~(60)Coγ射线辐照毛竹种子的细胞学诱变效应

利用6种不同剂量的60Coγ射线辐照毛竹种子,研究γ射线辐照对毛竹种子根尖细胞有丝分裂、染色体畸变及核畸变的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内,剂量低于60Gy的辐照对毛竹根尖细胞有丝分裂有促进和刺激效应;高于90Gy对毛竹根尖细胞有丝分裂有一定的抑制作用。同时,辐照还能诱发染色体畸变和核畸变,出现染色体桥、落后染色体(团)、游离染色体(团)、染色体断片、染色体粘连、微核、小核、双核、核出芽、核耳和核裂等类型。染色体畸变率、核畸变率与剂量间存在显著的正相关,相关系数分别为0.8875、0.9982,线性方程式分别为Y=0.0392X-0.4313,Y=0.0530X-0.0783;染色体畸变率与微核率间也存在着较好的相关性,线性表达式为Y=0.8836X-0.4525,相关系数为0.8345,F=25.22>F0.01。     

桃小食心虫Carposina nipponensis(Wals·)辐射不育的细胞遗传学研究

本文研究了亚不育剂量对桃小食心虫Carposina nipponensis(Wals.)染色体的影响及其遗传效应,并对其精子结构变异进行了超微观察。结果表明,正常桃小食心虫染色体结构为漫散着丝点,其数目n=31。最长染色体为4.43±0.49μ,最短为1.54±0.15μ,总长度为96.39±10.75μ,长度变异范围S％=34.76。亚不育剂量(25kR)诱导的染色体变异结果表明,亲代(F。)的辐射损伤可传递到后代,F_1代变异率为83.6％,变异类型主要为“断片”、“桥”,“多着丝点体”等,而且易位染色体数目较多,从而导致F_1高度不育。F_2代畸变率降低,易位染色体数目也较少,育性得到部分恢复。亚不育剂量辐照能使桃小食心虫产生微核。微核测定法可作为衡量桃小食心虫细胞辐射变异的简易指标。 桃小食心虫精子的超微结构与鳞翅目其它昆虫相似,轴丝构型为(9)十9十2。亚不育剂量能使精子产生破裂、空泡、微核,轴丝构型异常,轴丝和线粒体衍生体数目及形态发生变化等,并在F_1代得到加强。     

~(60)Coγ射线与GA_3复合处理对番木瓜的遗传诱变效应研究

研究了60 Coγ射线与GA3 复合处理对番木瓜的遗传诱变效应 ,结果表明 ,经 1 0～ 40Gyγ射线处理 ,幼苗根尖细胞的微核细胞率、染色体畸变率、叶片畸变频率随剂量增大而增大 ,花粉育性下降 ,结果推迟 ;用 1 0～ 5 0mg L的GA3 处理可有效减轻辐射损伤 ,低辐射剂量时以低浓度的GA3 处理效果明显 ,而高辐射剂量时以高浓度的GA3 处理效果明显     

EMS处理小麦幼穗的细胞学效应及其对花药培养的影响

本实验采用注射法,以不同浓度的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理春小麦活体植株的幼穗,染色体畸变率和微核率明显提高,而且两者的变化有平行性,再次证明在植物上用微核技术代替染色体畸变分析检测诱变损伤是可行的。本实验还通过花药培养,探讨了这种诱变处理对花粉愈伤组织诱导和幼苗分化的影响,观察到EMS在0.1—0.2％浓度下,染色体畸变率高,而出愈率低,高浓度EMS处理降低了愈伤组织的幼苗分化率,并使白苗数增多。经分析,不同春小麦品种对EMS的反应基本一致,说明EMS的作用有一定的专一性。     

紫花苜蓿种子卫星搭载后其根尖细胞的生物学效应

为了解卫星搭载苜蓿细胞的生物学效应,3个品系的苜蓿干种子搭载"实践八号"育种卫星。返地后,制作根尖染色体切片,进行显微观察。结果表明,卫星搭载对细胞的正常有丝分裂表现为促进(品系二、四)或抑制(品系一)。搭载种子根尖细胞染色体出现了微核、染色体桥、断片、落后等畸变类型,畸变频率因搭载材料的诱变敏感性差异而不同。卫星搭载苜蓿种子对其根尖细胞有显著的诱变效应。     

高能混合粒子场诱变小麦的细胞学效应研究

利用北京正负电子对撞机直线加速器E2束流打靶产生高能混合粒子场,以0、109、145、1952、84和560Gy的剂量处理两个冬小麦品种ZY9和ZH7,并与相同剂量的60Coγ射线相比较,研究其细胞学效应。试验结果表明,混合粒子场辐照小麦种子可抑制根尖细胞有丝分裂,诱发染色体出现单微核、双微核、多微核、环状染色体、落后染色体、游离染色体、染色体断片等多种畸变类型。混合粒子场与γ射线诱发的微核畸变率和染色体畸变率均存在明显的剂量效应,但混合粒子场的损伤效应明显高于γ射线。混合粒子场可诱发高频率的环状染色体和染色体断片,显示出混合粒子场处理小麦具有比γ射线处理更高的相对生物学效应。     

