土壤微生物群落结构与多样性对农田集约化管理程度降低的响应

Using a scheme of agricultural fields with progressively less intensive management （deintensification）, different management practices in six agroecosystems located near Goldsboro, NC, USA were tested in a large-scale experiment, including two cash-grain cropping systems employing either tillage （CT） or no-tillage （NT）, an organic farming system （OR）, an integrated cropping system with animals （IN）, a successional field （SU）, and a plantation woodlot （WO）. Microbial phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profiles and substrate utilization patterns （BIOLOG ECO plates） were measured to examine the effects of deintensification on the structure and diversity of soil microbial communities. Principle component analyses of PLFA and BIOLOG data showed that the microbial community structure diverged among the soils of the six systems.Lower microbial diversity was found in lowly managed ecosystem than that in intensive and moderately managed agroecosystems, and both fungal contribution to the total identified PLFAs and the ratio of microbial biomass C/N increased along with agricultural deintensification. Significantly higher ratios of C/N （P 〈 0.05） were found in the WO and SU systems, and for fungal/bacterial PLFAs in the WO system （P 〈 0.05）. There were also significant decreases （P 〈 0.05） along with agricultural deintensification for contributions of total bacterial and gram positive （G＋） bacterial PLFAs.Agricultural deintensification could facilitate the development of microbial communities that favor soil fungi over bacteria.     

Soil microbial community responses to sulfadiazine-contaminated manure in different soil microhabitats

Veterinary antibiotics such as sulfadiazine (SDZ) are applied with manure to agricultural soil. Antimicrobial effects of SDZ on soil microbial community structures and functions were reported for homogenized bulk soils. In contrast, field soil is structured. The resulting microhabitats are often hot spots that account for most of the microbial activity and contain strains of different antibiotic sensitivity or resilience. We therefore hypothesize that effects of SDZ are different in diverse soil microhabitats. We combined the results of laboratory and field experiments that evaluated the fate of SDZ and the response of the microbial community in rhizosphere, earthworm burrow, and soil macroaggregate microhabitats. Microbial communities were characterized by phenotypic phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and genotypic 16S rRNA gene patterns (DGGE) and other methods. Data was evaluated by principle component analyses followed by two-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests. Extractable SDZ concentrations in rhizosphere soil were not clearly different and varied by a factor 0.7–1.2 from those in bulk soil. In contrast to bulk soil, the extractable SDZ content was two-fold larger in earthworm burrows, which are characterized by a more hydrophobic organic matter along the burrow surface. Also, extractable SDZ was larger by up to factor 2.6 in the macroaggregate surface soil. The rhizosphere effect clearly increased the microbial biomass. Nonetheless, in the 10 mg SDZ kg⁻¹ treatment, the biomass deceased by about 20% to the level of uncontaminated bulk soil. SDZ contamination lowered the total PLFA concentrations by 14% in the rhizosphere and 3% in bulk soil of the field experiment. Structural shifts represented by Pseudomonas DGGE data were larger in SDZ-contaminated earthworm burrows compared to bulk soils. In the laboratory experiment, a functional shift was indicated by a four-fold reduced acid phosphatase activity in SDZ-contaminated burrows compared to bulk soil. Structural and functional shifts after SDZ contamination were larger by a factor of 2.5 in the soil macroaggregate surface versus interior, but this relation reversed over the long-term under field conditions. Overall, the combined effects of soil microhabitat, microbial community composition, and exposure to SDZ influenced the microbial susceptibility towards antibiotics under laboratory and field conditions.     

Warming and elevated CO2 combine to increase microbial mineralisation of soil organic matter

