土体固结与溶质运移三维耦合模型

考虑堆场上覆堆积体自重引起的土体固结与溶质运移的耦合效应已成为环境土工领域中的热点问题。在Biot固结理论和溶质运移理论相结合的基础上,以孔隙率作为耦合参量,将固结方程与运移方程相联系,考虑土体固结对溶质运移模型参数的影响,建立了溶质在固结变形土体中运移的三维耦合模型。采用多场耦合有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics对模型进行了数值求解。数值模拟结果表明,土体固结变形对溶质运移过程具有较强和持久的阻滞作用,导致溶质运移深度以及污染羽范围的减小,在模拟运移20 a时,运移距离减小率已高达27.75%,且随着时间的增加而逐渐增大;溶质在水平方向的迁移距离不可忽略,随着横向水力梯度的增大而增大。     

承压水基坑突涌的水力劈裂

突涌是基坑工程施工过程中常遇的主要灾害之一。现有的承压水基坑突涌稳定分析方法均不能反应突涌破坏机理。从水力劈裂的机理入手,建议承压水基坑突涌问题应考虑应力-渗流场耦合作用。在Biot固结理论基础上,建立了基坑突涌分析水力劈裂耦合模型,考虑了土体物理力学性质的动态演化。试图通过分析工作面推进过程中基底土体应力场和渗流场的变化,来判断突涌发生的可能性。研究结果表明：突涌始于基底隔水层所发生的张拉破坏,基底周边是发生突涌的危险位置;渗透弱面(初始张拉裂缝)的水压楔劈效应所导致的水力劈裂为基坑突涌提供了通道;高水压力的存在是突涌发生的前提条件,高水力梯度的产生是基坑突涌的根源。     

Deformation of deep foundation pits due to excavation and dewatering considering the change of void ratio and permeability coefficient with current stress of soil

基于修正剑桥模型理论,推导了孔隙比e随土体当前应力变化的方程,同时比选了4组经典的描述渗透系数k随孔隙比变化的方程,选择了其中一组最佳的估算公式,编写ABAQUS用户子程序VOIDRI和USDFLD,以实现孔隙比和渗透系数随土体当前应力的变化。在此基础上,研究深基坑降水开挖所致的坑内外土体的变形、围护结构的变形及弯矩,得到以下结论：当考虑孔隙比随土体当前应力变化时,坑外地表沉降量、墙体的水平位移、地下连续墙的弯矩、坑底隆起量均大于孔隙比为定值时的情况;当考虑渗透系数随土体当前应力变化时,坑外地表沉降量、墙体的水平位移、地下连续墙的弯矩均小于渗透系数为定值时的情况,但同时考虑渗透系数和孔隙比变化情况时,其对坑底的隆起量的影响可以忽略不计。     

沉积作用及应力历史对自重应力和沉降的影响

土体的沉积作用和应力历史会影响土体自重应力的确定,也会影响地基最终沉降量的确定。鉴于e-lnp比e-lgp坐标图能更方便、精确地描述线性问题,根据e-lnp坐标图推导沉积作用对成层土、正常固结土、超固结土的自重应力与沉降影响的计算式。用该计算式对昆明滇池国际会展中心部分深厚软土地基的自重应力和最终沉降量进行计算,并用计算结果和不考虑沉积作用及应力历史影响的计算结果进行对比分析,结果表明,沉积作用对深厚软粘土自重应力和最终沉降量计算值的影响非常显著,并且土体厚度越厚、上覆荷载越大,其影响越明显。     

基坑开挖及降水对坑外地表沉降的影响

考虑降水、支护结构变形以及基坑隆起3个因素引起的基坑周围土体的沉降,根据降水引起土体沉降的机理,运用修正的分层总和法单独计算出由降水引起的周围土体沉降。通过研究基坑开挖引起坑外土体沉降的规律,推导出由基坑开挖引起的坑外土体沉降理论公式。把降水引起的沉降及基坑开挖引起的沉降进行叠加,加入修正系数,最终以简化的理论公式合理地计算出基坑周围土体沉降。具体工程验证表明,推导的理论解析解与实测数据十分接近,能有效预估基坑周围土体沉降,为施工方案编制提供可靠的理论依据,最大限度减少基坑施工对周围环境的影响。     