辐射敏化剂对离子注入小麦生物学效应的影响

采用中国科学院兰州近代物理研究所 2 0 0kV离子注入机产生的不同剂量Fe1+ ,对春小麦新品系 81 52 9种子进行注入并用辐射敏化剂后处理 ,研究其注入效应。结果表明 :①离子注入随注入剂量的增加染色体畸变率呈上升趋势 ;②不同辐射敏化剂后处理对萌发力、染色体畸变率影响程度不同 ;③不同辐射敏化剂对同一剂量Fe1+ 离子注入小麦的染色体畸变率影响的总趋势 :EDTA >秋水仙素 >咖啡因。     

外源DNA导入普通小麦雄性不育变异体的花粉母细胞减数分裂观察

将外源λDNA导入受体普通小麦品系 81 45 2 7,获得一雄性不育变异体。对该不育变异体和受体花粉母细胞减数分裂过程进行观察。结果发现 ,不育变异体花粉母细胞染色体异常比率达到 1 8% ,而受体花粉母细胞染色体异常比例为 0 8% ,二者存在明显差异。染色体异常类型主要有单价体、染色体落后、染色体断片、染色体桥、微核及二分体、四分体异常等。染色体异常可能是外源DNA导入受体后 ,整合进受体染色体中的DNA片段影响其正常的遗传过程而造成的。花粉母细胞减数分裂过程染色体异常可以引起部分花粉败育 ,但不是该变异体败育的主要原因     

零磁空间处理水稻干种子诱变效应研究

利用零磁空间对水稻干种子进行诱变处理 ,研究其细胞学和生物学效应。结果表明 :零磁空间处理水稻干种子后 ,当代细胞染色体畸变频率提高 ,畸变类型以染色体桥和微核高于其他畸变类型 ;从生物学效应来看 ,零磁空间处理对当代发芽率、成苗率、苗高和分蘖有促进生长作用 ;M2 变异类型丰富 ,早熟类型突变频率相对较高 ,而育性分离较大 ,各类分离程度大小依次为 :早熟 >育性 >株高 >穗型 >粒型 ;当选变异类型单株后代稳定快 ,说明零磁空间诱变处理在水稻品种改良方面很有前途     

~(12)C~(6+)重离子辐照大葱的细胞学和RAPD分析

用309、0和180Gy12C6+重离子辐照处理大葱干种子,研究其对大葱根尖的细胞学效应,并采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术初步分析了其变异类型。不同剂量12C6+的重离子照射能有效诱导大葱根尖细胞微核和染色体畸变。随着辐照剂量的增加,幼苗根尖细胞微核形成几率明显增大,微核率、多微核率和染色体总畸变率呈线性上升。但除去微核以外的染色体畸变率则呈U型变化。RAPD结果表明,大葱不同处理之间的DNA存在明显差异,所用35种引物中有28种出现了特异性条带,既有新增条带,又有缺失条带,还有迁移率的差异。30、90和180Gy剂量辐照引起的RAPD变异率分别为29.91%、41.05%和22.14%。结果发现高微核率和染色体变异过大会导致高致死效应,使得染色体总畸变率高的处理组在当代生长苗的DNA变异率变小。     

Genome and rye chromosome distribution in tricepiro “Don René INTA”, a synthetic forage

The tricepiro “Don René INTA” is an artificial hybrid with 2n?=?42 chromosomes, including 14 rye (RR) and 28 wheat (AABB) chromosomes, with introgression of Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkw. et Dewey on chromosome 6A. The aim of this work was to study the spatial distribution of the genomes and chromosomes of rye and wheat in metaphase cells from the root tip of this hybrid. The rye chromosomes were recognized by genome in situ hybridization using total genomic DNA as a probe of rye and wheat DNA as the blocking agent. Two points were determined in each cell: one representing the genomic mean distance of rye chromosomes (G_RMD) and the other the genomic mean distance of wheat chromosomes (G_WMD). The distance between the rye chromosomes and G_RMD and G_WMD showed no statistically significant difference, thus indicating that there would be no differential spatial domains for both genomes. The fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of rye chromosomes using the pSc119.2 probe suggested that all chromosome pairs present somatic association in mitotic metaphase.     

