BALB/c鼠口服免疫猪水肿病大肠杆菌基因突变菌株的免疫效果

为了研究猪水肿病(ED)大肠杆菌SLT-Ⅱe基因突变菌株作为口服疫苗的免疫效果,本实验用已构建的猪ED大肠杆菌SLT-Ⅱe基因突变菌株口服免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测其血清中的IgG抗体及粪便和肠黏液中的slgA抗体水平,并进行淋巴细胞增殖检测及攻毒保护实验.结果表明该基因突变菌株具有良好的免疫性,能诱导小鼠体内产生IgG和sIgA抗体,并且能引起T淋巴细胞增殖反应.攻毒保护实验结果显示,口服免疫突变菌株能对小鼠提供良好的保护,保护率为75%(15/20).本研究结果证明,该大肠杆菌基因突变菌株在小鼠体内能激发体液免疫和细胞免疫反应,可作为猪ED口服疫苗的候选菌株.     

猪水肿病大肠杆菌基因突变株的构建

应用定点突变技术将野生型猪水肿病大肠杆菌(O_(139))主要毒力基因SLT-Ⅱe A亚基中第167位谷氨酸和第170位精氨酸,分别突变为谷氨酰胺(E1670)和亮氨酸(R170L)后,获得突变基因SLT-Ⅱe~*。通过同源重组,将野生菌中的毒力基因SLT-Ⅱe替换为SLT-Ⅱe~*,构建了一株毒力基因突变株(SLT-Ⅱe~*)。实验结果显示,该突变菌株对Vero细胞的毒性是野生菌毒性的1/500。     

猪水肿病大肠杆菌分离、鉴定及药敏试验

本实验从疑似猪水肿病的病例分离到5株大肠杆菌,O抗原鉴定结果表明所有菌株均为O139血清型;应用F18ab菌毛单克隆抗体对这5株大肠杆菌能否表达F18ab菌毛进行了鉴定,结果表明其中2个菌株能表达F18ab菌毛;利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)对志贺氏菌样毒素Ⅱ型变异体(SLT-Ⅱe)操纵子基因保守区进行了扩增,结果发现在能表达F18ab菌毛2个菌株中可扩增一段特异性序列。以上数据表明这2株大肠杆菌为致仔猪水肿病大肠杆菌。药敏试验表明这两株菌株均对氟哌酸、妥布霉素、庆大霉素、利福平等抗生素高度敏感。     

表面表达猪水肿病毒素保护性抗原重组大肠杆菌激发仔猪黏膜免疫反应的研究

以菌体表面表达猪水肿病毒素保护性抗原(SLT-ⅡeB)的重组大肠杆菌(PZBSPAX),对1日龄、15日龄仔猪口服免疫,用ELISA法对口服免疫后10 d、15 d、30 d仔猪肠黏液中特异性SIgA和血清中特异性IgA、IgG进行检测,结果显示口服免疫猪能产生较高水平的肠黏液特异性SIgA及血清特异性IgA和IgG,证明该重组菌能有效激发肠道黏膜免疫反应,同时也能激发全身性体液免疫反应.     

SLT-IIeA基因在原核系统中的克隆与表达及其鉴定

PCR扩增并克隆在pUC18质粒中的类志贺样毒素Ⅱ型变异体（SLT-Ⅱe）A亚单位基因片段切出，按预定阅读框架插入到原核性表达载体pGEX-6p-1的谷胱甘肽S－转移酶（GST）基因的下游，获得重组质粒ppGEX-A。重组粒导入大肠杆菌BL21，用IPTG进行诱导表达，通过对重组大肠杆菌的菌体裂解物的SDS－PAGE电泳分析及Western-blot鉴定，表明重组菌能大量表达融合蛋白形成的SLT-ⅡeA，即SLT-ⅡeA蛋白与谷胱甘肽转移酶相连组成的蛋白质。本实验的研究结果，为进一步研究SLT-Ⅱe的生物学特性及研制仔猪水肿病业单位苗提供了有效的生物材料。     

志贺样毒素Ⅱ型变异体B亚基单克隆抗体的制备

为建立针对仔猪水肿痛SLT-Ⅱe毒素的检测方法,应用PCR技术克隆SLT-Ⅱe B基因,并将其克隆到原核表达载体pET-30a进行表达.以纯化的融合蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,并利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术获得6株稳定分泌抗SLT-Ⅱe B的单克隆抗体(McAb)细胞株,其抗体亚类包括IgM、IgA、IgG2b和IgG2a,而且轻链均为K链.阻断ELISA结果显示,6株McAb均能特异性识别天然SLT-Ⅱe毒素.相加ELISA结果显示,3G7和4F3两株是针对不同抗原表位的McAb.     

