PTEN and signal transduction and tumor

PTEN is a candidate tumor suppressor which has sequence homology withdual-specifici-ty phosphatase. PTEN is a multifunctional protein endowed with a phosphatase activity capable of dephosphory-lating both tyrosine phosphate, serine/threonine phosphate residues on proteins and phospholipids of the phosphati dylinositol pathway. PTEN appears to be mutated at considerable frequency in several types of humantumors, including those frombrain, breast, endometrium, and prostate. PTEN play an important role in pathogenesis of tumor, tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In this review, we will discuss the chemical structure of PTEN, its phosphatase activity, the ability of affecting signal transduction, and its mutational status in cancer.     

现代园林绿化与城镇规划建设的关系及应用

阐述了现代园林的基础知识,并通过对园林绿化生态效益的分析,概括了现代园林绿化的新概念及在城镇规划中的作用,并浅析如何在城镇中进行现代生态园林绿化的应用。     

苋菜及部分野生蔬菜资源的收集、评价及开发利用

国家蔬菜工程技术研究中心共收集苋菜及部分野生蔬菜资源1070份。按食用器官分类，共分为七大类数十个种类，显示出我国蔬菜遗传资源的多样性。分析测定了703份野生蔬菜的营养成分。针对目前我国在野生蔬菜资源的基础研究和开发利用中存在的问题，提出了相应的对策。     

黄色素的提取、稳定性与龙眼护色保鲜研究

在乙醇：龙眼果皮＝ １００∶４（ｖ／ｗ ）、７０ ℃、１００ ｍ ｉｎ 的最佳条件下,ｐＨ ４．５２,λＲｍａｘ＝ ３７０ ｎｍ ,呈鲜黄色。龙眼黄色素（Ｒ）乙醇提取液的ｐＨ、光、热、离子、共存物对Ｒ的稳定性有不同的影响。综合考虑各种影响因素,用Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ保鲜剂、浸果３ ｍ ｉｎ 后,分别于室温、１５、－ １０ ℃下贮藏１０、３０、６０ｄ,龙眼的好果率为８７ ％ 、９５ ％ 、１００ ％ ,损耗率为１４ ％ ～０,基本保持果壳原色和果肉的色泽、风味、品质,取得了护色保鲜的效果     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

War and trees: The destruction and replanting of the urban and peri-urban forest of Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina

The early-1990s’ war in former Yugoslavia led to severe damage to the urban and peri-urban forests of Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the Siege of Sarajevo (April 1992–March 1996), after the energy supplies to the city had been cut off, over three-quarters of all urban trees and nearly all peri-urban trees within the siege line were cut down for firewood by the desperate residents. After the war, the city trees were quickly and effectively replanted, and Sarajevo provides a useful case study of urban forest recovery. This study presents the observations and measurements, of trees that survived the war and the trees planted after the war, made in Sarajevo in May 2008. We summarize the lessons learned from the Sarajevo experience, regarding both damage and replanting, which include the close relationship between the urban tree damage and the specifics of military operations, the importance of the initial planting stock, and the advantages of collaboration between academic researchers and urban forest managers.     

Effects of strategies of heat-clearing and detoxifying,and Yin-invigorating and fluid-supplementing on HDL and ALP molecules associated with endotoxin-degrading

AIM: To explore the therapeutic strategies of heat-clearing and detoxifying (HCDT) and Yin-invigorating and fluid-supplementing (YIFS), the method of Chinese medicine, on the high density lipoprotein (HDL) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) molecules, which are associated with endotoxin-degradation. METHODS: The animal model of endotoxemia was established by the injection of E. Coli lipopolysaccharides through rabbits ear vein. The endotoxemic rabbits were treated respectively with two representative herbal preparations of therapeutic principles against febrile diseases: HCDT or YIFS preparations. The serum levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and HDL, the ALP activity, the expression of ALP mRNA in liver and kidney tissues were observed. RESULTS: The serum levels of IL-1 and TNF-α in HCDT group were significantly decreased, while the serum ALP activity and the expression of ALP mRNA in liver and kidney tissues were obviously increased, as compared with those in model group. Meanwhile, the serum levels of IL-1 and TNF-α in YIFS group were significantly reduced, and its plasma HDL level was elevated. CONCLUSIONS: Both the herbal preparations, HCDT and YIFS, have the scavenging effects on the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α induced by endotoxin, but their effects on the endotoxin-degrading molecules might be different. HCDT principally increases ALP activity and enhances ALP expression in liver and kidney tissues, while YIFS might preferably facilitate the elevation of plasma HDL level.     

杜鹃花常见病虫害及其防治

杜鹃为我国十大传统名花之一,病虫害的发生是影响杜鹃花正常生长的主要原因之一。文章主要阐述了危害杜鹃花的病虫害的形态特征、发生特点及防治方法。     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

不同来源桃种质果实糖酸组分含量特点的研究

 对桃24个中国地方品种、19个中国育成品种、2个新疆桃栽培品种及5个中国野生种、33个欧美品种和16个日本品种共99份种质的果实糖酸组分含量特点进行了研究。结果表明, 桃果实中的可溶性糖和酸主要是蔗糖和苹果酸, 分别约占总可溶性糖的73%和总酸的60%; 大多数种质中果实内的葡萄糖和果糖含量相近, 但1个中国野生种和部分地方品种果实内的果糖含量较低, 果糖/葡萄糖低于0120; 中国育成品种果实的蔗糖平均含量最高, 而中国野生种果实蔗糖含量则显著低于其他种质; 中国育成品种、日本品种和欧美品种果糖平均含量显著高于中国地方品种和野生种; 中国野生种的总酸含量最高, 其次为欧美品种, 中国地方品种、中国育成品种和日本品种相对较低; 欧美品种果实平均苹果酸和柠檬酸含量高于中国地方品种和育成品种及日本品种。另外, 果实内蔗糖与山梨醇含量呈显著正相关; 苹果酸与柠檬酸之间以及奎宁酸与莽草酸含量之间呈极显著正相关。     

纳米技术在果蔬产品中的应用及其安全风险

 总结了纳米技术在果蔬生产中的应用,综述了纳米技术在果蔬产品包括贮藏保鲜、加工和有害物质快速检测等方面的研究进展,并对其安全风险做了初步分析和探讨,旨在为纳米技术在果蔬产品中的应用提供参考。     

蚓粪用量对温室番茄生长发育与产量和品质的调节

以番茄为试材,采用温室内盆栽试验,以不施肥为对照(CK),蚓粪与喂养蚯蚓的半腐熟牛粪(CM,20.00 g·kg^-1土)为对比,研究蚓粪用量(EM1,16.67 g·kg^-1土;EM2,20 g·kg^-1土;EM3,26.67 g·kg^-1土)对番茄生长发育、产量和品质的影响,以期获得蚓粪最佳的施用量。结果表明:随着蚓粪用量的增加,番茄株高、茎粗随之增加。从4月12日第一次测量至5月25日植株掐尖,牛粪处理(CM)番茄株高的增长率比同量蚓粪(EM2)处理高61.9%,而EM2番茄茎粗的增长率比CM处理高18.8%。所有处理中,EM1处理的番茄果实小果数量(果实直径<5.8 cm)最少,单株产量最高(1.04 kg),是CK的1.23倍。随着蚓粪用量的增加,番茄小果数量增加,单株产量和果实商品价值(5.8 cm≤果实直径≤6.4 cm)均降低。随着蚓粪用量的增加,番茄有机酸和可溶性糖含量均增加,但糖酸比下降。蚓粪处理(EM2)番茄维生素C含量最高,为31.95 mg·(100g)^-1,且番茄产量、果实商品价值和糖酸比均高于同量牛粪(CM)处理。综合考虑番茄植株生长发育状况和产量、品质等因素,在设施番茄生产中蚓粪适宜用量范围为16.67～20.00 g·kg^-1。     

果蔬加工研究现状及发展前景

综述了国内外果蔬加工的新趋势,对果蔬的营养价值和保健功能加以分析,阐述了果蔬加工的发展前景.     

酵母浸膏蛋白胨与pH对草菇培养与生物学效率影响

研究了酵母浸膏、蛋白胨和pH对草菇菌丝生长与生物学效率的影响。试验结果表明,在PDA培养基中加入酵母浸膏和蛋白胨能促进菌丝生长,最适添加质量浓度分别为0.30%酵母浸膏和0.50%蛋白胨。在栽培过程中,对菌丝体表面最佳喷施溶液组合为0.50%蛋白胨、0.30%酵母浸膏,调节溶液pH9.0,对比空白对照能提高生物学效率13.56%。     

北京市蔬菜病虫害全程绿色防控技术体系及推广应用

为推进农药减量增效、病虫害可持续治理,保障首都农产品质量安全、农业生产安全和农业生态环境安全,总结了北京市蔬菜生产上常用的20多种核心绿色防控技术,包括全园清洁、无病虫害育苗、产前棚室和土壤消毒、产中综合防控和产后蔬菜残体无害化处理等,以不同的生产方式和生产环节进行集成,覆盖产前、产中、产后,形成全程绿色防控技术体系,并建立绿色防控示范基地,对绿色防控技术及时进行集成、示范、推广。目前,示范面积2 200 hm~2,在绿控基地内,可实现农产品农残检测合格率100%,绿色防控技术使用率100%,专业化统防统治比例在80%以上,平均施药次数减少5～13次,减少化学农药用量27%～42%,病虫防治效果提高20%以上,667 m~2节本增收10%以上。     

The relationship between fruit size and cell division and enlargement in cultivated and wild persimmons

Summary

To determine the anatomical basis for differences in fruit size in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), the number and sizes of parenchymal cells were measured in four astringent cultivars and in wild D. lotus over a single season in Japan. Fruit weight at harvest correlated with the final number of parenchymal cells (r = 0.95*) and their size (r = 0.92*). There was also a correlation between fruit diameter and the number of cell layers at full bloom (r = 0.93*), which increased 1.7 – 1.9-fold during fruit development.The duration of cell division and the sizes of the cells at full bloom were similar among the cultivars, whereas mean parenchymal cell lengths increased by 7.7-, 6.7-, 5.4-, 5.0- and 3.8-fold from full bloom to harvest in ‘Otanenashi’ (average fruit diameter = 96 mm), ‘Hiratanenashi’ (77 mm), ‘Saijo’ (54 mm), ‘Tsurunoko’ (44 mm), and D. lotus (20 mm), respectively. The final size of tannin cells was larger in ‘Otanenashi’ and ‘Hiratanenashi’ than in the other cultivars, including the wild species.These results indicate that the size of fruit at harvest was determined by the number of cells at full bloom, and their expansion during fruit development.     

Temperature and daylength influences on the growth and germination of sweet basil and oregano

Oregano and sweet basil were grown in phytotron cabinets at 18/12°, 24/12° and 30/12°C (day/night) in either 10-or 16-h photoperiods. Only temperature had a positive influence on plant height in both species. The fresh yield was significantly influenced by temperature and daylength in all the three harvests examined for both species. The correlation between these results and field behaviour in different regions is discussed. The optimum temperature for the germination of oregano was a day/night regime of 24/19°C; sweet basil was less sensitive and germinated well at temperature regimes between 18/13° and 30/25°C.     

‘中油桃9号’及其黄肉突变体花和叶片中类胡萝卜素代谢及相关基因的时空表达

以‘中油桃9号’及其黄肉芽变的花和叶片为试材,采用HPLC法对类胡萝卜素的积累水平进行定性和定量分析,实时荧光定量PCR法对类胡萝卜素代谢关键基因的表达水平进行分析。结果表明:在花萼中,黄肉突变体的总类胡萝卜素水平为‘中油桃9号’的5.7倍,其中的β–胡萝卜素为‘中油桃9号’的19.6倍;除DXS和LCY-E外,突变体花萼中无论是合成类胡萝卜素的基因,还是降解类胡萝卜素基因的表达水平均显著高于‘中油桃9号’。在花瓣中,两个材料的类胡萝卜素总量无显著差异,但各类胡萝卜素成分含量存在显著差异;突变体DXS、HDR、PDS、LCY-E、CHY-B和CCD1的表达量显著高于‘中油桃9号’,ZDS、NCED1和CCD4的表达量显著低于‘中油桃9号’。在叶片中,‘中油桃9号’和黄肉突变体均以β–胡萝卜素、紫黄质、9–顺式–紫黄质和叶黄质为主,幼果期时两个材料的类胡萝卜素总量无显著差异,果实成熟后突变体的类胡萝卜素总量呈上升趋势,显著高于‘中油桃9号’;自花后55～80 d,仅CCD4的表达模式与类胡萝卜素的积累一致,因而认为CCD4的表达差异是两个材料后期叶片类胡萝卜素含量差异的主要原因。     

双孢蘑菇常见病虫害及防治

了解和掌握双孢蘑菇常见病虫害发生的种类、危害特征，并采取相应的对策，是双孢蘑菇获得优质高产的保证。针对室内栽培中常见的病虫害，通过实践操作，总结出一些防治措施，供广大栽培者参考。