Double hypoploid of Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng. (2n = 4x = 30): its origin and cytology

Aneuploids provide valuable tools for locating genes on specific chromosomes and for studying dosage effect of additional/missing chromosomes. Presently, a double hypoploid with 2n = 4x = 30 chromosomes was found for the first time among the seed progeny of a tetraploid plant growing in Jammu University Botanical Garden. These chromosomes on the basis of form/size formed six quadruples and two triplets, with six groups having single deviant chromosomes. Occurrence of single deviant members in most of the groups pointed towards the segmental allotetraploid nature of present strain. Like the normal tetraploids, most of the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of this variant had somatic number of chromosomes (2n = 30) present as univalents or multivalents and bivalents, a few cells had double the somatic number of chromosomes (2n = 60) which were always present as bivalents. Meiotic details in the PMCs with 30 chromosomes revealed that 15.21 % cells had 30 univalents, 10.86 % cells had 6IV + 2III and in 54.32 % cells had configurations as 6IV + 2II + 2I, 4IV + 3III + 2II + 1I, 3IV + 2III + 5II + 2I, 2IV + 2III + 8II. Presence of a few cells with 6IV + 2III and most of cells with lesser number of quadrivalents but more bi- and univalents as well as the fact that 30 chromosomes matched into six quadruples and two triplets with most of the groups having single deviant members indicates that the present variant represents segmental allotetraploid. At the same time, occurrence of few cells with penta-/hexavalents indicates the involvement of structural chromosomal alterations in the evolution of present cytotype. In order to identify the missing chromosomes, present karyotype has been compared with that of its tetraploid parent. This comparison indicated that the missing chromosomes of the former belong to groups VII and VIII. For having some clues regarding the origin of present strain, reduction division in the two tracks of its progenitor was also studied. In the female track, majority of embryo-sac mother cells (EMCs) of the parent plant had 64 chromosomes which were present as 32 bivalents at metaphase I, with clean 32:32 segregations at anaphase I whereas a few EMCs available with 32 chromosomes had multivalents and unequal segregations in half of the cells with this number at anaphase I. In the male track, majority of the PMCs with 32 chromosomes had either multivalents or univalents at metaphase I and unequal dis junctional patterns in 32 % of the cells. As EMCs with 32:32 segregations are expected to develop into embryo-sacs with eggs having 32 chromosomes and PMCs and EMCs with 32 chromosomes and unequal separation of chromosomes are more likely to form genetically imbalanced gametes, it seems that the present variant has originated by the formation and the fusion of aneuploid reduced gametes.     

Cytological status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium hookeri</Emphasis> Thwaites (2n = 22)

Determining the base number, ploidy level and type of ploidy are important aspects in the cytogenetic study of a species. To assess the nature of Allium hookeri Thwaites (2n=22), chromosomes of its two populations from North-eastern Himalayas were worked out for morphological details, putative grouping and pairing properties during reduction division. Karyotype was found to split into 7 pairs and 8 single chromosomes; 7 pairs revealed minor differences in overall chromosome morphology. Critical analysis of chromosome behaviour during reduction division at diakinesis and metaphase I revealed the presence of trivalents in 60.5 and 58.5% pollen mother cells respectively. High frequency of cells with trivalents pointed towards considerable homology in three genomes. Though remaining cells had multivalents higher than trivalents, similarity in three genomes was there. High frequency of cells with trivalents and the fact that 22 chromosomes can be arranged in seven twos and eight ones indicated that these represent numerical variants of segmental allotriploids. Besides, occurrence of 29.8 and 17.6% chromosomes as multivalents higher than trivalents at diakinesis and metaphase I supported that multiple interchanges accompanied the polyploidy in the evolution of present cytotypes. Pairing anomalies noticed during meiosis result in very low pollen stainability (0.05%) leading to sterility. Propagation by bulbs ensures the survival and maintenance of such a complex heterozygosity in the species.     

Production and cytogenetics of trigeneric hybrid involving <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psathyrostachys</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis>

Trigeneric hybrids may help establish evolutionary relationships among different genomes present in the same cellular-genetic background, and also offers the possibility to transfer different alien characters into cultivated wheat. In this study, a new trigeneric hybrid involving species from the Triticum, Psathyrostachys and Secale was synthesized by crossing wheat-P. huashanica amphiploid (PHW-SA) with wheat-S. cereale amphiploid (Zhongsi 828). The crossability of F₁ hybrid was high with 35.13%, and the fertility was 41.95%. The morphological characteristics of F₁ plants resembled the parent Zhongsi 828. The trigeneric hybrids pollen mother cells (PMCs) regularly revealed averagely 19.88 univalents, 9.63 ring bivalents, 3.97 rod bivalents, 0.60 trivalents and 0.03 tetravalents per cell. Multivalents consisted of trivalents and tetravalents can be observed in 52.7% of cells. A variation of abnormal lagging chromosome, micronuclei and chromosome bridge were formed at anaphase I and telophase II. The mean chromosomes number of F₂ progenies was 2n = 46.13, and the distribution range was 42–53. GISH results revealed that most F₂ plants had 6–12 S. cereale chromosomes, and only 0–2 P. huashanica chromosomes were detected. The results indicated that S. cereale chromosomes can be preferentially transmitted in the F₂ progenies of trigeneric hybrid than P. huashanica chromosomes. A survey of disease resistances revealed that the stripe rust resistance from the PHW-SA were completely expressed in the F₁ and some F₂ plants. The trigeneric hybrid could be a useful bridge for the transference of P. huashanica and S. cereale chromatins to common wheat.     

