℃ and 30℃ in Huangshan Mountain, Anhui Province, China. Results showed that at 20℃ mass loss of leaf litter driven by microbial decomposers was higher in broadleaf forest than that in coniferous forest, whereas the difference in mass loss of leaf litter was not significant at 30℃. The temperature increase did not affect the mass loss of leaf litter for coniferous forest treatment, but significantly reduced the decomposition rate for broadleaf forest treatment. The functional decomposers of microorganism in broadleaf forest produced a higher lignin decomposition rate at 20℃, compared to that in coniferous forest, but the difference in lignin decomposition was not found between two forest types at 30℃. Improved temperature increased the lignin decomposition for both broadleaf and coniferous forest. Additionally, the functional group of microorganism from broadleaf forest showed marginally higher carbohydrate loss than that from coniferous forest at both temperatures. Temperature increase reduced the carbohydrate decomposition for broadleaf forest, while only a little reduce was found for coniferous forest. Remarkable differences occurred in responses between most enzymes （Phenoloxidase, peroxidase, !5-glucosidase and endocellulase） and decomposition rate of leaf litter to forest type and temperature, although there exist strong relationships between measured enzyme activities and decomposition rate in most cases. The reason is that more than one enzyme contribute to the mass loss of leaf litter and organic chemical components. In conclusion, at a community scale the coniferous and broadleaf forests differed in their temperature-decomposition relationships.     

退化森林生态系统人工针叶林恢复对鸟类群落的影响

2005-2006年夏季在河北塞罕坝地区运用固定样线法对退化森林生态系统人工针叶林恢复形成的40年生人工针叶林鸟类群落进行调查,并同自然恢复形成的天然落叶阔叶林和天然针阔混交林进行比较.共记录鸟类39种.分别隶属于8目17科.结果表明:人工针叶林恢复对退化森林生态系统鸟类群落具有重要影响;人工针叶林鸟类物种数为(4.14±0.60)种·hm-2,密度为(26.21±7.64)只·hm-2,均高于或显著高于(P=0.018)天然阔叶林,且密度与天然混交林无显著差异(P=0.902),人工针叶林中的沼泽山雀和黄眉柳莺的密度有了显著提高,分别从(2.78±0.67)只·hm-2和(1.21±0.45)只·hm-2增加到(13.57±5.58)只·hm.(P=0.027)和(5.95 4-1.56)只·hm-2(P=0.009,0.002),但人工针叶林鸟类群落物种多样性值(H')较小(0.98 4-0.10)、均匀度(J)显著较低(0.73 ±0.04)(P=0.003,0.045);在鸟类4个取食集团中,人工针叶林有2个取食集团的物种组成与自然恢复无显著差异,但密度却有较大的变化,人工针叶林可以显著提高食虫鸟的密度(P=0.041),但杂食鸟和食谷鸟密度均显著低于天然混交林(P=0.007,0.002).     

卧龙自然保护区植物生长季节森林土壤水分状况

本文于1981－1984年植物生长季节对四川卧龙自然保护区森林土壤水分状况，进行了定位研究，试验林地设置在1200－4300m海拔高度的不同生物气候带的森林类型下。选择的五处试验林地是：①常绿阔叶林下的山地黄壤；②次生落叶阔叶林下的山地棕壤；③针阔混交林下的山地暗棕壤；④暗针叶林下的山地棕色暗针叶林土；⑤高山草甸植被下的高山草甸土。试验结果阐明了试验林地土壤的蓄水性能，枯枝落叶层最大蓄36-313t/ha，森林土壤的渗透系数在1．54－5．33mm/min，试验林地生长季节森林土壤水分贮量，都在最佳含水量下限以下，试验林地森林土壤水分供给（生态湿度）顺序为：山地棕色暗针叶林土（重湿）＞高山草甸土（重温）＞山地棕壤（湿）＞山地黄壤（较湿）＞山地暗棕壤（较湿一潮）。     

