月见草属(Oenothera L.)植物研究进展

文章参阅国内外有关文献,概述月见草属植物近年的研究进展,着重介绍月见草生物学、种子成分、育种等方面内容。     

月见草种子的无菌萌发条件

[目的]为月见草的组织培养提供无菌外植体。[方法]以月见草种子为材料,经过不同的表面除菌方法处理后,接种于不同的培养基上,培养10 d后统计种苗的污染率、发芽率。[结果]经70℃热处理48 h后,用70%乙醇（40 s）＋0.1%HgCl2（10 min）＋吐温80进行表面除菌效果最好,污染率最低;在VW＋1.0 mg/L6-BA＋0.5 mg/LNAA＋0.05%AC培养基中培养,月见草种子的萌发率最高,达到93%,萌发后幼苗的生长状况最优。[结论]该试验建立了优质、高效的月见草种子无菌萌发体系,为月见草资源的持续利用奠定了基础。     

一种有效的提取月见草种胚RNA的方法

介绍了1种改进的提取月见草种胚RNA的CTAB—LiCl提取法,该法能有效地去除种胚中带有的大量多酚、多糖和脂质的干扰,所得RNA样品经紫外分光光度计和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析证明具有较高的纯度和完整性。方法简便、经济、有效,所提取的RNA质量较高,可直接用于cDNA合成、cDNA文库的构建以及RACE等分子生物学操作。     

月见草(Oenothera biennis L.)组织培养的初步研究

以月见草无菌苗为试材,采用正交试验和单因子试验的方法,研究月见草丛生芽的诱导和生根条件,建立月见草的再生体系.结果表明,月见草丛生芽诱导的最佳培养基是MS+6-BA 2 mg·L-1+ NAA 0.4 mg· L-1,蔗糖30 g·L-1,pH 5.8;丛生芽最佳的生根培养基是1/2MS+NAA 0.5 mg·L-1....     

鹞落坪半夏生境地主要草本种群生态位特征

【目的】通过研究鹞落坪半夏Pinella yaoluopingensis生境地主要草本种群对环境的适应能力及对资源的利用状况,为保护和开发利用鹞落坪半夏资源提供指导性建议。【方法】对安徽省鹞落坪保护区特有种鹞落坪半夏生境地草本层进行调查,运用Levins和Shaanon-Wiener生态位宽度指数和Levins生态位重叠度指数,对生境地主要草本种群的生态位宽度及生态位重叠度进行定量研究。【结果】鹞落坪半夏生境地17个主要草本种群中,多数草本种群生态位宽度较大,其中,金星蕨Parathelypteris glanduligera、臭草Melica scabrosa、博落回Macleaya cordata生态位宽度居前3位,它们也是鹞落坪半夏生境地草本层的优势种,生态位宽度居最后3位的是荩草Arthraxon hispidus、待宵草Oenothera stricta、一年蓬Erigeron annuus,鹞落坪半夏生态位宽度居中下水平。主要草本种群的重要值(IV)与生态位宽度B_i、B_i'呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.807(Sig.=0.000)、0.707(Sig.=0.002)。生态位重叠值在0.4以下的种对占所有种对的83.46%,其中生态位重叠值为0的种对占38.60%,而生态位重叠值1.0的种对仅占总物种种对的1.10%,各种对间的生态位重叠指数并未与相应种群的生态位宽度呈现出相关性。【结论】鹞落坪半夏生境地主要草本种群生态学特性相似性不大,对资源的共享趋势不明显,主要草本种群能和谐地共生于群落中,但鹞落坪半夏生态位宽度并无优势,只处于伴生地位。     

Reduced responses to selection after species range expansion

Species range expansion reduces genetic variation at the margins of a species range and should thus compromise the adaptive potential of its marginal populations. Remarkably, this prediction has not previously been tested. Here, we show that populations of the plant Mercurialis annua, which expanded its range into Spain and Portugal from North Africa after the Pleistocene glaciation, respond to selection on a key life-history trait less well than populations from the species' historical refugium. Our results provide direct evidence of a decline in adaptive potential across the geographic range of a species after a shift in its distribution. Predicting evolutionary responses to environmental change will thus need to account for the genetic heterogeneity of species and the spatial dynamics of their geographic distributions.     

