保育仔猪呼吸道疾病危害的应对措施

保育仔猪是仔猪从断奶后到转入生长育肥期饲养阶段的仔猪.处于保育期的仔猪,其各种生理机能和免疫功能尚不完善,而且由于仔猪从哺乳期转入保育期,饲养管理条件发生重大改变,仔猪由哺喂母乳为主并补喂部分饲料转入到全天候采食饲料.     

保育猪的饲养管理

保育猪又称为断奶仔猪,是指仔猪从断奶至70日龄左右的仔猪,这一时期的猪由于断奶应激,转舍应激以及换料应激等因素的影响容易引起保育猪生病或者死亡。因此,在这一时期的猪要做好详细且周到的饲养管理才能保证保育猪的健康生长。保育猪在生长速度上较为迅速,采食量也会加大。保育猪是养猪阶段最为重要的阶段,因此在饲养管理上要做好周全的饲养管理。本文主要从保育猪的断奶方法和转舍、保育猪的营养管理、保育猪的环境控制以及提高保育猪免疫能力措施来综述保育猪的饲养管理,以期为养猪企业在保育猪这一特殊时期的饲养管理提供参考。     

仔猪保育阶段饲养管理技术与措施

简述了仔猪保育阶段的养殖管理技术与措施,包括断奶前的准备工作、科学饲养管理、环境控制、科学免疫等,以促进保育猪健康生长发育。     

保育期仔猪的饲养管理

保育期仔猪的饲养管理是影响养猪生产的关键。由于很多养户对此认识不足，对保育期缺乏科学的饲养管理，从而造成发病率、死亡率高，增加饲养成本而影响生产效益。本文针对保育期仔猪的生理特点，就如何加强保育期仔猪的饲养管理谈几点应该注意的问题。     

控制保育仔猪呼吸道病的措施

保育仔猪只要是仔猪从断奶只有到生长育肥阶段饲养的仔猪.在保育阶段的仔猪,不管是生理机能亦或是免疫水平都不完善,仔猪从哺育发展到保育,饲养条件发生了明显的变化,出现呼吸道病的可能性明显增加.本文根据保育仔猪的特点,采取针对性的措施,希望能够减少保育仔猪呼吸道疾病出现的可能性,更好的保障仔猪的健康.     

仔猪隔离式早期断奶法

现代化养猪场开始试行一种新的仔猪断奶方法,即隔离式早期断奶法。这种方法使养猪生产有很大程度的提高,其实质内容是,母猪在分娩前按常规程序进行有关疾病的免疫注射.仔猪出生后保证吃到初乳后按常规免疫程序进行疫苗预防注射后,根据猪群本身需解除的疾病,在10～21d断乳,然后将仔猪在隔离条件下保育饲养。保育仔猪舍要与母猪舍     

保育猪的饲养管理及疾病防控

正保育猪俗称断奶仔猪,保育阶段就是指仔猪3~4周龄断奶后独立生活至开始育肥的阶段。保育阶段仔猪母源抗体迅速衰减,仔猪的免疫功能尚未发育完全,仔猪生长发育快、对疾病的易感性高,再加上断奶应激以及转群后生长环境、饲料形态等多种因素的改变,都会对保育猪的生长状况产生较大的影响。在生猪养殖管理中,保育猪管理的重要性不言而喻,保育阶段仔猪的好坏是规模化养猪场能否获得经济效益的重要因素之一,能够准确把握此阶段的饲养管理技术,是养猪迈向成功的重要标志。     

保育猪的饲养管理技术

做好保育猪的饲养管理,尽可能地降低仔猪断奶产生的应激反应,减少各种疾病的发生,对养猪生产至关重要。本文从饲养环境、饲养技术和疾病防控等方面总结了保育猪的管理技术,以期为保育仔猪的科学饲养提供参考性意见。     

提高保育猪成活率的研究

提高保育猪成活率的研究是一项以提高保育仔猪成活率，提高饲料报酬，降低养猪成本，实现养猪增收为目标的科研工作。主要是根据保育仔猪生理特点和对饲养管理的特殊要求，通过规范管理、统一饲养标准，特别是通过加强对哺乳母猪、哺乳仔猪的饲养管理．提高仔猪初生重、断奶重和健康水平。并通过加强对保育期猪的饲养管理，进一步提高保育猪的生长速度、健康水平．     

保育猪饲养管理的注意事项

1哺乳仔猪 哺乳仔猪的饲养水平直接影响到保育阶段的饲养管理,所以提供健康、均匀的断奶仔猪对保育舍的生产有帮助。 保证每头仔猪吃到足够的初乳。仔猪在哺乳期和保育初期只能靠被动免疫获得抗体从而增强抵抗力,减少保育期部分疾病的发生。补铁应采用铁剂。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.