天目山森林生物多样性的生态学特征及其保续

概括地介绍了天目山森林类型、分布、区系及其地理起源，表明了天目山森林生物多样性及其南北过渡的特征；文章进一步阐述了天目山森林生物多样性的生态学特征，从物种的变异和适应，系统组成结构的复杂性（食物链和食物网），达到协同进化、稳定发展并对人类生存的环境、社会、经济、文化诸方面，产生着有益的影响；为维护天目山森林生物的多样性及其生态系统的多种功能，除加强管理、重视保护外，可应用遥感技术，按地形和森林外貌等特点，将天目山划分为若干功能小区，进行科技研究和经营管理，使其能持续发展，增强功能，提高效益。     

冰砬山森林生态系统服务及其价值研究

该研究基于辽宁省冰砬山森林生态系统定位研究站建站5年来的定位、连续观测数据和辽宁省冰砬山森林资源清查数据（2005年）,应用林业行业标准,评估了冰砬山森林生态系统服务功能及其价值。结果表明：辽宁冰砬山森林生态系统服务功能的总价值为4.02亿元/a,森林提供的价值平均为6.33万元（/hm2.a）。各项服务功能总价值依序为保育土壤〉固碳制氧〉涵养水源〉生物多样性保护〉净化大气环境〉积累营养物质〉森林游憩。生态系统服务功能总价值依序为落叶松〉柞树〉红松〉花曲柳〉油松〉樟子松〉胡桃楸〉椴树〉色树〉桦树〉水曲柳〉榆树〉云杉〉怀槐〉柳树〉杨树〉经济林〉刺槐〉赤松〉黄波罗,其中落叶松和柞树两种森林类型占总价值的71.42%。冰砬山森林生态系统为本地区的生态安全与服务社会发挥了重要作用。     

中国贡嘎山东坡亚高山针叶林不同林型土壤团聚特征及生态环境效应

Structural properties of forest soils have important hydro-ecological function and can influence the soil water-physical characters and soil erosion.The experimental soil samples were obtained in surface horizon (0-10cm) from different subalpine forest types on east slope of Gongga Mountain in the upriver area of Yangtze River China in May 2002.The soil bulk density,porosity,stable infiltration rate,aggregate distribution and particle-size distribution were analyzed by the routine methods in room,and the features and effects on eco-environment of soil aggregation were studied.The results showed that the structure of soil under mixed mature forest is in the best condition and can clearly enhance the eco-environmental function of soil,and the soil structure under the clear-cutting forest is the worst,the others are ranked between them.The study results can offer a basic guidance for the eco-environmental construction in the upper reaches of Yangtze River.     

滇西北重要生态系统分布特征研究

基于滇西北区域林地变更成果、高分辨率卫星影像等数据,采用影像判读确定滇西北区域的重要生态系统类型,采用随机抽样方法对初步成果进行实地验证。结果表明：滇西北重要生态系统总面积为4 494 278.26 hm²,占滇西北土地总面积的76.96%,其中暖温性针叶林生态系统占比最大为23.10%,在滇西北各县均有分布;香格里拉市分布的重要生态系统面积最大,寒温性针叶林、温凉性针叶林和高寒山地硬叶常绿阔叶林生态系统主要分布于香格里拉市;纳入保护地的重要生态系统面积占滇西北重要生态系统面积的77.32%。     

山地森林土壤渗滤液化学组成及生物活动强度的研究

研究工作在卧龙自然保护区(北纬30°45′—31°25′,东经102°52′—103°24′)海拔1200—4300m垂直带中的五块试验林地上进行。五块试验林地是:(1)中亚热带以壳斗科和樟科为主的常绿阔叶林下的山地黄壤试验林地(海拔1200m);(2)具有暖温带气候特征的次生椴、槭落叶阔叶林下的山地棕壤试验林地(海拔2000m);(3)具有温带气候特征的铁杉、槭、桦针阔混交林下山地暗棕壤试验林地(海拔2500m);(4)具有寒温带气候特征的暗针叶岷江冷杉林下的山地棕色暗针叶林土试验林地(海拔3300m);(5)具有亚寒带气候特征的高山草甸植被下的高山草甸土试验林地(海拔4300)。     