一种新的基于混交度的林木种群分布格局测度方法

种群的空间格局分析是研究种群特征、种群间相互作用以及种群与环境关系的重要手段,一直是生态学中的研究热点之一。混交度用来说明混交林中树种空间隔离程度,表明了混交林中任意一株树的最近相邻木为其他种的概率。迄今为止,国内外文献中还未见到有关直接利用在表达树种隔离程度方面科学明了、在数据获取方面简单有效的混交度来成功分析种群分布格局的报道。本文通过研究树种混交度期望值与观测值的关系,提出了一种新的基于混交度的种群分布格局测度方法DM,并给出了统计显著性检验方法。将这一方法应用于中国西北甘肃小陇山天然混交林中树种分布格局检验,与经典的聚集指数R相比,格局判断准确率达100%,明显克服了聚集指数的理论缺陷。这一方法的提出进一步完善了基于相邻木关系的林分空间结构研究。      

中华绒螯蟹养殖群体与野生群体的种群遗传学研究

研究旨在探究安徽中华绒螯蟹种质资源状况以及资源混杂程度,以期为中华绒螯蟹资源的科学保护、合理利用以及相关产业政策的制定提供理论依据。采集了中华绒螯蟹4个养殖群体和长江野生群体共170尾样本,基于线粒体分子标记,进行种群遗传学分析。结果表明,长江野生中华绒螯蟹遗传多样性低,盲目捕捞可能造成野生资源衰退。野生群体与养殖群体间未出现显著遗传分化,存在严重的种质混杂。研究探明了长江中华绒螯蟹的资源现状,为其科学的保护提供理论依据。     

水盾草入侵沉水植物群落主要种群生态位和种间联结研究

研究了水生外来植物水盾草(Cabomba carolimana)入侵沉水植物群落的不同种群生态位特征和种间联结性.选择了其扩散区域内的24个样地进行群落学调查,测定了群落中13个种群的生态位宽度、生态位重叠、多物种间总体关联性及成对物种间联结性,结果表明:①水盾草入侵沉水植物群落13个种群中,水盾草的生态位宽度最大,金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和苦草(Vallisneria natans)次之.②水盾草与金鱼藻、黑藻、苦草和黄花狸藻(Utricularia aurea)间生态位重叠较大,与其他物种间的生态位重叠较小.③水盾草和金鱼藻、苦草、黑藻之间具有一定的正联结,而与其他物种间的联结性不显著,基本上趋于独立出现.由此可见,水盾草在中国急剧扩散,对常见的乡土种有很大的负面影响,导致群落物种多样性下降,应加强防控研究.     

野生动植物保护与濒危物种管理探析

野生动植物资源是我国重要的自然生态资源之一,对我国社会自然生态系统的调节与 可持续发展具有重要作用。但由于管理方面存在诸多不足,使我国森林与草原锐减,湿地退化, 生态环境恶化程度加大,给我国野生动植物保护工作带来很大的压力,尤其是濒危物种受到严 重威胁。对此,加强野生动植物保护与濒危物种的管理尤为重要,可以促进野生动植物健康生 长和一些濒危物种种群的恢复和发展。     

昆虫种群控制系统的信息处理（二）：多种群共存系统的信息处理问题

在昆虫种群控制系统中,往往遇到多种捕食性天敌共同作用于对象种群的问题。每一种天敌的作用,与本身的密度有关,与对象种群的密度有关,与其他被捕食者的密度有关,还有各种天敌相互作用的情况。在这种情况下如何提取控制作用的信息,这是昆虫种群系统研究中较难解决的问题。本文应用二次回归旋转组合设计,通过3种天敌2种害虫相互作用的试验,建立多种群共存系统相互作用模型,提出多种群共存系统信息处理的研究途径,为多种群共存系统及昆虫种群系统的控制研究提供参考。     

Speciation by distance in a ring species

Ring species, which consist of two reproductively isolated forms connected by a chain of intergrading populations, have often been described as examples of speciation despite gene flow between populations, but this has never been demonstrated. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to study gene flow in greenish warblers (Phylloscopus trochiloides). These genetic markers show distinct differences between two reproductively isolated forms but gradual change through the ring connecting these forms. These findings provide the strongest evidence yet for "speciation by force of distance" in the face of ongoing gene flow.     