The net annual exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems is of prime importance in determining the concentration of CO₂ ([CO₂]) in the atmosphere and consequently future climate. Carbon loss occurs primarily through soil respiration; it is known that respiration is sensitive to the global changes in [CO₂] and temperature, suggesting that the net carbon balance may change in the future. However, field manipulations of temperature and [CO₂] alter many important environmental factors so it is unclear how much of the observed alterations in soil respiration is due to changes of microbial function itself instead of changes to the physical and chemical environment. Here we focus on resolving the importance of changes in the microbial community in response to warming and elevated [CO₂] on carbon mineralisation, something not possible in field measurements. We took plant material and soil inocula from a long running experiment where native grassland had been exposed to both warming and elevated CO₂ and constructed a reciprocal transplant experiment. We found that the rate of decomposition (heterotrophic respiration) was strongly determined by the origin of the microbial community. The combined warming + elevated CO₂ treatment produced a soil community that gave respiration rates 30% higher when provided with shoot litter and 70% for root litter than elevated CO₂ treatment alone, with the treatment source of the litter being unimportant. Warming, especially in the presence of elevated CO₂, increased the size of the apparent labile carbon pool when either C₃ or C₄ litter was added. Thus, the metabolic activity of the soil community was affected by the combination of warming and elevated CO₂ such that it had an increased ability to mineralise added organic matter, regardless of its source. Therefore, soil C efflux may be substantially increased in a warmer, high CO₂ world. Current ecosystem models mostly drive heterotrophic respiration from plant litter quality, soil moisture and temperature but our findings suggest equal attention will need to be paid to capturing microbial processes if we are to accurately project the future C balance of terrestrial ecosystems and quantify the feedback effect on atmospheric concentrations of CO₂.     

菜-菌轮作模式下土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的变化

为明确菜-菌轮作模式对土壤微生物的影响,基于高通量测序技术,对4种轮作模式下的土壤微生物群落结构与多样性进行了研究,结果显示：不同轮作模式下土壤样品中真菌和细菌OUT总数分别是2298和15840条,相较于常规轮作模式A,菜-菌轮作模式B、C、D下真菌的OUT总数、ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数降低显著,Simpson指数增加明显,但细菌的各参数没有显著的差异;其土壤全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、有机质含量显著高于常规轮作模式A;真菌的优势群落是子囊菌门,相对丰度在66%以上,枝孢属、镰刀菌属两类致病菌群的丰度在菜-菌轮作模式B、C、D中降低明显;细菌的优势群落是变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门以及酸杆菌门,鞘氨醇单胞菌属、伯克霍尔德氏菌属丰度在菜-菌轮作模式B、C、D中显著提高;聚类分析表明菜-菌轮作模式C、D下微生物群落结构相似度最高,常规轮作模式A可划分为区别于菜-菌轮作模式B、C、D的单独类群。综上所述,菜-菌轮作可降低真菌群落丰度,改变土壤微生物群落的结构组成,同时提高土壤中有益菌群的丰度,降低有害菌群的丰度。     

不同培肥方式对土壤有机碳与微生物群落结构的影响

为揭示旱作区耕地土壤有机碳累积规律及其与土壤微生物群落间的相互作用机制,试验采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)指纹图谱及土壤腐殖质形态分组的方法,通过田间定位试验,研究了马铃薯-马铃薯-油用向日葵-马铃薯-油用向日葵轮作模式下,有机、无机肥配施(不施肥、单施化肥、化肥配施牛粪、化肥配施羊粪、化肥配施生物有机肥、化肥配施黄腐酸钾)对土壤有机碳累积、土壤腐殖质形态的影响及其与土壤微生物群落结构间的相互关系。结果表明:在连续培肥5年间,随培肥时间延长,土壤有机碳呈波动性上升趋势。与对照相比,化肥配施牛粪、化肥配施羊粪处理土壤有机碳以年6.61%和8.97%的增长率累积增加,不同处理外源有机碳含量及有机肥种类的差异影响了土壤有机碳的累积速率。化肥配施高量有机肥(化肥+羊粪、化肥+牛粪)处理显著提高了土壤稳结态、松结态腐殖质含量及松结态/紧结态腐殖质的比例,且以PLFA表征的土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、原生动物、土壤微生物群落总生物量与对照处理间均有显著性差异(P0.05)。与对照相比,各施肥处理的革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌(G+/G-)值均呈降低趋势;但不同有机无机相结合的土壤培肥方式对土壤G+/G-的比例没有显著差异。多元分析表明,基于土壤微生物主要类群磷脂脂肪酸含量的排序轴与基于土壤有机碳、腐殖质形态的排序轴之间相关性(P1=0.568,P2=0.611)较好,累积变量在98.69%上揭示不同有机无机培肥措施影响下的土壤微生物群落生物量与环境因子间的相互关系。土壤松结态腐殖质含量与土壤G+/G-比值正相关。外源有机碳的施入促进了土壤紧结态腐殖碳向稳结态、松结态腐殖质转化;较高量外源有机碳施入有助于提升土壤细菌、真菌的生物量。总体而言,土壤微生物群落结构的变化是受有机无机培肥措施所引起的土壤有机碳含量、腐殖质形态变化驱动;化肥配施牛粪和化肥配施羊粪有利于土壤有机碳积累和松结态腐殖质的形成,促进土壤中微生物生物量提高。研究结果可为宁夏中部干旱区土壤合理培肥提供科学依据。     