Changes in species composition and diversity in the restoration process of sub-alpine dark brown coniferous forests in western Sichuan Province, China

By adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time, we analyzed the dynamics of species composition and diversity of different restoration sequences (20, 30, 40, 50 years) in two secondary forest types in western Sichuan Province, distributed in a northerly or northwesterly direction. The analysis was based on the results of measurements of 50 plots located at elevations between 3100–3600 m. The forests originated from natural regeneration in combination with reforestation of spruce when the old-growth bamboo-dark brown coniferous forests and moss-dark brown coniferous old growth forests were harvested. Similar old-growth dark brown coniferous forests at ages ranging between 160 and 200 years were selected as the reference forests for comparisons. We recorded 167 species of vascular plants from 44 families and 117 genera. There was no significant difference in terms of the number of species among secondary forests. But the importance values of dominant species varied during the restoration processes. The dominant species in the secondary forests is Betula albo-sinensis, while Abies faxoniana is the dominant species in old-growth dark brown coniferous forests. Species richness increased significantly with restoration processes. It increased quickly in secondary forests during the period from 30 to 40 years, but decreased significantly in the old-growth dark brown coniferous forests. The species richness among growth forms decreased in the following order: herb layer > shrub layer > tree layer. The maximum value of the evenness index occurred in secondary forests at age 40 and remained relatively stable in the bamboo-birch forests, but the evenness index tended to decrease in moss-birch forests and slightly increased in the old-growth mossdark brown coniferous forests. There was a statistically significant difference in the eveness index between the tree and shrub layers as well as between the tree layer and the herb layer, but there was no significant difference between the shrub layer and the herb layer. The value of the Shannon index increased over restoration time. In bamboo-birch forests, the maximum value of the Shannon index was 3.80, recorded at age 50. In moss-birch forests, the maximal value was 3.65, reached in this forest at age 30. The value of the Shannon index of old-growth dark brown coniferous forests was recorded between younger secondary and older secondary forests. The value of the dominance index of communities varied. At the first stage of restoration, it increased, and at the end it was decreased. The dominance index of the tree layer had a similar trend as that of the community dominance index, but was more variable. The minimum value of the dominance index of the tree layer in the moss-birch forests reached 20 years earlier than that of the bamboo-birch forests. There was a significant difference among restoration sequences in the α diversity indices except for the dominance index. No significant differences between the two secondary forest types were detected. Over age, the value of the Bray-Curtis index between secondary forest and old-growth dark brown coniferous forest increased. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(5): 17–23 [译自: 林业科学]     

祁连山森林健康状况初步调查分析

应用森林健康理论,分析祁连山森林生态系统存在着森林面积减少,森林生态系统活力下降,服务功能降低,维护系统的外部输入增加,系统经营管理选择单一,对邻近系统的破坏加大等健康受损症状.藉此,提出加快山区生态建设,增强森林生态系统稳定性和抵抗自然灾害的能力,加强林政执法队伍建设管理,建立健全森林资源监测体系,加快退化林地和草原植被恢复进程等保护和恢复祁连山森林健康的策略.     

河北省小五台山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

对河北小五台山国家级自然保护区的森林生态系统服务功能价值进行了评估。结果表明：小五台山自然保护区森林生态系统服务总价值29 532.29万元/a,其中间接经济价值28 753.38万元/a,占总价值的97.36%。其直接经济价值778.91万元/a,占总价值的2.64%。直接经济价值与间接经济价值的比值是1：36.91。由此可见,小五台山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能间接价值的重要性。所以,保存森林的价值决不仅仅是木材价值上的保护,更重要的是森林生态系统服务功能间接价值的保护。