民勤绿洲退耕地土壤养分分布特征研究

为了更加科学合理地管理和利用植被资源,以石羊河下游的典型区——民勤县退耕地为研究对象,通过对石羊河下游地区退耕地植被恢复过程中不同恢复年限土壤养分变化分布特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）土壤中N肥含量退耕年限的增加呈波动式上升的趋势,但在同一年限退耕地中随土层的加深而逐渐减小,退耕后1~10年,群落中大多为1年生草本植物和宿根植物,其根系较浅,土层N含量变化的幅度较小;15~30年,1年生草本逐渐被多年生草本和灌木所代替,植物根系深度达到20~40 cm N含量变化的幅度相对较大;50年后,趋于稳定。（2）P含量在各演替阶段土壤层次上均呈A>B>C>D规律性分布的特点,退耕后1~10年,A、B 2层P含量的差异较大,C、D 2层受退耕时间的影响较小;退耕15~50年后,A、B、C、D 4个土层P含量变化的幅度相对较小。（3）在不同年限退耕地土壤各层次中,K的含量表现出和P同样的规律性,即A>B>C>D的总体规律,退耕后1~30年间,C、D层K的含量随着退耕年限增加而波动式减小,而A、B层规律性不明显;退耕50年后,K的含量趋于稳定。     

灌溉方式对新疆棉花条田盐分运移的影响

采用土体的双向切片法,研究了膜下滴灌、淹灌两种不同模式下不同土层之间以及膜灌带的不同区域之间盐分分布的差异,进而得出盐分在不同的灌溉方式下的运移规律.结果表明:盐分由于灌水方式不同各处理之间变化趋势不同,同时,由于北疆棉田采用宽窄行的种植模式,宽行和窄行以及膜灌带两侧钾素和盐分的在各土层之间含量也呈现出显著差异.滴灌处理盐分在土壤表层有轻微表积现象,随深度增加盐分含量下降;常规淹灌处理,土壤表层含盐量低于滴灌处理,而随深度增加在0～60 cm深度范围内盐分含量逐渐增加.     

灌溉方式对新疆棉花条田盐分运移的影响

采用土体的双向切片法,研究了膜下滴灌、淹灌两种不同模式下不同土层之间以及膜灌带的不同区域之间盐分分布的差异,进而得出盐分在不同的灌溉方式下的运移规律。结果表明：盐分由于灌水方式不同各处理之间变化趋势不同,同时,由于北疆棉田采用宽窄行的种植模式,宽行和窄行以及膜灌带两侧钾素和盐分的在各土层之间含量也呈现出显著差异。滴灌处理盐分在土壤表层有轻微表积现象,随深度增加盐分含量下降;常规淹灌处理,土壤表层含盐量低于滴灌处理,而随深度增加在0-60 cm深度范围内盐分含量逐渐增加。     

河滨带土壤氮、磷自然渗透与迁移特征研究

为了探讨河滨带土壤特性,采用过硫酸盐消化法和M3法,对河滨带不同深度土壤N、P含量进行测定,分析其在河滨带纵向土壤中的自然渗透和横向迁移特征。研究结果表明：吸光度与氮和有效磷的校准曲线：y=-0.1308+0.2546x,R2=0.9173和y=0.0287+0.5617x,R2=0.9675,相关性非常好。该河滨带土壤N、P主要分布在0~10 cm土壤层,以5 cm土壤层为最高,表层土壤中N、P含量显著高于下层土壤,总体呈由上到下的迁移特征;河滨下游土壤表层含N量明显高于上游,而土壤含P量在上游主要集中在土壤表层,在下游主要集中在5 cm土层中。因此分析河滨带纵向土壤中的自然渗透和横向迁移特征必须从纵向和横向两方面来综合抑制土壤中氮、磷的不断升高的趋势。     

