Deciduous and deciduous—evergreen forests in Northeast China

Two types of forests in Northeast China is divided in this paper, that is, the deciduous forests in the northern part and the deciduous—evergreen forests in the eastern part. Both distributions of the two types of forests have also been presented. Meanwhile, the development and succession as well as components of forests have been studied in detail. In the end, the vertical distribution of the deciduous forests have been shown, in which, the near—temperate cold temperate deciduous coniferous forests are distributing in the low elevation area between 450m—600m from the north to the south, the typical Siberian cold temperate deciduous coniferous forests are widely distributing from 450m–820m in the north to 600m-1050m in the south, the humid cold temperate deciduous coniferous forests can only be found in high elevation area from 820m–1100m in the north to 1050m–1380m in the south, the cold temperate deciduous coniferous open forests can seldom appear at the top of a few peaks.     

两广地区主要森林类型的年土壤呼吸及空间分布研究

研究根据广东和广西(两广)地区森林类型分布图、主要森林类型的年土壤呼吸数据库以及中国日值格点气温、降水数据,建立线性模型预测两广地区主要森林类型的年土壤呼吸速率和年土壤呼吸通量。结果表明,两广地区主要森林类型年土壤呼吸速率为常绿阔叶林864.18 gC/m~2/yr>其他森林811.03 gC/m~2/yr>针叶林791.43 gC/m~2/yr>灌木林780.18 gC/m~2/yr>落叶阔叶林758.80 gC/m~2/yr>竹林731.49 gC/m~2/yr>针阔混交林684.91 gC/m~2/yr。两广地区森林年土壤呼吸通量为204.41 TgC/yr,其中常绿阔叶林最大,为77.41 TgC/yr,针叶林次之,为56.81 TgC/yr,具体为常绿阔叶林>针叶林>灌木林>落叶阔叶林>针阔混交林>竹林>其他森林,顺序与各种森林类型面积大小一致。各森林类型的土壤呼吸通量主要与森林面积有关,森林面积越大土壤呼吸通量越大。     

中国不同地带性森林乔木叶片热值特征及其影响因素

[Objective]To study the leaf calorific value of different forest types.[Method]This study focused on four common forest types widely distributed across China, including boreal coniferous forest, warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and tropical monsoon forest. The leaf calorific values of 175 dominant (or common) tree species were measured. The leaf calorific value characteristics of the trees found in the different forest types were analyzed, and the primary factors affecting leaf calorific value were investigated, including leaf morphological traits, nutrient elements, climate, and soil traits. [Result]The results showed that in these forest types, the leaf calorific values ranged from 14.84 to 21.98 KJ·g^-1, with an overall mean of 19.06 KJ·g^-1. The presence of organisms appeared to affect the leaf calorific value, which differed among forest types as follows: coniferous trees > broadleaf trees or evergreen trees > deciduous trees. [Conclusion]The latitudinal pattern of tree leaf calorific value, ordered from north to south, is as follows: warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest > subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest > tropical mountain rainforest. The mean leaf calorific value of boreal coniferous forest was slightly lower than those of warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. The leaf calorific values were significantly correlated with leaf carbon content (R²= 0.89, P<0.001). A multiple regression equation was established to describe the relationships among leaf calorific value, leaf carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf thickness.     

无量山自然保护区南段4种森林类型的林地土壤特性研究

对设于云南省无量山自然保护区南段(景东段)常绿落叶阔叶混交林、中山湿性常绿阔叶林、山顶苔藓矮林、温凉性针叶林4种森林类型的10块监测样地的土壤进行了调查研究,结果表明:4种森林类型的林地土壤类型主要是黄棕壤、棕壤;其土壤的物理性状存在差异;10块样地土壤的有机质、有效氮、有效钾含量丰富,而全磷、有效磷的含量及盐基饱和度较低。在4种森林类型中,温凉性针叶林的林地土壤为砂壤,肥力较其它3种森林类型的林地土壤低。其他3种森林类型林地的土壤肥力没有较大的差异。     