Ecology of insect host-parasitoid communities

Although conclusive evidence is lacking for its establishment, the thesis that complexity adds stability to communities is probably accepted by the majority of ecologists. I believe this attitude found its origins in the indisputable fact that there are latitudinal and altitudinal changes in community complexity. As one progresses northward or southward from the equator, or higher in altitude in most parts of the world, one cannot help but notice that communities tend to become simpler, that is, there are fewer species per community. At the same time, these communities appear to become less stable. But perhaps this change in stability is in appearance only; they appear to be less stable because of the relatively greater number of individuals comprising each species population in temperate areas. Each population, because of its greater numbers, is therefore conspicuous, and changes in these numbers are noticed. We are particularly aware of such changes because populations in these areas of the world have been comparatively well studied. Many of the most studied populations include species of economic importance where changes in population numbers are vital to agricultural or forestry practices. Equatorial populations, on the other hand, contain smaller numbers of individuals of each species because of the greater number of species present. Number changes are simply not as noticeable because the population itself is not as obvious among the other populations. It may be that when (if ever) we have as much data on equatorial populations as we have on those of temperate climates, we will find fluctuations of equal relative magnitude (but not of equal numbers, of course). If, on the other hand, we really do find a correlation between complexity and stability, the suggestion by May (12) that stability permits complexity may be well worth investigating. Because of its organization and physical setting, the Rhopalomyia community I have studied might be expected to have considerable stability. In fact, however, it does not. Each of the populations in the community fluctuates greatly and irregularly in both percentages and numbers, and these populations apparently become locally extinct occasionally, because they sometimes cannot be found even in extensive collections. After studying several of the more important parasitoid species, it is evident to me that there is little or nothing about their interactions that might induce greater community stability. Each species seems to have evolved into the community with no higher purpose than simply to usurp what it can from some other member, and it does this by concentrating its energies on better competitive mechanisms rather than higher reproductive capacities. There are never empty niches to be filled by organisms having the "correct specifications" because new niches are created out of parts of older, broader niches which were occupied by other, more r-selected organisms. Thus, perhaps we have read too much into community organization. Perhaps the "ifiling of niches" is essentially nothing more than the haphazard result of competitive jostling among species; and that as communities develop, they are not necessarily programmed for such things as greater stability or better energy utilizationthe species merely become more closely packed.     

Competition between Species: Frequency Dependence

Whether two species competing for the same limited resources can stably coexist has been subject to controversy for several decades. The relative fitnesses of two species of Drosophila under competition in laboratory populations are shown to be inversely related to the relative frequencies of these species. This frequency-dependent fitness leads to a stable coexistence of the two species in spite of their competition for limited resources.     

珍稀植物古林箐秋海棠的资源状况及生物学特性

 对云南特有植物古林箐秋海棠（Begonia gulinqingensis S.H. Huang et Y.M. Shui）的资源状况进行了全面调查研究。结果表明，古林箐秋海棠仅在模式产地存在两个居群，目前已处于濒危状态。开垦等人为破坏活动导致生境破碎化是其濒危的主要原因，为此提出了保护对策，并对古林箐秋海棠的生物学特性进行了研究。     

18种入侵植物的抗烟草花叶病毒活性研究

为了综合利用入侵植物,通过离体半叶枯斑法,对18种入侵植物提取物的抗烟草花叶病毒(TMV)活性进行了筛选,研究结果表明,垂序商陆、粉花月见草、三叶鬼针草、紫茎泽兰、飞机草、钻叶紫菀、苦苣菜、野茼蒿等9种入侵植物的提取物浓度为10 mg/mL对TMV有不同程度的抑制活性,抑制率在59.15%⁹3.06%,这些具有抗病毒活性的入侵植物具有开发植物源农药的潜在价值。     