基于模糊数学法的新建绿地土壤物理性能评价

城市绿地土壤的物理性能影响着城市生态系统的运行,为了研究城市绿地建设过程中不同层次土壤的物理性能,以西安植物园新区为典型案例,选取容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、田间持水量、自然含水量等六个指标,结合模糊数学法以及SPSS19.0与Excel软件对各层土壤的物理性能(Q)进行评价。结果显示,西安植物园新区表层土壤(0-25cm)、浅层土壤(25-50cm)、中层土壤(50-70 cm)、深层土壤(70-90cm)的Q值分别为21.69、61.24、71.19、66.89;分别处于极差水平、较差水平、良好水平、较差水平。平均Q值为55.25,处于较差水平。表层土壤与浅层土壤Q值过低的原因在于重型机械的重复碾压,碾压力对中层土的影响较小。随着土层深度的增加,深层土壤的Q值相对中层有所下降。各影响因子的权重比较显示,土壤容重是影响各层土壤物理性能优劣的重要因素,但随着土层的加深,土壤容重的权重逐渐降低。自然含水量的权重随着土层的加呈现逐步上升的趋势。     

Effect of Consolidation Pressure and Adsorption Parameter on Contaminant Transport Considering the Biodegradation of Contaminant at Source

Consolidation deformation can lead to changes of structural and permeable characteristics of clay impermeable layer, which will affect the distribution of seepage field and concentration field, and then affect the transport law of contaminant in impermeable layer. Based on the Biot consolidation theory, the transport law of contaminant in deforming soil is studied taking account. Meanwhile, the effects of consolidation pressures and adsorption parameters have been analyzed separately. The results show that consolidation deformation retards the transport process of contaminant and shortens the transport depth of contaminant. In addition, the retardation of consolidation deformation on the transport process of contaminant becomes stronger as the consolidation pressure increases. Meanwhile, under the condition of a linear adsorption mode, the decreasing rate of migration depth increases gradually as the adsorption parameter decreases. It is shown that the retardation of consolidation deformation on the transport process of contaminant becomes more visible when the adsorption parameter decreases. The results have important theoretical significance for the design of effective thickness of the simple constructed garbage dump and bottom sediment dump, as well as the safety evaluation of impermeable layer.     

Contrast Analysis of the Reinforcement Effect of Pile-Net Composite Foundation

To investigate the effect of consolidation soft soil, three groups of model tests were designed. The first group was PVC pile-net composite foundation, the second was pile-cap-net composite foundation, and the third was PVC and sand pile composite foundation. Butter was coated and plastic membrane was covered on inner side wall of model cast to reduce border effect. The gauges were glued with epoxy on the surface of the model with PVC piles and geogrids to measure the stress of PVC piles and geogrids. Soil pressure cells were installed in the middle of piles and the top of the sand piles, and dial indicators were installed in the middle of road and road shoulder to measure deformations. It is that shown: 1) as for the distribution of the road settlement and the differential settlement, the settlements of the third group are the largest and those of the second group are the least; 2) in terms of the stress ratio of PVC pile and soil, the values of the first group and the third group are similar, while the value of the second group is much larger; 3) the change of geogrid strain is disorderly. There are periodic peaks in the strain of geogrid of pile top and periodic troughs in the soil between the piles. The geogrid strain of the second group measured in the corresponding spot is much larger than those of the other two groups. The results of three groups of tests illustrate that if the condition is permitted, it would be the best to adopt the scheme of pile-cap-net composite foundation, which has better reinforcement effect for soft soil.     

Genetic Algorithm for the Consolidation Coefficient Evaluation

The deformation and stress induced by the loading of building on the foundation will cause the settlement and incline.If the foundation settlement isn't a uniform one,it will decline and affect the safety of the building.The consolidation coefficient is the main factor for the settlement of foundation.At present,the method for the consolidation coefficient such as logarithm of time and square root of time methods couldn't overcome the jamming.However the Genetic Algorithm can diminish the jamming and a precise result can be gained.     

Study on Consolidation of Reinforced Soft Foundationwith Two-way Drainage of Sand Well

Based on traditional consolidation theory, the soft ground settlement is calculated and one-, two-, and three-dimensional consolidation of reinforced soft foundation with sand drain is studied. The calculation method of average sand drain and the new modified method are discussed. The results can serve as a guide to subgrade design of soft ground.     

