乡村治理视角下农户社会资本测度与群体差异——以苏北地区为例

科学评估农户社会资本状况与群体差异,以提升农户社会资本水平,发挥社会资本对乡村治理的正向作用,推动实现乡村治理现代化。基于乡村治理的视角,从社会网络、社会信任、社会声望、社会参与和社会规范5个维度构建指标体系,运用CRITIC法确定指标权重测度农户社会资本状况,并采用独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析法分析了不同群体间的差异。结果发现：各维度的权重大小依次为社会规范、社会信任、社会参与、社会声望、社会网络。农户社会资本指数均值为0.608,5个维度得分从高到低依次为社会信任(0.755)>社会参与(0.631)>社会声望(0.620)>社会规范(0.588)>社会网络(0.417)。新老两代农户间社会资本不存在显著差异;不同教育背景农户间的社会资本指数及社会网络、社会参与、社会规范具有显著差异,且均随着家庭成员最高学历的升高呈上升趋势;不同成员身份农户的社会资本指数及社会网络、社会信任、社会声望、社会参与具有显著差异,家庭成员中有村干部、党员、军人（含退伍）的农户的这几个指标均高于普通农户。调研地区农户社会资本状况处于较低水平,加强教育培训、提升政治素养可以提高农户...     

社会资本促进农民工幸福感的提高——基于CLDS 2016调查数据

在提高城镇化质量、推行以人为本的新型城镇化建设框架中,农民工的幸福感及其影响因素,对于社会平衡发展具有重要意义。本文基于CLDS2016数据,构建多元无序Logistic模型,实证分析社会网络、社会信任和社会互助对农民工幸福感的影响。研究发现,社会网络、社会信任和社会互助对农民工幸福感有正向影响,其中社会信任影响程度最大。受教育程度可以提升农民工的生活幸福感,但存在“倒U型”结构;在县内务工对幸福感是正向促进作用,女性的幸福感要显著高于男性。因此提出发展农村义务基础教育,鼓励农民工多参与社区组织的活动,建立良好的邻里关系,拓宽农民工的社会网络,提高员工的社会资本水平等政策建议。     

村改居社区社会资本的现状调查与思考——以南京市花岗幸福城为例

从社会资本的视角出发,通过社区归属感、互惠、社区凝聚力、社区认同感、社区信任和地方性社会网络的6个维度21项指标对南京市村改居社区花岗幸福城的社区社会资本进行了测量。结果表明:村改居社区社会资本总体水平不错,但地方性社会网络、社区信任中存在着较大的个体差异,应当引起重视;针对目前的不足,从建立政府、社区自治组织和非政府组织之间的社会关系网络,培育公共精神和公民意识,增强社区制度规范化、配套化程度等方面提出了培育村改居社区社会资本的途径。     

基于因子分析的“村改居”社区社会资本现状研究——以南京市花岗幸福城为例

以南京市花岗幸福城的实地调查数据为依据,运用因子分析对"村改居"社区社会资本的现状进行分析,结果表明"村改居"社区社会资本由社区归属感、互惠、社区凝聚力、社区认同感、社区信任和地方性社会网络6个公共因子构成。并对"村改居"社区社会资本的培育提出了相关建议。     

社会资本视野下的乡村政治精英

乡村精英是农村社区发展的中坚力量,也是中国农村问题研究者关注的焦点。分析了家族关系网络、信任关系网络、上层领导关系网络和经济资本等因素对乡村政治精英地位确立的影响,阐述了社会资本在政治精英确立过程中的作用,着重论述乡村政治精英在农村社区发展中整合社区内部资源网络、维护乡村社会道德规范、提升社区信任和连接外界的社会关系网络和资源的作用,在此基础上提出乡村政治精英与社会资本的互动关系。     

Gendered mobilities and food security: exploring possibilities for human movement within hunger prone rural Tanzania

This paper explores the movements, meanings and potential movements of men and women as they seek to secure food resources. Using a gendered mobilities framework, we draw on 66 in-depth interviews in the Kongwa district of rural Tanzania, illustrating how people move, their motivations and understandings of these movements, the taboos, rituals, and cultural characteristics of movement that hold implications for men and women and their food security needs. Results show that male potential mobility and female relative immobility is a critical factor in understanding how mobility affects food security differentially for men and women. We identify the links between mobilities and the development of social capital, particularly amongst men. We also illustrate problems with greater integration of women into the agricultural sector when these women risk stigma and censure from the increased physical movement that this integration requires. Implications from this study are examined in light of gender transformative approaches to agricultural interventions in sub-Saharan Africa.     