A miniaturised method to quantify microbial mineralisation of C-labelled organic compounds in small soil samples

A miniaturised method developed to measure the mineralisation of ¹³C-labelled organic compounds in small soil samples is presented. Soil samples (<0.5 g) were placed in wells of microtiter plates with CO₂ traps (NaOH-soaked glass microfiber filters) and amended with ¹³C-labelled substrate. The microtiter plate was covered with a seal and placed in a microplate clamp system to ensure that each well was airtight. After incubation, the CO₂ traps were transferred to tightly sealed glass phials under CO₂-free atmosphere and the ¹³C-labelled CO₂ was released by addition of H₃PO₄. The CO₂ was measured by micro-GC and its isotopic signature was determined using a GC-IRMS. The qualitative and quantitative efficiency of the microplate system was demonstrated by comparison with direct measurement of CO₂ in the headspace of phials in which similarly treated soil samples had been incubated. The two methods showed similar mineralisation rates for added ¹³C-substrates but the apparent mineralisation of soil organic matter was greater with the microtiter plate method. The microplate system presented here is suitable for studying the mineralisation of different kinds of ¹³C-labelled substrates in small soil samples and allows analysis of functional and molecular characteristics on the same micro-samples.     

Soil structural responses to alterations in soil microbiota induced by the dilution method and mycorrhizal fungal inoculation

This investigation examines the effect of manipulating soil microbial community composition and species richness on the development of soil structure over a seven month period in planted (with or without mycorrhizal fungi) and in unplanted macrocosms. The dilution method effectively resulted in soil communities with consistently contrasting levels of species (TRF) richness. In particular, the 10^?6 dilution of field soil resulted in less rich communities in bare unplanted soil than did the 10^?1 soil dilution. However, this was not the case in planted soils where root activity was a powerful influence on species richness. After seven months, principal components analysis (PCA) separated bacterial community composition primarily on planting regime; planted mycorrhizal, planted non-mycorrhizal and bare soil treatments all contained different bacterial community compositions. A consistent finding in planted and unplanted soils was that aggregate stability was positively correlated with small pore sizes. Mycorrhizal colonisation decreased plant biomass and also resulted in reduced soil bacterial species richness, lower percentage organic matter and smaller pore sizes relative to planted but non-mycorrhizal soils. However, soil aggregate stability and water repellency were increased in these (mycorrhizal) soils probably due to AMF hyphal activities including enmeshment and/or glomalin production. In contrast, bacterial TRF richness was positively correlated with aggregate stability in the bare and non-mycorrhizal planted soils. Soil organic carbon was an important factor in all treatments, but in the bare soil where there was no additional input of labile C from roots, the percentage C could be directly related to fungal TRF richness. The less species rich bare soil contained more organic C than the more species rich bare soil. This suggests a degree of redundancy with regard to mineralisation of organic matter when additional, more utilisable C sources are unavailable. Understanding the effects of microbial diversity on functional parameters is important for advancing sustainable soil management techniques, but it is clear that soil is a dynamic ecosystem.     

Soil microbial, fungal, and nematode responses to soil fumigation and cover crops under potato production

Sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium) and 1,3 dichloropropene are widely used in potato production for the control of soil-borne pathogens, weeds, and plant parasitic nematodes that reduce crop yield and quality. Soil fumigation with metam sodium has been shown in microcosm studies to significantly reduce soil microbial populations and important soil processes such as C and N mineralization. However, few published data report the impact of metam sodium on microbial populations and activities in potato production systems under field conditions. Fall-planted white mustard (Brassica hirta) and sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) cover crops may serve as an alternative to soil fumigation. The effect of metam sodium and cover crops was determined on soil microbial populations, soil-borne pathogens (Verticillium dahliae, Pythium spp., and Fusarium spp.), free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes, and C and N mineralization potentials under potato production on five soil types in the Columbia Basin of Eastern Washington. Microbial biomass C was 8–23% greater in cover crop treatments compared to those fumigated with metam sodium among the soil types tested. Replacing fumigation with cover crops did not significantly affect C or N mineralization potentials. Cumulative N mineralized over a 49-day laboratory incubation averaged 18 mg NO₃-N kg⁻¹ soil across all soil types and treatments. There was a general trend for N mineralized from fumigated treatments to be lower than cover-cropped treatments. Soil fungal populations and free-living nematode levels were significantly lowered in fumigated field trials compared to cover-cropped treatments. Fumigation among the five soil types significantly reduced Pythium spp. by 97%, Fusarium spp. by 84%, and V. dahliae by 56% compared to the mustard cover crop treatment. The percentage of bacteria and fungi surviving fumigation was greater for fine- than coarse-textured soils, suggesting physical protection of organisms within the soil matrix or a reduced penetration and distribution of the fumigants. This suggests the potential need for a higher rate of fumigant to be used in fine-textured soils to obtain comparable reductions in soil-borne pathogens.     

