马DNA遗传多样性研究进展

综述了国内外近20年来在DNA分子水平上对马遗传多样性的研究进展.集中从基因组DNA,线粒体DNA和Y染色体DNA的多态性上反映马遗传多样性.基因组DNA的研究证明了马具有丰富的多态现象;线粒体DNA的分析暗示马可能有多个母系祖先,并阐述了世界马种经历过多个驯化历史时期;Y染色体虽然被包含在基因组内,但它含有非重组的的单亲遗传区,能够反映父系的遗传多样性,使其在生物进化和群体遗传学研究中具有独特的意义.相对于线粒体突变率,马的Y染色体遗传变异较少.     

家养动物线粒体DNA基因组学研究取得进展

<正>近年来,家养动物线粒体DNA(mt DNA)基因组学得到了迅速发展,积累了大量的mt DNA序列数据。与此同时,一些问题随之浮现出来。除了数据质量存在缺陷之外,mt DNA世系划分标准不一、世系命名混乱的问题也已开始干扰家养动物mt DNA的研究工作。为了系统解决这些问题,中国科学院昆明动物研究所的科研人员借鉴人类mtDNA研究的先进经验,     

马DNA遗传多样性研究进展

综述了国内外近20年来在DNA分子水平上对马遗传多样性的研究进展。集中从基因组DNA,线粒体DNA和Y染色体DNA的多态性上反映马遗传多样性。基因组DNA的研究证明了马具有丰富的多态现象;线粒体DNA的分析暗示马可能有多个母系祖先,并阐述了世界马种经历过多个驯化历史时期;Y染色体虽然被包含在基因组内,但它含有非重组的的单亲遗传区,能够反映父系的遗传多样性,使其在生物进化和群体遗传学研究中具有独特的意义。相对于线粒体突变率,马的Y染色体遗传变异较少。     

猪线粒体DNA(mtDNA)及其在遗传育种中的应用

线粒体DNA是真核细胞内较为简单的DNA分子，具有极少发生重组、进化、速度快等特点，作为动物进化研究的一类重要标记，为动物的起源、迁移和进化提供了大量的证据。本文介绍了线粒体DNA的基本特征及其多态性，概述了猪线粒体DNA的研究概况和取得的成果。线粒体DNA的独特特性必将在猪遗传育种中发挥其重要的作用。     

双峰驼遗传多样性研究进展

综述了国内外近40年双峰驼在染色体核型、血液蛋白多态、基因组DNA和线粒体DNA遗传多样性上的研究进展.染色体核型、血液蛋白多态分析表明,双峰驼的遗传多样性有限,微卫星和线粒体DNA的RFLP分析表明双峰驼具有较丰富的遗传多样性,基于线粒体DNA全序列的骆驼科动物遗传进化分析有助于理解骆驼科动物进化历史.由于研究滞后,目前还未有关于双峰驼群体线粒体DNA序列的遗传多样性分析.     

线粒体DNA序列在畜禽遗传多样性与起源进化中的研究进展

线粒体DNA分析可用来探索种群的遗传变异、种群遗传结构和种的进化关系.利用动物种间和种内群体的线粒体多态性,可以进行物种亲缘关系、系统起源和进化关系等方面的分析.本文对近年来线粒体DNA序列在家养动物中的研究进展作一个简要综述.     