Analysis of the Static Stability of Tailings Dam under Coupled Deformation and Seepage Fields

The static stability of a tailings dam is analyzed with a finite element approach, which takes into account the effect of plastic deformation, temperature, saturation and void ratio on the properties of soil materials, the effect of water and soil interaction and the extended Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The concept of yield approaching degree is introduced, which is defined as the ratio of the existing equivalent stress to the yield stress taking into account the effects of different influencing factors. The response of the tailing dam subjected to the coupled saturated/unsaturated seepage and deformation is simulated, considering that the dry beach is 100-meter long and the starter dam is jammed, respectively. The important indexes such as the deformation and the phreatic surface of the dam are obtained. The distribution of the yield approaching degree in the whole dam under the given condition is obtained, which can provide not only a general stability assessment of the dam, but also important information to the decision-making for the reinforcement and maintenance of the dam.     

On Elasto-Plastic Consolidation Settlement of Saturated Soft Clay

The specific properties of soft clay are characterized by higher void ratio, lower permeability and higher compressibility, the consolidation settlement of soft clay is affected by the imposed stress history, the stress paths, the consolidation pressure and the soil properties. In this paper, the porous media theory based on the mixture theory was applied in the study on the consolidation settlement of soft clay, which was more rigorous than the conventional consolidation settlement theory and the coupling between soil and water can be taken into account in the analysis.     

Effect of Initial Hydraulic Gradient on Consolidation of Sand drained Ground Improved by Vacuum Preloading

Because of the existence of initial hydraulic gradient in clay, non Darcy equation with initial hydraulic gradient was modified with classical consolidation theories of sand drained ground.And the approximate solution in the instance of vacuum preloading was presented.Based on this, the effect of initial hydraulic gradient on the seepage front, the pore water pressure and the average degree of consolidation were investigated.It was found that the spread of vacuum pressure was delayed because of initial hydraulic gradient, resulting in the dissipation of pore water pressure and the speed of soil layer consolidation.The hysteresis became more and more evident with the increase of initial hydraulic gradient.In addition, initial hydraulic gradient also caused some residual pore water pressure which could not reach vacuum pressure.Thus, the ultimate average degree of consolidation was less than 100%, which decreased with the increase of initial hydraulic gradient.     

Evaluation on Effects of the Change of Hole-boring Distance During Splitting Grouting to Earth Dam

The technology of splitting grouting for earth dam is one of the important technical measures to improve the quality of dam. However, the consolidation mechanism of slurry in the dam is not clear, which can not evaluate the effects of seepage control of the dam after grouting. Therefore, assuming that the construction technology does not change and with the consideration of interaction between the layout of hole-boring distance and the effects of seepage control, the Mohr-Coulomb Hardening model and fluid-solid coupling method were used to analyze the rule of pore pressure, stress and strain in the dam during splitting grouting based on the finite element simulation. The consolidation mechanics was discussed and stability of the dam was evaluated.     

复合土钉支护转角有利影响范围

基坑复合土钉墙转角处有明显的空间效应,受力变形较小,对支护结构有利,但不清楚转角定量的有利影响范围,目前设计中仍按照与基坑中部一样保守设计,为在此范围内降低土钉用量,避免保守设计,对水泥土搅拌桩复合土钉支护结构建立了全尺寸整体三维有限元模型,这种模型包含基坑的转角,能考虑基坑的空间效应,通过建立接触面单元,能考虑土体和搅拌桩、土体和土钉的相互作用,量化分析了基坑转角对支护结构受力和变形的有利影响范围,计算结果表明,基坑转角对开挖面水平位移、地表沉降、坑底隆起、土钉轴力的有利影响范围分别约为1.3、1、1、1.2倍的开挖深度。经与实际工程现场实测值对比,验证了该模型分析结果的可靠性,同时分析结果优于平面二维和局部三维有限元模型,结论为复合土钉支护结构的优化设计和安全施工提供了理论依据和研究方法。