中国热带次生林分布、类型与面积研究

热带林的保护问题已受到世界各国的高度重视,由于占世界热带林面积约三分之一的热带次生林,其经济和生态效益通常较差,处于相对被忽视的状态,因此也往往被进一步破坏。将次生林经营纳入可持续经营的轨道,是实现热带林可持续经营目标的重要战略。通过对中国热带森林研究、经营和统计资料的分析,结合本项目实施过程的实地调研取得的结果,文章对中国热带地区次生林分布、面积和类型作了阐述。热带森林主要分布在海南、广东、广西、云南、台湾,以及福建和西藏的部分地区,包括124个县市的全部和50个县市的部分地区。据可认可的资料统计,中国热带林地面积（不含台湾省）约1125．66万hm^2。其中有林地面积1074．49万hm^2,次生林面积544万hm^2。次生林占热带地区林地面积的48．33％,占有林地总面积的50．63％。中国热带林地和次生林的实际数字估计要比这一数值大6％以上,因为中国这几年高度重视林业建设,森林植被特别是热带森林植被恢复得很快,林地和次生林一直在不断增加。热带森林类型主要有：热带雨林（包括湿润雨林、山地雨林）;热带季雨林（包括半常绿季雨林、落叶季雨林、石灰岩季雨林）;南海珊瑚岛植被;海岸红树林等。从森林经理的角度,中国热带次生林的类型可分为：（1）次生阔叶林,包括次生常绿阔叶雨林、次生季雨林和次生季风常绿阔叶林;（2）次生灌木林;（3）次生针叶林;（4）次生红树林及次生珊瑚岛林等四大类型。     

Compression and overlap of unique vegetation system of subtropical mountain resembling tropical and temperate forests along elevation

The purpose of this study was to investigate how forests on subtropical mountains, which resembled tropical and temperate forests, were assembled, and to examine the compression and overlap of vegetations. We established 344 sample plots (400 m²) located at different altitudinal gradients ranging from 16 to 3,500 m above sea level (ASL) in Hsueshan Range northern Taiwan. Vegetation types were classified by TWINSPAN and the results of DCA were used to analyze the changes in vegetation types along elevation. Vegetation I was composed of the species of Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, and Rubiaceae, which were taxa of tropical floristic elements, and the extent of this vegetation was limited below 1,500 m ASL. Vegetation II was defined into two subtypes, which were distributed from 1,000 to 2,500 m ASL, and were composed predominantly of Chamaecyparis and Tsuga, respectively. Our data also revealed that vegetation II contained co-dominants of species from families Lauraceae and Fagaceae. Moreover, evergreen broadleaved trees similar to tropical mountain forests were found to have narrower altitudinal ranges on subtropical mountains, whereas coniferous forests resembled temperate areas and were characterized by endemic conifer species. Vegetation III, from 2,500 to 3,500 m ASL, was characterized by endemic conifer species, Abies and Tsuga. Interestingly, deciduous forest was almost absent in this area and Fagus was the only tree type on a small mountain ridge. Data obtained from this study will help in raising conservation awareness for subtropical mountains since unique patterns of compression and overlap characteristics of tropical and temperate resembling forests were evident.     

山西省太岳山森林的保护价值分析

太岳山地处我国重要的黄土高原—川滇生态屏障的核心区域,是我国中部华北平原进入山西高原的要道和我国华北暖温带落叶阔叶林与温带草原的过渡带上森林生态系统保存最为完好的地区之一,包括拥有我国保存最为完好的油松和辽东栎天然林,太岳山林区是山西省中南部乃至华北生态安全的重要屏障之一。该地域不论从我国华北地区自然保护还是森林生态系统研究的角度,都是具有重大的保护和研究价值。     