FAO对中国保护家养动物多样性的建议

中国地域辽阔,生态环境复杂多样,具有悠久的家养动物驯化历史,是世界上家养动物品种和类型最丰富的国家。这些家养动物资源是培育新品种的基本素材,也是畜牧业满足人类不断变化的需求的保障。中国改革开放以来,引入了大量优良品种,这对畜牧业的迅速发展起了很大作用,但同时也对中国原有的家养动物资源构成了极大威胁。FAO为了帮助中国保护家养动物资源,于1993年7—8月间     

马线粒体DNA多态性与起源进化的研究进展

人类历史的发展离不开家畜的驯化,家畜给人类提供了皮、毛、骨、肉、奶等,为人类的生存发展提供了有力的支持.马的驯化与其他家畜相比更多了一些神秘的色彩,它曾带领人类远足、征伐、迁徙,与人类社会的关系更加紧密.搞清楚马的驯化发展历史对于了解人类自身的发展历史起着至关重要的作用.从分子水平搞清楚马的亲缘关系及起源历史对珍稀品种的保护和新品种的繁育也有非常重大的意义.线粒体DNA是研究马起源驯化历史的有效工具,它具有典型的母系遗传方式,分离技术简单,重复性好,一个个体往往能代表一个母系集团,目前已经被广泛用在各品种畜禽的起源分化及遗传距离的鉴定方面.国内外通过马线粒体DNA来探究不同品种马起源进化及亲缘关系的研究也很多,在理论和实践上对于今后的研究工作都有重要的借鉴作用.     

线粒体DNA及蜜蜂线粒体DNA的研究现状与展望

线粒体DNA是真核细胞中核外唯一的遗传物质,是目前研究起源进化及群体遗传分析的理想研究对象。综述了线粒体DNA(mtDNA)基本特征、多态性及其分析方法的同时,介绍了蜜蜂线粒体DNA的组成结构和多态性,阐述了蜜蜂线粒体DNA研究的现状并对其未来的发展前景予以展望。     

犬基因组结构和多态性研究进展

家犬是最早被驯化的家养动物,通过选择进化和培育,世界上注册的已有超过400多个犬品种,每个品种都具有独特的生理、行为和形态特征。利用高密度芯片技术进行犬全基因组多态性分析,并通过基因组多态信息扫描定位功能基因成为热点,总结和综述了犬基因组结构变异和多态信息的研究进展,为开展家犬基因组学研究提供新的方法和思路。     

The origin of Chinese domestic horses revealed with novel mtDNA variants

The origin of domestic horses in China was a controversial issue and several hypotheses including autochthonous domestication, introduction from other areas, and multiple‐origins from both introduction and local wild horse introgression have been proposed, but none of them have been fully supported by DNA data. In the present study, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of 714 Chinese indigenous horses were analyzed. The results showed that Chinese domestic horses harbor some novel mtDNA haplogroups and suggested that local domestication events may have occurred, but they are not the dominant haplogroups and the geographical distributions of the novel mtDNA haplogroups were rather restricted. Conclusively, our results support the hypothesis that the domestic horses in China originated from both the introduced horses from outside of China and the local wild horses' introgression into the domestic populations. Results of genetic diversity analysis suggested a possibility that the introduced horses entered China through northern regions from the Eurasian steppe.     

Mitochondrial diversity of native pigs in the mainland South and South-east Asian countries and its relationships between local wild boars

In this study, we analyzed DNA sequence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control regions on the 130 native domestic pigs and eight wild boars in the mainland South and South-east Asian countries including Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Forty-four haplotypes were found in the 138 individuals, 41 were in the domestic and four were in wild boars. Only one haplotype was shared by domestic and wild population in Bhutan. In other cases, mtDNA of wild boars did not show close affinity to that of the domestic pigs in the same location, indicating that the native domestic pigs in these countries did not originate in the present habitat. Phylogenetic analyzes of mtDNA haplotypes recapitulated several major clusters identified in other studies, but 11 haplotypes were grouped in a new cluster we named MTSEA. In most cases, more than one lineage group were present in a sampling station, indicating that the present indigenous domestic pigs may have multiple origins. The MTSEA haplotypes were present in relatively high frequencies in domestic pigs in the mountainous area of mainland South-east Asia (Cambodia and Laos), with a few found in Myanmar and Bhutan. The distributions of MTSEA haplotypes are in great conformity with the distribution of present-day Mon-Khmer language and indicated the existence of yet another independent domestication. The D2 haplotypes that distribute high frequency (almost 100%) throughout the Chinese breeds were dominant in Bhutan, Myanmar, and Vietnam. These results suggest an existence of human-mediated dispersal of domestic pigs from north to the south during the historical expansion of Sino-Tibetan and Tai peoples. The D3 haplotypes previously reported in north India were found in sympatric domestic and wild pigs in Bhutan. The D3 haplotype is an important proof of independent domestication event and/or great gene flow between wild and domestic pigs in the foot of Himalaya.     