Microbial community abundance and structure are determinants of soil organic matter mineralisation in the presence of labile carbon

Altered rates of native soil organic matter (SOM) mineralisation in the presence of labile C substrate (‘priming’), is increasingly recognised as central to the coupling of plant and soil-biological productivity and potentially as a key process mediating the C-balance of soils. However, the mechanisms and controls of SOM-priming are not well understood. In this study we manipulated microbial biomass size and composition (chloroform fumigation) and mineral nutrient availability to investigate controls of SOM-priming. Effects of applied substrate (¹³C-glucose) on mineralisation of native SOM were quantified by isotopic partitioning of soil respiration. In addition, the respective contributions of SOM-C and substrate-derived C to microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were quantified to account for pool-substitution effects (‘apparent priming’). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles of the soils were determined to establish treatment effects on microbial community structure, while the ¹³C-enrichment of PLFA biomarkers was used to establish pathways of substrate-derived C-flux through the microbial communities. The results indicated that glucose additions increased SOM-mineralisation in all treatments (positive priming). The magnitude of priming was reduced in fumigated soils, concurrent with reduced substrate-derived C-flux through putative SOM-mineralising organisms (fungi and actinomycetes). Nutrient additions reduced the magnitude of positive priming in non-fumigated soils, but did not affect the distribution of substrate-derived C in microbial communities. The results support the view that microbial community composition is a determinant of SOM-mineralisation, with evidence that utilisation of labile substrate by fungal and actinomycete (but not Gram-negative) populations promotes positive SOM-priming.     

Soil fertility,enzyme activity,and microbial community structure diversity among different soil textures under different land use types in coastal saline soil

Purpose

This investigation assessed the responses of soil fertility, enzyme activity, and microbial community diversity to soil texture and land use type.

Materials and methods

The tested soils included five soil textures (sandy loam, medium loam, heavy loam, light clay, and medium clay soils) with two land use types (uncultivated and paddy soils) in the coastal zone of Zhejiang Province, China.

Results and discussion

Soil texture had a significant effect on soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK), catalase and protease activities, total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and microbial diversity (MD). The clay content was significantly positively correlated to soil EC, OC, TN, AN, AP, AK, catalase activity, total PLFAs, bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and MD but significantly negatively associated with soil pH and protease activity. Land use type also had significantly influenced soil pH, EC, OC, TN, AN, AP, AK, catalase, protease and urease activities, total PLFAs, bacterial, actinomycetes, and fungal PLFAs, and MD. The paddy soil had higher OC, TN, AN, AP, catalase, protease and urease activities, total PLFAs, bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and MD but lower soil pH, EC, and AK than the uncultivated soil. The interaction with soil texture and land use type had significantly affected soil pH, EC, OC, TN, AN, AP, AK, catalase and protease activities, total PLFAs, bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and MD.

Conclusions

Soil texture and land use type could be considered important factors in improving soil fertility, enzyme activity, and microbial diversity in coastal saline soils.

     

Soil organic carbon distribution drives microbial activity and functional diversity in particle and aggregate-size fractions

Chemical and functional characterizations of particle-size and aggregate fractions of soils were performed to investigate whether accessibility and decomposability of organic matter regulate functions and diversity of the soil microbial community at the micro-habitat scale. Soils were physically fractionated into particle size fractions, free-particulate organic matter (F-POM), macro-aggregates (250–2000 μm) and micro-aggregates (53–250 μm). Organic C was enriched in silt and clay, micro-aggregates and F-POM fractions. Enzymes showed the greatest activity in the fine fractions (silt and clay) and F-POM, and were largely influenced by organic C content. MicroResp-CLPP (Community Level Physiological Profile) showed the lowest catabolic responses in the sand and the highest in the fine fraction and micro-aggregates. In general, organic C availability drove soil activity and functional diversity: soils with the higher amount of organic C showed the higher catabolic activity. However, this response was variable within soil fractions, where organic C accessibility, as well as microbial selection and distribution, affected functional diversity.     