岷江上游亚高山暗针叶林的生物量碳密度

利用森林资源连续清查的样地数据,基于生物量与蓄积量之间的关系模型,估测岷江上游亚高山暗针叶林地上部分生物量碳密度、碳密度年增长率及其随林龄、海拔和坡向变化的分布规律.结果表明:岷江上游暗针叶林的成熟林、过熟林生物量碳密度较高,中龄林、幼龄林生物量碳密度较低,成熟林、过熟林生物量碳密度高于全国平均水平,而中龄林和近熟林低于全国平均水平,幼龄林与全国平均水平相近;中龄林生物量碳密度年增长率最大,为1.3%,其次为过熟林,生物量碳密度年增长率为0.8%,幼龄林生物量碳密度年增长率最小,为0.7%;海拔3600～3800m处生物量碳密度最大,明显高于其他海拔区段;海拔3000～3400m处生物量碳密度年增长率最高,为1.03%;半阴坡和半阳坡的生物量碳密度高且年增长率最大,其次是阴坡,阳坡生物量碳密度低,年增长率最小;过去20多年,岷江上游暗针叶林生物量碳密度呈现逐年增加的趋势,1997-2002年,生物量碳密度年平均增长率为1.15%,高于其他调查期间碳密度年增长率.     

Ecology of Armillaria species in managed forests and plantations in Serbia

The distribution of Armillaria species was investigated in Serbian forest ecosystems, in relation to the main host species attacked, forest‐types, geography and altitude. In total, 388 isolates were identified from 36 host species in 47 sites. Armillaria gallica was the most commonly observed species with the widest distribution and with an altitudinal range of 70–1450 m, it was the dominating Armillaria species in lowland alluvial forests and in Quercus and Fagus forests at higher elevations. Armillaria mellea occurred in Quercus spp. – dominated forests in the north and central regions at 70–1050 m. Sixty‐eight per cent of the A. mellea isolates were collected from living hosts, most commonly in declining conifer plantations. Armillaria ostoyae was distributed in the cooler coniferous forest types and plantations in the Dinaric Alps in the south of Serbia, at 850–1820 m. Armillaria cepistipes was found in the eastern and southern hilly and mountainous regions of the country, at 600–1900 m. Most isolates were obtained from conifers and rhizomorphs in the soil around decaying stumps. Armillaria tabescens was found only on dead oak material in the northern and eastern regions of the country at altitudes lower than 600 m.     

National assessment of the fragmentation, accessibility and anthropogenic pressure on the forests in Mexico

Forest managers and policy makers increasingly demand to have access to estimates of forest fragmentation,human accessibility to forest areas and levels of anthropogenic pressure on the remaining forests to integrate them into monitoring systems,management and conservation plans.Forest fragmentation is defined as the breaking up of a forest unit,where the number of patches and the amount of expose edge increase while the amount of core area decreases.Forest fragmentation studies in Mexico have been limited to local or regional levels and have concentrated only on specific forest types.This paper presents an assessment of the fragmentation of all forest types at the national level,their effective proximity to anthropogenic influences,and the development of an indicator of anthropogenic pressure on the forests areas.Broadleaf forests,tropical evergreen forests and tropical dry deciduous forests show the greatest fragmentation.Almost half(47%) of the tropical forests are in close effective proximity to anthropogenic influences and only 12% of their area can be considered isolated from anthropogenic influences.The values for the temperate forests are 23% and 29% respectively.Anthropogenic pressure in the immediate vicinity of anthropogenic activities is much higher in the tropical forests(75 in a scale 0-100) than in the temperate forests(30).When considering these results jointly,the tropical forests,and more specifically,the tropical evergreen forests and tropical dry deciduous forests are under the greatest pressure and risks of degradation.     

贵州麻江森林健康经营项目示范区森林植被类型初步分析

项目示范区的森林属于次生林,调查分析结果表明该示范区的植被类型比较齐全,有西南米槠-黄连木-锈鳞苔草常绿阔叶林、漆树＋美脉琼楠＋大花枇杷-蚊母树＋高丛珍珠梅＋鸢尾常绿落叶阔叶林、白栎＋麻栎＋枫香-芒箕落叶阔叶林、马尾松＋白栎＋枫香＋油桐-白栎针阔混交林、马尾松和杉木针叶林、白栎-金星厥灌丛.     