The Eurasian Steppe is an important goat propagation route: A phylogeographic analysis using mitochondrial DNA and Y‐chromosome sequences of Kazakhstani goats

Goats (Capra hircus) were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and propagated all over the world. The Silk Road through the Eurasian Steppe belt is a possible propagation route for domestic goats to Central Asia. Kazakhstan is in close geographical proximity to domestication centers and covers the majority of the Eurasian Steppe belt. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Kazakhstani goats. The mtDNA sequences of 141 Kazakhstani goats were categorized into haplogroups A, C, and D, of which haplogroup A was predominant (97%), whereas haplogroups C and D were detected at low frequencies (1.4% each). The Kazakhstani haplotypes C were thzen categorized into Asian mtDNA type. Sequence analysis of the SRY gene on the Y‐chromosome in 67 male Kazakhstani goats revealed two haplotypes: Y1A (64%) and Y2A (36%). Analysis of the distribution of mtDNA haplogroups and SRY haplotypes from Eurasia and Africa demonstrated genetic similarity among animals from Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Northwest China located on the Eurasian Steppe belt. These phylogeographic results suggested that the Eurasian Steppe belt was an important propagation route for goats to Central Asia.     

家猪起源的研究进展

家猪作为重要的家养动物,它的起源、驯化、扩散是依赖于人类的活动与迁移而实现的。研究家猪的起源和驯化具有重要的意义。本文介绍了家猪和野猪的特点,以及家猪起源和驯化的考古学发现,并着重综述了家猪驯化的分子生物学证据的研究进展。     

D‐loop sequence mitochondrial DNA variability of Sarda goat and other goat breeds and populations reared in the Mediterranean area

To provide useful knowledge on goat breed origin and history, we studied the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 69 goats from five different breeds, Camosciata delle Alpi, Maltese, Nubian, Saanen and Sarda, and one population, the Tunisian. All goats analysed displayed a moderate haplotype and nucleotide diversity. The highest was in the Sarda – the autochthonous breed reared in Sardinia. On the basis of mtDNA control region sequences, animals showed a high genetic haplotype diversity, 35 haplotypes were each represented by a single sequence and only a few haplotypes were shared among the animals. New haplotypes of goats reared in the Mediterranean area were identified and the majority of Italian goats belonged to haplogroup A. This result confirmed worldwide distribution and diversity of haplogroup A.     

Biochemische Polymorphismen und Haupt-mtDNA-Haplo-typen bei Bergschafrassen und Waldschafen als Beitrag zur Abstammung der Hausschafe