12个中药方剂对小鼠仔猪水肿病模型的保护率观察比较

仔猪水肿病(edema disease,ED)又称猪溶血性大肠杆菌病,由产志贺样毒素大肠杆菌(SLTEC)引起,其血清型主要有O138、O139、O141等,近年研究表明,该病的发生主要与两个主要毒力因子密切相关,即F18 ab菌毛及志贺样毒素Ⅱ型变异体(SLT-Ⅱe)。该病发病快,病程短,发病率低(15%~20%),但致死率较高(80%~100%)。25-60日龄断奶仔猪多发,同窝中生长发育好,体格健壮的仔猪尤其易感。临床症状主要表现为发病猪眼睑水肿,四肢麻痹,运动失调,步态蹒跚,或出现划水样运动。胃壁及肠黏膜水肿,全身淋巴结水肿。仔猪水肿病多呈地方性流行,目前本病还没有特效…     

致猪水肿病大肠杆菌标准菌株F107/86SLT-ⅡeA基因的克隆与表达

为了克隆与表达致猪水肿病大肠杆菌标准菌株F107/86类志贺毒素Ⅱ型变异体A亚单位(SLT-ⅡeA)基因,试验以F107/86为模板,PCR扩增去掉信号肽的935 bp的SLT-ⅡeA亚单位基因,将其克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1的EcoRⅠ与SalⅠ位点之间并测序,在大肠杆菌中经IPTG诱导表达,并对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE和Western-blot分析。结果表明:对筛选出的阳性重组质粒pGEX-SLT-ⅡeA-4测序并与GenBank登录的M36727序列比较,证明插入序列及读码框正确;表达产物GST-SLT-ⅡeA经SDS-PAGE分析其大小为58.3 ku;Western-blot检测证实表达产物具有良好的免疫原性。说明试验所构建的原核表达载体可大量表达抗原蛋白。     

2拷贝SLT-ⅡvB在猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500crp~-/asd~-缺失株中的表达及小鼠免疫试验

为研制仔猪副伤寒—猪水肿病新型二联疫苗,从pMDSLT-Ⅱ中扩增去信号肽后的SLT-ⅡvB基因,将2拷贝SLT-ⅡvB与pYA3493连接。阳性质粒pYA2B电转化C500crp-/asd-缺失株,进行SDS-PAGE电泳和Western blotting,重组菌C500crp-/asd-(pYA2B)口服免疫小鼠,腹腔攻10 LD50的猪霍乱沙门氏菌强毒C78-1和2 LD50的猪水肿大肠杆菌强毒ED3株,计算攻毒保护率。结果显示,2 SLT-ⅡvB在C500crp-/asd-缺失株中获得了表达。C500crp-/asd-(pYA2B)免疫组对ED3的攻击能提供60%保护,而对照组不能提供任何保护。2组对C78-1攻击均提供100%保护,为研制仔猪副伤寒—猪水肿病二联疫苗及进一步提高免疫效果提供依据。     

选择优良菌株用于仔猪水肿病疫苗的改进

传统的仔猪水肿病疫苗（目前市场上广泛使用），只是以致水肿病大肠杆菌菌株的O抗原为基础，而没有考虑水肿毒素SLT－lle抗原和菌毛F18抗原，其免疫效果鸡以提高，在仔猪水肿病疫苗的改进中，我们除了考虑O139、O18、O141菌体抗原之外，还利用PCR技术、单克隆抗体技术、电镜技术筛选了含有水肿毒素SLT－lle抗原和菌毛F18抗原的菌株。本研究中获得用于新一代仔猪水肿病疫苗的三型大肠杆菌菌株；O139：SLT－lle^ ：F18ab^ 、O138：STL－lle^ ：F18ab^ 以及O141：SLT－lle^ :F18ac^ 。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein