中国水牛乳蛋白基因多态性与乳蛋白组成的关联研究

本研究的目的是分析中国水牛乳蛋白基因多态性与乳蛋白组成的关联。通过高效液相色谱法对260头尼里、摩拉和杂交水牛奶样的乳蛋白基因多态性及蛋白组成进行分析测定。结果表明:κ-酪蛋白有BB、AB和AC3种基因型,αs2-酪蛋白和αs1-酪蛋白基因型分别为AA、AB型和AB、BB型,β-酪蛋白有AA和AB 2种基因型,β-乳球蛋白和α-乳白蛋白均仅发现BB型。运用SAS 9.0统计分析多态性与乳蛋白组成的关联后,发现在筛选出的5种κ-αs1-β复合基因型中,BB-AB-AA型与κ-酪蛋白相对含量极显著相关;AB-AB-AA型与αs2-酪蛋白相对含量极显著相关。研究结果表明,水牛乳蛋白存在基因多态性,κ-αs1-β-复合酪蛋白多态性与κ-酪蛋白和αs2-酪蛋白相对含量显著相关。     

中国水牛乳蛋白基因型与酪蛋白胶束粒度的关联研究

本研究旨在分析中国水牛乳蛋白各亚型与乳蛋白粒径的关联。采用反向高效液相色谱法对160头泌乳中期的水牛进行多态性测定,并利用激光粒度仪分析水牛乳蛋白的粒径。结果显示:αs1-酪蛋白(αs1-CN)、β-酪蛋白(β-CN)和α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)存在A型和B型2种基因型,κ-酪蛋白(κ-CN)有A型、B型、C型和D型4种基因型,αs2-酪蛋白(αs2-CN)和β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)没有发现多态性。κ-CN和αs1-CN各亚型在乳蛋白面积平均径(D[3,2])上有显著差异,筛选出的6种αs1-β-κ-CN复合基因型在乳蛋白面积平均径(D[3,2])以及中位径(D50)上差异显著。综上,水牛αs1-β-κ-CN复合基因为AB-BB-AB型以及κ-CN的C等位基因均与乳蛋白粒度存在显著关联。     

α-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白基因型对Murciano-Granadina山羊乳成分的影响

研究结果表明,羊的α-酪蛋白的基因多态性影响乳的品质;但是κ-酪蛋白的基因型是否影响乳的组成还知之甚少。并且α-酪蛋白和K-酪蛋白基因型的交互作用也研究较少。因此,本试验选择89头Murciano-Granadina山羊旨在研究α-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白基因型与乳品质之间的关系。在Murciano-Granadina山羊316 d的泌乳期内,每隔一周测定一次乳产量、总蛋白、乳脂肪、非脂固形物、乳糖、αs1-酪蛋白、αs2-酪蛋白等的含量。结果表明,αs1-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白基因型之间没有交互作用。与κ-酪蛋白的AA基因型相比,κ-酪蛋白的AB和BB基因型显著影响乳中总蛋白和蛋白质分数。并且试验结果与法国在山羊品种上的试验结果不同,本试验结果证明,αs1基因型不影响乳蛋白、酪蛋白和脂肪的含量。生产上当考虑山羊乳的成分时,应对κ-酪蛋白基因型引起足够的重视。     

青海黑白花奶牛乳蛋白的多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对西宁市奶牛场自繁的272头青海黑白花泌乳奶牛乳样的四个乳蛋白多态性系统进行了研究。结果发现α-乳白蛋白位点只有α-LaBB 型,β-乳球蛋白位点有β-LgAA、β-LgAB 和β-LgBB 三型,α_(S1)-酪蛋白位点有α_(S1)-CnBB 和α_(S1)-CnBC 两型,β-酪蛋白位点有β-CnAA 和β-CnAB 两型,同时还对青海黑白花奶牛两个群体之间每一个等位基因的固定指数、遗传相似性和遗传距离进行了讨论。     