Biochemical polymorphisms and major mtDNA haplotypes in Bergschaf breeds and Waldschaf as contribution to descent of domestic sheep Morphological similarities between domestic sheep and certain subspecies of Ovis ammon L. 1758 are not necessarily proof of the domestication of a specific subspecies, as crossbreeding of foreign wild sheep populations of different genetic origin with domestic sheep could have led to observed similarities. The maternal inherited mitochondrial genome offers the opportunity to trace modern domestic sheep breeds across numerous generations to presumptive wild ancestors regardless of domestication induced morphological changes and crossbreeding, etc. An investigation based on haplotype specific HinfI – mtDNA fragments and protein polymorphisms in different mountain sheep breeds thought to represent maternal descendants of the Torfschaf as well as in the Waldschaf breed, which belongs to the Zaupel group, were used to help clarify if the major European mtDNA haplotype B was associated with the Torfschaf (Ovis aries palustris RÜTIMEYER 1862), the oldest domesticated sheep in Europe. Samples derived from Steinschaf of the Slovenian and Bavarian type, white and brown varieties of Bergschaf, Brillenschafe from Bavaria and Villnösserschafe showed haplotype B. A single investigated ram of the Bergamasker breed was of the same haplotype. mtDNA haplotype A was detected in more than 50% of the Waldschaf animals. This demonstrates that not all sheep breeds derived from Zaupelschaf are descendants of the same wild ancestor. Within haemoglobin (HBB) the variants HBB^A and HBB^B occur in a well balanced pattern in all breeds investigated, while the frequency of HBB^A was high (0.857) in the brown Bergschaf. Steinschafe of Bavarian type were polymorphic at the CA2‐locus and Waldschafe at the GC‐locus. At the transferrin locus, differences in the occurrence and frequency of the different alleles could be demonstrated between populations. Relationships between Torfschaf, Kupferschaf, Steinschaf, Zaupelschaf, Bergamasker and European Mouflon are discussed. It is likely that the domesticated ancestors of most European sheep can be traced from the Torfschaf to an as yet unknown wild sheep (Ovis ammon) subspecies in Asia.     

Polymorphism and evolutionary profile of mitochondrial DNA control region inferred from the sequences of Pakistani goats

Complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of 30 Pakistani domestic goats was sequenced to investigate the genetic diversity and organization. Twenty‐two new haplotypes were observed and all were classified into mt‐lineage A. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct clusters in mt‐lineage A, A1 and A2. A 17 bp deletion and a 76 bp insertion were detected in the L‐domain and observed 10 and one animals, respectively, in 232 Pakistani domestic goats. These remarkable deletion/insertion events would be useful to investigate mtDNA diversity within the highly divergent mt‐lineage A. In analysis of the control region feature, the caprine mtDNA was A/T rich as observed for other artiodactyls. Four conserved regions, Block A in the L domain, the C‐domain, Block B and CSB1 in the R domain, were defined as well as in the other species.     

甘孜藏牛mtDNA 基因组遗传多样性分析

［目的］探究甘孜藏牛的mtDNA基因组遗传多样性与母系起源。［方法］采用mtDNA全基因组序列比对及生物信息学方法。［结果］结果显示：在28头甘孜藏牛mtDNA 基因组中,共检测到1232个变异位点,确定了22种单倍型,其单倍型多样度（Hd）为0.98820±0.00010,核苷酸多样度（Pi）为0.02420±0.00003,表明甘孜藏牛具有丰富的母系遗传多样性。系统发育树和网络分布图表明,28头甘孜藏牛mtDNA基因组包括4种母系支系,分别为普通牛的T2、T3与T4支系,还有牦牛支系,其中T2支系占7.14%,T3支系占64.29%,T4支系占3.57%,牦牛支系占25 %。［结论］甘孜藏牛具有较丰富的母系遗传多样性,为普通牛母系起源,但与牦牛有杂交。     

Genetics of adaptation and domestication in livestock

In this review, we assess the current state of knowledge on domestication of the major livestock species. We present first some historical background on location and dates of domestication of livestock. The characteristics that favoured domestication are described, especially gregariousness, precocity of young and diet. We then describe the genetic processes involved during domestication, i.e. uncontrolled processes such as inbreeding and genetic drift, partially controlled processes such as relaxation of natural selection and natural selection in captivity and controlled processes such as active selection. Details are also given on how the resource allocation theory explains changes occurring during domestication. The methods used to assess the extent to which domestication has changed animals (comparisons of wild and domestic stocks, longitudinal analysis and molecular genetics) are also listed. Finally, major behavioural modifications observed during domestication are described, including relationships with humans and predators, and social, feeding, reproductive and maternal behaviours as well as morphological changes.