社会资本、生态认知与农户合理施肥行为——基于结构方程模型的实证分析

利用长江流域614份调研数据,对社会资本、生态认知与合理施肥行为的关系进行了研究,并以兼业经历和家庭收入作为调节变量进行了多群组分析。结果表明:第一,稻虾户实施合理施肥行为的比例为57.82%。第二,社会网络和生态认知对合理施肥行为产生了直接的激励效应,社会信任和社会规范则对生态认知有着直接正向效应;同时在生态认知的作用机制下,社会信任和社会规范还对合理施肥行为有着间接激励效应。第三,无兼业经历和低收入农户的社会网络和生态认知对合理施肥行为影响更显著。为此,我们得出应加强对稻虾共养模式的培训、丰富村集体组织活动、鼓励稻虾户相互学习以加强其生态认知进而促进合理施肥行为。     

农村社区风险防控对策探究

农村社区作为现代社会的重要组成部分,其稳定关乎整个社会大局的稳定。经济发展和科技进步在促进农村社区现代化的同时,也引发了诸如生产事故频发、价值多元化、认同感弱化、治安隐患多样化、信任感降低以及社会断裂等一系列影响社会稳定和发展的安全风险。在梳理风险和风险事故产生原因的基础上,根据农村社区的实际情况,从培育农村社区文化、引进综合型专业人才、发挥精英阶层在风险防控中的作用等方面提出有针对性的风险防控对策,以期减少农村社区因风险防控失当导致的损失,促进农村的社会稳定和经济发展。     

基于资本缺失的我国农村贫困问题研究

对农村贫困形成机理进行研究能为反贫事业提供有效思路。资本缺失是我国农村贫困的重要成因；农民的物质、人文和社会关系资本缺失造成部分农民贫困，并陷入贫困恶性循环。因此，当前政府的工作重心要向“三农”倾斜，并坚持城乡同时发展。要转变观念构筑全面经济发展平台，注重发展质量、扩大农民的政治话语权和完善农村社会保障等，以尽快减少和逐步消除农村贫困。     

Food provisioning strategies,food insecurity,and stress in an economically vulnerable community: the Northern Cheyenne case

Living in poverty is associated with high levels of protracted stress associated with health problems. Economic and food insecurity are particularly poignant aspects of poverty and condition the work of securing basic daily needs of families. Recent studies suggest that levels of stress increase as family food needs rise. This paper presents new findings which clarify the relationship of food provisioning to stress levels, by examining actual food provisioning strategies and food insecurity among the Northern Cheyenne Indians of southeastern Montana. Results clearly show that stress varies by types of food acquisition strategies. Contrary to our expectations, more complex strategies, including relatively unpredictable and cumbersome food provisioning activities, are not linked to higher stress levels in our analysis. Controlling for food security levels, households using a combination of local programs and informal subsistence sources are the least stressed, despite the demands of managing a large number of food sources. Households primarily using Food Stamps are the most likely to experience high levels of stress. Interviews with Food Stamp recipients show that potential sources of stress include inadequate allocations of Food Stamps, difficulty achieving and maintaining eligibility, challenges to complying with paperwork and appointment requirements, as well as personal obstacles and community barriers to making food stamps last. Analyses indicate that contradictions between local cultural norms for food provisioning and the realities of food insecurity in this context promote strategies emphasizing greater independence from federal food programs.     

统筹城乡发展与农村社会保障制度的构建

在城乡分割的二元社会经济结构下,我国农村的社会保障制度具有社区性、低层次性和制度的非正式性等特征。应以促进城乡社会保障制度的衔接为农村社会保障制度建设的切入点,构建以城乡一体化为目标的中国特色的农村社会保障制度。     

社会资本视角下社区农业技术创新扩散研究

社会资本影响着社区农业技术创新扩散过程。通过分析村干部社会资本、农民社会资本、社区社会资本在农业技术创新扩散中的作用和农村社会资本存在的问题,发现村干部和农民社会资本主要影响社区农业技术的创新,社区社会资本则影响社区农业技术创新的扩散。村干部社会资本存在2个方面的问题,一是因正式社会联系产生的社会资本存在差异,二是村干部非正式社会联系不足。农民社会资本表现为传统社会资本多,现代社会资本少。农村社区中传统型社会资本存量逐渐减少。基于此,提出了培育农村社会资本,促进社区农业技术创新扩散的对策。     

On food security and alternative food networks: understanding and performing food security in the context of urban bias

This paper offers one explanation for the institutional basis of food insecurity in Australia, and argues that while alternative food networks and the food sovereignty movement perform a valuable function in building forms of social solidarity between urban consumers and rural producers, they currently make only a minor contribution to Australia’s food and nutrition security. The paper begins by identifying two key drivers of food security: household incomes (on the demand side) and nutrition-sensitive, ‘fair food’ agriculture (on the supply side). We focus on this second driver and argue that healthy populations require an agricultural sector that delivers dietary diversity via a fair and sustainable food system. In order to understand why nutrition-sensitive, fair food agriculture is not flourishing in Australia we introduce the development economics theory of urban bias. According to this theory, governments support capital intensive rather than labour intensive agriculture in order to deliver cheap food alongside the transfer of public revenues gained from rural agriculture to urban infrastructure, where the majority of the voting public resides. We chart the unfolding of the Urban Bias across the twentieth century and its consolidation through neo-liberal orthodoxy, and argue that agricultural policies do little to sustain, let alone revitalize, rural and regional Australia. We conclude that by observing food system dynamics through a re-spatialized lens, Urban Bias Theory is valuable in highlighting rural–urban socio-economic and political economy tensions, particularly regarding food system sustainability. It also sheds light on the cultural economy tensions for alternative food networks as they move beyond niche markets to simultaneously support urban food security and sustainable rural livelihoods.     