月见草小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的研究

文章以月见草(Oenothera biennis L.)为研究对象,运用石蜡切片技术对其小孢子发生及雄配子发育进行研究。结果表明,月见草成熟花药有4个小孢子囊,花药壁发育为基本型。花药壁由5￣6层细胞构成,药室内壁宿存且于发育后期发生带状纤维加厚成为纤维层。绒毡层属腺质绒毡层。花粉母细胞减数分裂为连续型。成熟花粉2-细胞型为主,兼有少量3-细胞型。通过扫描电镜观察发现,成熟花粉粒呈三角形,花粉表面具3个萌发孔突起,花粉表面有褶皱纹饰。     

Mechanisms in the Competitive Success of an Invading Sexual Gecko over an Asexual Native

The competitive displacement by a sexual gecko species of an asexual resident gecko has been documented over a wide geographic area. To test hypotheses concerning the detailed mechanism of this displacement, an experimental system was developed to follow populations of geckos in a duplicated, controlled environment that closely approximates the natural arena for the competitive interaction. Asymmetric competition occurred only in the presence of light, which attracts a dense concentration of insect food sources. The mechanism of competition was partly due to the behavioral dominance of the larger sexual species over the smaller asexual species in areas near the concentrated food. However, this behavior resulted from an avoidance response of subordinate asexuals rather than overt aggression by the sexual species.     

Species Introduction in a Tropical Lake: A newly introduced piscivore can produce population changes in a wide range of trophic levels

Probably in early 1967, a piscivore from South America, Cichla ocellaris, was introduced to Gatun Lake in the Panama Canal Zone. As this predator population spread through the lake, the initial effect was dramatic reductions in almost all secondary consumers. These species reductions produced, in turn, second- and third-order changes at other trophic levels of the ecosystem. The resulting changes in the lake community can be seen best by examining the general Gatun Lake food web. The decrease in numbers of the important planktivore Melaniris has resulted in changes within the zooplankton community, as illustrated by the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia. The tertiary-consumer populations, such as tarpon, black terns, kingfishers, and herons, formerly dependent on small fishes for food, appear less frequently in the Cichla areas of the lake. There has also been, possibly, a resurgence of the local mosquito populations (which are malaria vectors), caused by the reduction in the populations of insect-eating fishes. Even the primary producers may be affected by this introduction. Although at present the Gatun Lake ecosystem is undergoing rapid changes, we anticipate an eventual return to some form of equilibrium. However, it will be some time before we can evaluate the permanence or transience of the many changes produced in the trophic levels by the introduction of a single, top-level predator to this lake system.     

菊花脑大孢子发生、雌配子体与胚胎发育的研究

利用常规石蜡制片、组织压片以及显微观察技术对菊属植物菊花脑(Dendranthema nankingense)大孢子发生、雌配子体及胚胎发育过程进行了研究。研究发现,雌蕊具有单子房、单胚珠、二裂状柱头,胚珠为倒生型;大孢子母细胞经过减数分裂形成线形排列的4个大孢子,其中珠孔端大孢子为功能大孢子,能够进一步发育成单核胚囊,而合点端的3个大孢子在发育过程中逐渐解体;胚囊发育为单孢子待宵草型,单核胚囊经过两次连续分裂,形成四核成熟胚囊,成熟胚囊珠孔端有2个助细胞和1个卵细胞,胚囊中央有1个单核中央细胞;胚胎发育过程可分为球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚和子叶胚4个阶段;雌配子体和胚胎在发育过程中,败育频率分别高达46%和75%以上。结果表明,菊花脑功能大孢子位于珠孔端和胚囊发育属于单孢子待宵草型是区别于大多数被子植物的重要生殖特征;雌配子体和胚胎发育过程中的大量败育现象可能是菊花脑与栽培菊花种间杂交结实率低的一个重要原因。