丽江老君山国家公园植物景观资源的开发与保护

党的十八届三中全会提出划定生态保护红线的战略决策,建立国家公园体制是一项与生态红线相关的重要任务。建立国家公园体制的根本出发点是对资源的有效保护与合理利用,其中植物景观资源的开发与保护占据着十分重要的地位。据此,以丽江老君山国家公园为例,就寒温性针叶林、寒温性杜鹃矮林、落叶阔叶林、亚高山草甸4个最能反映该地区植物景观资源特色的植被类型,提出生态观光旅游、科考旅游、休闲旅游以及就地保护和保育景观资源,实施植物恢复工程等开发与保护策略。     

论北部原始林区的野生兽类组成及分布

北部原始林区是中国集中连片、面积最大、保存最为完好的寒温带针叶林原始林区,是欧亚泰加林带东西伯利亚泰加林在我国境内唯一延伸部分。经过20多年的休养生息,北部原始林区野生兽类呈显著增长态势,从而结合2018年北部原始林区野生动物调查情况和过往的文献资料,归纳出北部原始林区野生兽类资源的组成和分布状况。     

陕西省长江流域生态地貌功能分区与评价

采用１０个主要生物气候指标，结合地形地貌及相的地带性植被和地带性土壤，对陕西省长江流域３１个县（市）进行动态聚类综合分析，本区可归并为２个森林植物气候带，５个生态地貌功能区。即：低山丘陵区北亚热带常绿落叶阔叶林生物气候区，包括安康盆地，汉中盆地，热暖温带针阔混交林、针叶林生物气候区；包括秦岭南坡东部中山，低山区，秦岭南坡中、西部中、高山区和巴山北坡中山、低山。各生态地貌功能区的生物气候特征明显，符     

秦岭植被景观多样性与物种梯度分析

秦岭植被景观类型丰富,具有过渡性和复杂性特点,植被垂直分带明显,在分析秦岭植被景观空间分布格局的基础上,利用植被景观多样性指数,分析了秦岭山地植被景观的数量统计特征与海拔的变化关系;利用基于GIS的梯度分析方法,分析了秦岭的植被与海拔梯度的关系,得到秦岭不同植被景观类型的斑块数、分布范围、植被分布的高度均值和标准差,并以太白山为例,对太白山植物种进行了梯度分析。结果表明:秦岭各植被型的多样性指数Simpson指数D、Shannon-wiener指数H′和均匀度指数基本上呈相同的变化趋势,随着海拔的增加,呈波浪式的变化趋势,自然植被在海拔1 325 m、1 500 m和2 930 m时出现峰值。乔木的多样性指数在海拔1 500 m和2 930 m时达到最大值,在海拔1 200~1 470 m和1 600~2 650 m左右处,乔木的多样性指数值较小,但均匀度指数却较高;灌木的多样性指数在海拔1 325 m时达到最大值;草本的多样性指数呈波浪式上升的趋势,海拔2 400 m和3 500 m左右处有2个峰值。随着海拔高度的增加,太白山依次出现温带草丛→温带落叶灌丛→温带落叶阔叶林→亚热带针叶林→亚热带和热带山地针叶林→草甸→高寒草甸等植被类型,并随海拔的升高,依次出现相应的植物种。     

Factors affecting nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest trees in Catalonia (NE Spain)

Although some studies have observed significant correlations between latitude and climate gradients and tree leaf nutrient concentration and stoichiometry, others have not. This study examined the nutrient concentrations of tree leaves in 3530 plots of the Catalonian Forest Inventory. Catalonia is a Mediterranean region located in NE Iberian Peninsula. It has a long land-use history and includes the large industrial-urban area of Barcelona but still contains a large forest area (42%). In the forests of Catalonia, leaf nutrient concentration increased and leaf C:nutrient ratios decreased from south to north, which paralleled the increase in MAP (mean annual precipitation) and the decrease in MAT (mean annual temperature), which was expected in a Mediterranean climate where the availability of water is the most limiting factor for plant nutrient uptake. In addition, the availability of water, which influences productivity, was associated with low leaf N:P content ratios, which is consistent with the Growth Rate Hypothesis. At a regional scale, the results support the Soil-Age Hypothesis because the youngest soils in the Pyrenees had the lowest leaf N:P ratios. Furthermore, the type of forest (evergreen, deciduous, or coniferous) explained some of the variation in leaf nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry. Nutrient concentrations were highest in deciduous trees and lowest in coniferous trees. Leaf nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry were mainly correlated with climate, but other factors such as the chemical properties of soil and rock, phylogenetics, and different ecological histories and anthropogenic factors such as pollution, had an effect.     