社区发展背景下的农村社会保障法律制度——以农民权益保护为视角

农村社会保障法律制度一直游离于国家社会保障法律制度之外,农民权益往往得不到保障。新农村社区发展背景下,农村社会保障法律制度设置应该以农民权益保护为原则,以农村社区为载体,构建新型的农村社会保障法律制度。农村社区保障是农村社会保障法律制度的新导向,将成为我国农村社会保障法律制度最主要的形式。笔者从农民权益保护、社区发展和社区保障等方面论述了社区发展背景下的农村社会保障法律制度。     

Hiding hunger: food insecurity in middle America

This is a community based research project using a case study of 20 people living in middle America who are food insecure, but do not use food pantries. The participants’ rate of actual hunger is twice that of food insecure community members who use food pantries. Since most of the participants are not poor, the Asset Vulnerability Framework (AVF) is used to classify causes of food insecurity. The purpose of the study is to identify why participants are food insecure and why they do not use food pantries. Findings reveal that the participants restrict the quality and quantity of food eaten as a strategy to manage their budget. Following AVF, this strategy allows them to offset lower returns to labor assets, cover rising costs of human capital investment, protect their two most important productive assets of housing and transportation, and compensate for household relationships that increase their vulnerability. In addition, food insecurity itself inhibited social capital formation, further increasing vulnerability. The main reasons the participants do not use food pantries is to protect their social capital assets: almost all of the participants hid their hunger from colleagues, friends, relatives, and even the people they lived with. The participants described fear of societal shaming and blaming as motivations for hiding their hunger. However, using food pantries could reduce their food insecurity. Therefore, there was a feedback loop between food insecurity and social capital: food insecurity reduced social capital and efforts to protect social capital prevented participants from improving food security by using food pantries.     

Community food security and environmental justice: Searching for a common discourse

Community food security and environmental justice are parallel social movements interested in equity and justice and system-wide factors. They share a concern for issues of daily life and the need to establish community empowerment strategies. Both movements have also begun to reshape the discourse of sustainable agriculture, environmentalism and social welfare advocacy. However, community food security and environmental justice remain separate movements, indicating an incomplete process in reshaping agendas and discourse. Joining these movements through a common language of empowerment and systems analysis would strongly enhance the development of a more powerful, integrated approach. That opportunity can be located in the efforts to incorporate community food security and environmental justice approaches in current Farm Bill legislation; in particular, provisions addressing community food production, direct marketing, community development, and community food planning.     

社会资本视阈中的社会主义新农村建设

新农村建设是一个涉及多种社会因素相互作用的系统工程。社会资本作为促进社会发展的一种积极因素对新农村建设起着不可或缺的作用。新农村建设的实现依赖于丰富的农村社会资本。这主要体现在村民之间的信任、合作和公众参与的基础上。新农村建设的实现离不开社会规范与秩序。这就要求认清农村社会资本的现状,对农村社会资本进行再造与提升,以利于新农村建设的实现。     

Urban agriculture, social capital, and food security in the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya

Much of the developing world, including Kenya, is rapidly urbanizing. Rising food and fuel prices in recent years have put the food security of the urban poor in a precarious position. In cities worldwide, urban agriculture helps some poor people gain access to food, but urban agriculture is less common in densely populated slums that lack space. In the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya, households have recently begun a new form of urban agriculture called sack gardening in which vegetables such as kale and Swiss chard are planted into large sacks filled with topsoil. This paper examines relationships among sack gardening, social capital, and food security in Kibera. We used a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with a household survey, as well as focus group discussions with both farmers and non-farmers. We present evidence that sack gardening increases social capital, especially for those households that undertake sack gardening in groups. We also find that sack gardening in the Kibera slums has a positive impact on household food security by improving household dietary diversity and by reducing the need to resort to painful coping mechanisms that are used during food shortages.     

社会资本的构成差异对农村社区经济的影响——以发展程度不同的两个农村社区为例

通过实地调查两个发展程度不同的农村社区,运用社会资本分析框架分析了两个村社会资本构成之间的差异,并分析了社会资本对两个农村社区的经济精英培育和社区公共产品配置带来的不同影响。结果表明,社会资本的构成极大地影响了农村社区经济的发展过程,并提出目前在农村的发展过程中需要积极培育社区的社会资本。