Soil nitrogen availability alters rhizodeposition carbon flux into the soil microbial community

Purpose

Soil microorganisms are important in the cycling of plant nutrients. Soil microbial biomass, community structure, and activity are mainly affected by carbon substrate and nutrient availability. The objective was to test if both the overall soil microbial community structure and the community-utilizing plant-derived carbon entering the soil as rhizodeposition were affected by soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability.

Materials and methods

A ¹³C-CO₂ steady-state labeling experiment was conducted in a ryegrass system. Four soil treatments were established: control, amendment with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), amendment with ammonium nitrate (NF), combined CMC and NF. Soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and ¹³C labeling PLFA were extracted and detected by isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

Results and discussion

The combined CMC and NF treatment with appropriate C/N ratio (20) significantly enhanced soil microbial biomass C and N, but resulted in lower soil inorganic N concentrations. There was no significant difference in soil PLFA profile pattern between different treatments. In contrast, most of the ¹³C was distributed into PLFAs 18:2ω6,9c, 18:1ω7c, and 18:1ω9c, indicative of fungi and gram-negative bacteria. The inorganic-only treatment was distinct in ¹³C PLFA pattern from the other treatments in the first period of labeling. Factor loadings of individual PLFAs confirmed that gram-positive bacteria had relatively greater plant-derived C contents in the inorganic-only treatment, but fungi were more enriched in the other treatments.

Conclusions

Amendments with CMC can improve N transformation processes, and the ryegrass rhizodeposition carbon flux into the soil microbial community is strongly modified by soil N availability.

     

东北黑土区不同土地利用方式下农田土壤微生物多样性

为探究黑龙江省黑土区不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物多样性,该研究主要采用Biolog Eco微平板法,以荒地为对照,研究了黑龙江省中部和西南部黑土区玉米、水稻、大豆及土豆4种不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物多样性的变化。结果表明：1）可培养细菌的数量从大到小依次为土豆、水稻、大豆、玉米、荒地,但群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数从高到低依次为：荒地（2.18）、玉米（2.11）、土豆（2.00）、水稻（1.73）、大豆（1.49）;2）不同利用方式下黑土区微生物碳源利用程度大致随培养时间的延长而升高,并且氨基酸、糖类以及聚合物类是黑土微生物代谢的最主要碳源;玉米地土壤微生物的Shannon-Wiener指数（3.18）、McIntosh指数（5.96）、丰富度指数（24.89）、及Simpson指数（0.95）比其他土地利用方式土壤微生物的多样性指数高,而水稻田土壤微生物的多样性指数最低,土豆、大豆与荒地土壤微生物的多样性指数间无显著差别;3）不同土地利用方式显著影响了土壤微生物群落碳源代谢多样性,并且对土壤微生物群落代谢特征起分异作用的主要碳源类型为糖类、氨基酸类和羧酸类,其中糖类尤为突出。该研究将有助于了解黑土区土壤微生物多样性与土地利用方式之间的关系,为黑土区农业的可持续发展提供一定的科学依据。     

Effects of sodium carbonate on carbon and nitrogen mineralisation of organic matter added to soil

An experiment was carried out to study effects of 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.0% Na₂CO₃ on CO₂ evolution, nitrogen mineralisation, losses of carbon and nitrogen and humus composition of added gulmohur (Delonix regia) leaves. The CO₂ evolution was higher under all levels of alkalinity than in the controls, being highest at 0.5% Na₂CO₃. Although the process of ammonification was not inhibited at any concentration, the process of nitrification was completely inhibited at 1.0% Na₂CO₃. The losses of carbon and nitrogen and the ratio of humic to fulvic acids increased with increased alkalinity.     