慢性子宫内膜炎乳牛的血清蛋白成分分析

用醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳的方法,分析了健康乳牛15例和慢性子宫内膜炎乳牛33例的血清蛋白成分。健康乳牛的血清蛋白成分:白蛋白50.89±1.41,α_1-球蛋白3.08±0.29,α_2-球蛋白9.25±1.08,β-球蛋白12.43±1.61,γ-球蛋白24.63±1.34。白蛋白与球蛋白的比值(A/G)为1.03。卡他性子宫内膜炎乳牛的血清蛋白成分:白蛋白46.71±2.14,α_1-球蛋白6.00±1.74,α_2-球蛋白10.50±2.04,β-球蛋白6.90±1.86,γ-球蛋白10.50±2.79,A/G为0.88;卡他性-脓性子宫内膜炎乳牛的血清蛋白44.08±2.27,α_1-球蛋白5.20±2.99,α_2球蛋白10.01±1.88,β-球蛋白6.20±0.82,γ-球蛋白34.31±3.46,A/G为0.79;脓性子宫内膜炎乳牛的血清白蛋白35.54±2.20,α_1-球蛋白3.50±1.96,α_2-球蛋白8.40±3.04,β-球蛋白7.60±2.43,γ-球蛋白44.96±2.51,A/G为0.55。患慢性子宫内膜炎乳牛的血清白蛋白减少,差异显著(P<0.05),α_1、α_2-球蛋白稍有变化,β-球蛋白显著减少,差异极显著(P<0.01),γ-球蛋白为上升趋势,随着炎症的加深加重而逐渐增高,差异极显著(P<0.01)。查明慢性子宫内膜炎乳牛与健康乳牛血清蛋白成分的差异,有助于本病的诊断及其发病机理的研究。     

奶牛乳蛋白基因多态性研究进展

乳中蛋白质由酪蛋白和乳蛋白组成。酪蛋白包括αs1-酪蛋白(αs1-Casein,αs1-CN)、αs2-酪蛋白(αs2-Casein,αs2-CN)、κ-酪蛋白(κ-Casein,κ-CN)和β-酪蛋白(β-Casein,β-CN)).     

羊乳蛋白质组成及消化特性

应用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和体外模拟消化研究羊乳蛋白质组成和消化特性。结果表明：羊乳蛋白质主要由酪蛋白和乳清蛋白组成,酪蛋白主要由αs1-酪蛋白、αs2-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白组成,在酪蛋白中的相对含量分别为23.10%、30.39%、38.09%和8.42%;乳清蛋白主要由α-乳白蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、乳铁蛋白、血清白蛋白和免疫球蛋白组成,在乳清蛋白中的相对含量分别为24.59%、57.50%、4.35%、8.69%和4.88%;羊乳酪蛋白主要在肠液中消化,在胃液中消化120 min时     

牛乳蛋白遗传多态型及其与生产性能的关系

自从 Aschaffenbury(1955)应用纸上电泳首次发现 B—乳球蛋白存在多态型以来,人们陆续用分辨率更高的淀粉、醋酸纤维薄膜、聚羊烯酰胺电泳技术,揭示出其它几种主要乳蛋白质成分也存在多形态。氨基酸自动分析的引入纠正了原来人们两个不正确的认识:即 r—酪蛋白并非来自血液渗透,而是β—酪蛋白裂解的产物。以及γ—酪蛋白实质包含两种完全不同的蛋白类型,即最新命名的α_(s1)—,α_(s2)—酪蛋白。由于应用新     

荷兰霍尔斯坦-弗里斯奶牛乳蛋白性状遗传参数的研究

本试验旨在对霍尔斯坦-弗里斯坦奶牛乳蛋白主要性状进行遗传参数估计。乳样采集于1940头初产的霍尔斯坦-弗里斯奶牛（2005年2月或3月）。然后通过毛细管区带电泳测定乳中6种主要乳蛋白的相对含量。结果表明,乳蛋白组成遗传变异较大;奶牛群体内部相对乳蛋白含量遗传率较高,变化范围为0．25（β-酪蛋白）～0．80（β-乳球蛋白）;群体内部乳清分数遗传率（0．71）高于酪蛋白分数遗传率（O．41）,并且乳清遗传率变异（11％&#177;1．23％）高于酪蛋白的遗传率变异（2％士1．72％）。群体内酪蛋白和乳白蛋白的表型变异系数约为14％,乳球蛋白的表型变异系数为5％。主要乳蛋白中80％的遗传相关性为-0．38～＋0．45。遗传相关性分析结果显示,通过遗传能够改变乳中酪蛋白的分数;β-乳球蛋白与总酪蛋白遗传系数之间存在显著负相关（-0．76）,β-乳球蛋白与酪蛋白的指数为-0．98。结果显示,通过遗传育种能够改变乳蛋白的组成。     

奶牛乳蛋白基因的研究进展

奶牛被称为“人类的保姆”,牛奶是能为人类提供最优质、最完善的营养物质之一。而乳中蛋白质直接决定着乳制品的品质和风味。研究发现乳中蛋白质主要有两类：酪蛋白和乳清蛋白,两者占乳中蛋白质总量的95％,酪蛋白包括αS1,酪蛋白（αS1-CN）、αS2-酪蛋白（αS2-CN）、β-酪蛋白（β-CN）、 κ-酪蛋白（κ-CN）;乳清蛋白包括α-乳清蛋白（α-La）、     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -