重组水稻几丁质酶的发酵生产、纯化及酶学性质的研究

用7L发酵罐对酵母工程菌株NB01进行了重组几丁质酶的诱导表达,通过提高通气量和调整搅拌转速,使溶氧维持在30％以上,NB01可在发酵84 h内达到产酶高峰,酶活最高可达48.0795 U/mL。利用中空纤维超滤膜对发酵液浓缩、提纯,再经过Sephadex G-100柱层析后得到单一组分的重组几丁质酶,酶纯度提高了 7.9961倍。研究结果还表明,该酶具有良好的热稳定性和耐酸性;在4℃条件下具有较好的贮藏稳定性。     

昆虫几丁质酶的分类、功能分析、重组表达及酶学性质的研究进展

昆虫几丁质酶及其类似蛋白在昆虫生长和发育阶段起到重要调节作用。最近几年,运用新的生物技术对昆虫几丁质酶的结构,时空表达,和组织特异性表达以及生物学功能进行了深入研究,取得了许多新的成果。本文就昆虫几丁质酶基因的结构特征,几丁质酶生理功能、重组表达特点、酶活测定方法及影响酶活性因素等方面进行讨论与综述。     

海洋细菌QDC01的鉴定及其几丁质酶基因的克隆与分析

海洋微生物是几丁质酶的重要来源。本研究从青岛海域海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta)体中分离到一株产几丁质酶的细菌QDC01,通过形态、培养特征以及16S rDNA序列同源性分析,将该菌株鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)。根据已报道的嗜水气单胞菌几丁质酶基因相关序列设计引物,克隆了QDC01几丁质酶基因,命名为ahchi(GenBank:JX863407)。应用生物信息学软件对获得的基因序列及编码的蛋白序列进行分析,结果显示,ahchi开放阅读框(ORF)长2 100 bp,无内含子,其编码的蛋白由699个氨基酸组成,分子量为74.875 kD,等电点为5.81。序列比对和同源性分析结果表明,该基因与嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila subsp.hydrophila)ATCC 7966T几丁质酶基因(GenBank登录号:CP000462)的相似性最高,为98%;相应的氨基酸序列同源性为98%。系统进化分析以及Ahchi的保守结构域分析表明,Ahchi属于Ⅰ型几丁质酶,糖苷水解酶19家族。采用限制性内切酶(BamHⅠ和HindⅢ)双酶切法构建了原核表达载体pET-30a(+)-ahchi,并经IPTG诱导在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中成功表达。在基础产酶发酵条件下,菌株QDC01所产粗酶液酶活力达0.21 U/mL,采用文献报道的优化产酶发酵条件,菌株QDC01所产粗酶液酶活力可达0.58 U/mL,是前人报道的产几丁质酶嗜水气单胞菌SWCH-6所产酶活力的1.49倍,同时也高于已报道的气单胞菌(Aeromonas sp.)CJ-5的酶活力(0.41 U/mL),为微生物源几丁质酶开发应用提供了又一优良种质资源。     

菌寄生真菌黄蓝状菌(Talaromyces flavus)几丁质酶基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

菌寄生真菌的几丁质酶有很强的降解几丁质能力,在控制植物病害方面起着重要的作用.为克隆和研究菌寄生真菌黄蓝状菌(Talaromyces flavus)几丁质酶基因(tfchi1),本研究根据真菌几丁质酶基因的保守序列设计扩增基因中间片段的简并引物,采用RT-PCR、3'-RACE及5+-TAIL的方法获得了该基因的DNA和mRNA序列(GenBank:GU361769,GU361770).tfchi1长为2 561 bp,具有6个内含子,长度分别为129、78、68、65、53和59 bp,包含1 194bp的ORF,编码一个由397个氨基酸组成的蛋白.推导的tfchi1氨基酸序列以及蛋白质结构生物信息学分析表明,该蛋白具有典型的几丁质酶催化区保守序列SXGGW和DGXDXDWE,属于糖苷水解酶18家族几丁质酶,与柄篮状菌(Talaromyces stipitatus ATCC 10500)几丁质酶(XP_002480365)氨基酸序列同源性为96％,分子量为43.47kD,等电点为4.97.该蛋白无信号肽序列,有15个潜在的N-糖基化位点,Tfchi1的二级结构以无规卷曲和α-螺旋为蛋白的主要结构元件,三级结构中有(α/β)8的圆桶形结构.tfchi1转化毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris )GS 115,酵母工程菌可分泌具几丁质酶活性的表达产物,重组蛋白的分子量与理论值相符.结果说明,本研究已从T.flavus中正确克隆了1个糖苷水解酶18家族几丁质酶基因.     

生物信息学在几丁质酶研究中的应用

几丁质酶在防治病原真菌,抵御农业害虫,参与共生固氮及植物的生长调控等方面都有重要作用。几丁质酶种类较多,在大小、三维结构、理化性质和酶学性质等方面差异较大,因而,采用生物信息学方法快速有效地分析几丁质酶是十分有必要的。对将生物信息学应用到新型几丁质酶基因的发现、几丁质酶的结构分析、几丁质酶的后基因组分析以及在几丁质酶分析中出现的问题等几方面进行了综述。     

土壤中几丁质酶的研究进展

几丁质酶是影响土壤中氮矿化的一种重要的酶,其分解几丁质控制着氮循环的关键步骤。本文对土壤中几丁质酶的分类、来源、分布、影响因素、催化动力学特性及测定方法进行了综合评述,以期为我国开展土壤几丁质酶的相关研究提供理论参考。     

山冈单胞菌ZL261几丁质酶基因的克隆及原核表达

分离自西藏色季拉山海拔4 530 m高山草甸土壤的山冈单胞菌(Collimonas pratensis)ZL261具有很高的几丁质酶活性,为了明确其几丁质酶种类及作用特点,依据已报道的食真菌山冈单胞菌(Collimonas fungivorans)Ter331胞外内切几丁质酶基因chiI相关序列设计引物,利用分段扩增的方法得到了菌株ZL261几丁质酶基因,并对其序列和编码蛋白的氨基酸进行分析。结果表明,全长1 338 bp的chiIQ基因编码的几丁质酶ChiIQ由445个氨基酸组成,分子量为46.04 kDa,等电点为5.67。序列比对和同源性分析发现,该基因与食真菌山冈单胞菌Ter331几丁质酶基因chiI序列相似性最高(92%),其氨基酸序列含有几丁质酶GH18家族高度保守序列SXGG和GXDXDXE,因此,ChiIQ属GH18家族。利用双酶切法构建了ZL261几丁质酶基因原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌BL21中成功诱导表达。本试验结果为后期研究几丁质酶在山冈单胞菌生防应用中的功能以及生防菌ZL261的开发和应用奠定了基础。     

几丁质酶在农业方面的应用研究概况

目前,合成类杀虫剂和杀真菌剂的滥用造成了严重的环境污染。而几丁质酶有潜在的抗含几丁质的病原体的特性,因此在农业方面应用前景广泛。综述了在几丁质酶抗植物病原真菌、杀虫、抗细菌和果蔬采后病害的防治等方面的应用研究情况。在此基础上,对几丁质酶在生物农业上的应用前景进行了展望。     

硅对水稻几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的影响及其与抗纹枯病的关系

在溶液培养条件下,以水稻抗病品种91SP和感病品种Lemont为材料,研究施硅和接种纹枯病菌对水稻纹枯病发生情况、外切几丁质酶、内切几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的影响。结果表明,施硅能降低抗病品种91SP的纹枯病病级和病情指数,显著降低感病品种Lemont的病级和病情指数。在未接种纹枯病菌条件下,施硅增加了抗病品种几丁质酶活性,增加了感病品种的几丁质酶活性,但对β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性影响不大。接种纹枯病菌后,水稻几丁质酶活性被迅速激活后又下降,施硅通过提高抗病品种91SP几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,以及通过提高感病品种Lemont几丁质酶活性来增强对纹枯病的抗性,但感病品种Lemont施硅处理的几丁质酶活性降低幅度小于抗病品种91SP。     

金属离子对苏云金芽孢杆菌几丁质酶活力的影响

几丁质酶(EC3．2．1．14)是细菌、病毒、真菌等微生物、高等植物和昆虫体内普遍合成的一种具有生物催化活性的水解酶类。它能特异地催化水解几丁质的β-1,4-糖苷键生成N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖(NAG)。几丁质酶因为具有水解几丁质破坏围食膜的作用而被作为防治真菌病害和害虫的潜在靶标(蒋红彬等,2000；沙莉等，2003)。几丁质酶能增强苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)的杀虫效果，有利于克服或延缓昆虫对Bt的抗性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.