Changes in soil properties of Abies holophylla and Quercus-dominated stands 4 years after trenching

Abstract

Few studies tried to isolate the influence of plant roots on the soil characteristics including soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. We evaluated the impact of root trenching on soil characteristics of coniferous (Abies holophylla) and deciduous (Quercus spp.) stands 4 years after trenching. Trenching treatment significantly increased the soil water content and nitrate concentration in both stand types. Soil pH, cation exchange capacity, soil C and N pools and isotopic compositions of C and N were significantly different between two stands, but trenching was not found to have significant impact on these soil properties. Our results indicated that root trenching in coniferous and broad-leaved deciduous forests of temperate region could significantly alter soil moisture regime and inorganic N levels, but not C and N stabilization in soils.     

毛竹林环境因子与一字竹笋象危害关系的研究

１９９１～１９９３年调查发现，一字竹笋象在龙游县年发生面积近０．５４万ｈｍ２，为毛竹林的一种主要笋期害虫，该虫的发生与危害主要在海拔６００ｍ以下的竹林内，阳坡为害重于阴坡，花年竹林明显重于大小年竹林，对竹林垦复可减轻为害程度。     

白河自然保护区生态景观格局变化初步分析

四川省白河自然保护区是目前所知的四川岷山山系川金丝猴种群最大、密度最高、最具有代表性的保护区,对该地区在地震前后的生态景观格局变化进行分析有利于物种资源的保护。本研究基于地理信息系统和遥感数据处理软件平台,结合2008年汶川地震与2017年九寨沟地震发生的关键时间节点,从2003—2018年每隔5年,选取了Landsat5 TM和Landsat8 OLI的遥感影像,利用生态景观格局类型及景观生态指数来分析两次地震前后15年间白河自然保护区在景观水平和斑块类型水平尺度上的生态景观格局的变化情况。结果表明,白河自然保护区景观类型由裸岩、草地/灌木、温带针叶林、针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林5种类型组成。在Fragstats4.2中选取8个景观指数,分别从斑块类型水平和景观水平对保护区生态景观格局变化进行初步分析发现,斑块类型水平上,2003—2018年白河自然保护区的主要景观类型为针阔混交林,其次为温带针叶林和落叶阔叶林,且两次地震均导致主要景观类型所占面积下降,各景观类型斑块数量增多,景观类型平均面积减小,景观的破碎化程度增加;景观水平上,两次地震导致景观多样性降低,景观整体形状趋于复杂,景观空间异质性程度下降,各景观类型面积所占比例的差距增大,整体景观朝着非均衡化方向发展。本研究结果对地震前后的生态环境变化监测,灾后生态恢复重建,以及物种资源尤其是川金丝猴的栖息地保护提供科学的参考依据。     

先秦两汉时期中国北方天然林木分布探究

孢粉、考古及历史文献等资料显示,先秦两汉时期中国北方地区林木分布广泛,种类繁多。春秋以后北方多数地区气温有所波动,树种结构也相应地发生了变化。春秋至东汉时期,东北地区受气候变冷影响,乔木植被中针叶林比率有所增加,落叶阔叶林减少,同时森林分布范围缩小;黄淮海平原地区针、阔叶乔木随气候变化互有消长;黄土高原区未有森林生长,河谷及山地植被以阔叶树种占优的混交林为主。除气候因素外,人类活动也影响着天然植被的变化。受秦汉时期经济、政治、军事等活动的影响,除东北地区天然林木保存较好外,北方其余地区林木破坏较为严重。