γ射线对苜蓿离体培养与植株再生的影响

以5个紫花苜蓿品种为材料,用于叶与下胚轴为外植体进行0—16kR的辐射处理,研究了不同照射量γ射线对出愈率、愈伤组织鲜重、体细胞胚诱导率和植株再生的影响。结果表明,子叶外植体的辐射敏感性高于下胚轴,2kR对愈伤组织的形成与生长、体细胞胚的产生和植株再生有不同程度的刺激作用;16kR完全抑制子叶愈、信组织的形成和生长。用英648和集宁两个品种的愈伤组织进行0—8kR的处理,结果发现,低于2kR对愈伤组织的生长和体细胞胚的形成具程度不等的刺激作用,8kR对愈伤组织具致死效应。苜蓿育种工作中离体诱变处理的最佳照射量为4—6kR。     

γ射线辐照和无性系变异相结合诱发创造优异恢复系突变体R3027

对中籼材料 3 0 2 7的幼穗先经 1 5Gy的6 0 Coγ射线辐照处理 ,而后接种于N6 培养基上进行愈伤组织诱导 ,MS培养基上分化诱发产生了一系列的体细胞无性系变异株 ,从中筛选出早熟恢复系突变体R3 0 2 7。与原亲本 3 0 2 7相比 ,突变体R3 0 2 7的多个农艺性状和配合力均明显改良。与细胞质雄性不育系Ⅱ 3 2A配组 ,成功选育单产最高达 1 0 477kg hm2 的杂交稻新组合Ⅱ优 3 0 2 7。     

辐射选育小麦易位系的研究

辐射处理六倍体小黑麦黑杂266×普通小麦克79F3-392的F0种子,通过一定的选育程序,选出了龙辐麦4号,龙辐10946和龙辐10877 3个易位系,经Giemsa-C带技术鉴定,其易位形式分别为6BS/6RL,2AS/2RL和7RL/7AL。酯酶同工酶和过氧化物同工酶的分析表明,3个易位系和黑杂266具有共同的特征酶带。试验证明,3个易位系具备双亲的优良特征特性,其中龙辐麦4号已由黑龙江省品种审定委员会审定推广种植。     

紫万年青的核型分析

本文采用直接敲片法制作紫万年青植物染色体标本,通过体细胞染色体计数确定其染色体数目为12条,核型分析表明紫万年青植物染色体总长度为57．35μm,全组染色体平均长度9．56μm,其核型公式为K（2n）=12=3m＋3Sm。同时通过观察、测量发现其染色体绝对长度变异范围为11．36～7．72μm,其相对长度细成为2n=12=6M2＋6M1;最长染色体与最短染色体之比为1．47：1,臂比的变异范围为1．01～2．56,臂大于2的染色体占全组染色体的33．33％,属于“2A”类型。另一方面,是期附加核型特征确定紫万年青属于复杂染色中心型。本研究将对紫万年青植物的起源、系统演化及品种改良等提供必要的细胞遗传学依据。     

切花菊‘长紫’辐照后代减数分裂行为及ISSR遗传变异分析

通过细胞学和分子标记技术对切花菊‘长紫’辐照后代进行分析,探讨辐射诱变机理,为菊花辐射育种提供理论依据。结果发现,辐照后代在减数分裂后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ出现落后染色体和染色体桥的异常率明显高于空白对照,且随着剂量升高异常率增加,两种异常现象发生的最高比率后期Ⅰ分别为9.0%和11.3%,后期Ⅱ为15.5%和8.6%。用21个ISSR引物扩增得到多态性条带112条,多态性比率71.3%,表明DNA在不同程度上发生了变异。通过UPGMA法将它们分为5类,聚类结果基本上与花型和花色的变异类型相关。     

快中子辐照对花生胚小叶体细胞胚胎发生的影响

以花生品种鲁花11号成熟干种子为试材,经快中子0、9.7、14.0和18.0Gy辐照后,取胚小叶外植体接种于添加10.0mg/L 2,4-D的MSB5诱导培养基上诱导体细胞胚胎发生。培养4周后,将其转移到添加4.0mg/L BAP的培养基上进行培养。结果表明,快中子辐照处理对胚小叶组织培养及体细胞胚胎发生有很大影响。未...