棉花连作对北疆土壤酶活性、致病菌及拮抗菌多样性的影响

本文通过测定土壤酶活性与微生物PCR-DGGE指纹图谱研究了北疆棉区5年棉花连作(CtN5)、10年棉花连作(CtN10)及15年棉花连作(CtN15)对土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、脱氢酶和蛋白酶酶活性的影响,分析了土壤细菌、真菌、镰刀菌和枯草芽孢杆菌群落结构多样性对北疆棉田长期连作的响应。结果表明:过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶活性随棉花连作年限延长而下降。CtN15处理的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性分别比CtN10处理下降15.0%、6.4%和12.0%,比CtN5处理下降16.8%、58.6%和49.5%(P0.05);芳基硫酸酯酶与蛋白酶活性随连作年限的增加呈先下降后升高的特点。土壤细菌、真菌多样性指数随连作年限的增加明显下降。CtN15的细菌条带数比CtN10下降7.41%,Ct N10比CtN5降低1.72%。CtN15真菌条带数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为78和3.22,比CtN5处理低17.02%和5.29%。土壤镰刀菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的条带数、多样性指数均表现为先下降后升高。CtN15枯草芽孢杆菌Shannon-Wiener和Simpson指数分别比CtN10处理高54.8%和14.5%。北疆长期连作棉田的土壤酶活性和土壤微生物群落多样性总体呈下降趋势,长期连作对棉田土壤生物性状有明显负面影响。     

Soil organic carbon and microbial communities respond to vineyard management

The farming practices in vineyards vary widely, but how does this affect vineyard soils? The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of vineyard management practices on soil organic matter and the soil microbial community. To this end, we investigated three adjacent vineyards in the Traisen valley, Austria, of which the soils had developed on the same parent material and under identical environmental/site conditions but were managed differently (esp. tillage, fertilizer application, cover crops) for more than 10 yrs. We found that topsoil bulk density (BD) decreased with increasing tillage intensity, while subsoil BD showed the opposite trend. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in 0–50 cm depth increased from 10 kg m^?2 in an unfertilized and frequently tilled vineyard to 17 kg m^?2 in a regularly fertilized but less intensively tilled vineyard. Topsoil microbial biomass per unit SOC, estimated by the sum of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), followed this trend, albeit not statistically significantly. Principal component analysis of PLFA patterns revealed that the microbial communities were compositionally distinct between different management practices. The fungal PLFA marker 18:2ω6,9 was highest in the vineyard with the lowest amount of extractable Cu (by 0.01 m CaCl₂), and the bacterial‐to‐fungal biomass ratio was positively correlated with extractable Cu. Our results indicate that tillage and fertilizer application of vineyards can strongly affect vineyard soil properties such as BD and SOC stocks and that the application of Cu‐based fungicides may impair soil fungal communities.     

Timber harvesting alters soil carbon mineralization and microbial community structure in coniferous forests

Timber harvesting influences both above and belowground ecosystem nutrient dynamics. Impact of timber harvesting on soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization and microbial community structure was evaluated in two coniferous forest species, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Management of ponderosa pine forests, particularly even-aged stand practices, increased the loss of CO₂-C and hence reduced SOM storage potential. Changes in soil microbial community structure were more pronounced in ponderosa pine uneven-aged and heavy harvest stands and in lodgepole pine even-aged stand as compared to their respective unmanaged stands. Harvesting of trees had a negative impact on SOM mineralization and soil microbial community structure in both coniferous forests, potentially reducing coniferous forest C storage potential.     

生物复混肥对土壤微生物群落功能多样性和微生物量的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,采用Biolog微平板法和氯仿熏蒸浸提法,研究了玉米施用等养分量的无机肥、有机无机复混肥和生物复混肥后土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤微生物量的变化。结果表明:生物复混肥处理的土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)、微生物群落Shannon指数(H)和微生物群落丰富度指数(S)均最高;施用生物复混肥可明显提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用率,尤其是多酚化合物类和糖类;不同处理土壤微生物碳源利用特征有一定差异,生物复混肥在第1主成分上的得分值为正值,其他各处理在第1主成分上的得分值基本上为负值,起分异作用的主要碳源是糖类和羧酸类。在玉米生长期间各处理土壤微生物量大致呈先升高后逐渐平稳的趋势,且土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均以生物复混肥处理最高,最高值分别为333.21mg.kg 1、53.02 mg.kg 1和22.20 mg.kg 1。研究表明,生物复混肥的施用比等养分量的有机无机复混肥处理能显著提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落丰富度和功能多样性,显著增加土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的含量,有利于维持良好的土壤微生态环境。