4种食用植物油脂三级中红外光谱鉴别研究

在4 000～600 cm~(-1)的频率范围内,采用一维及二阶导数中红外光谱技术,研究解析了豆油、花生油、玉米油和橄榄油等4种食用植物油脂的结构。实验发现,食用植物油脂同时存在着CH_3不对称伸缩振动模式(ν_(as CH3)),CH_2不对称伸缩振动模式(ν_(asCH2)),CH_3对称伸缩振动模式(ν_(sCH3)),CH_2对称伸缩振动模式(ν_(sCH2)),C=O伸缩振动模式(ν_(C=O)),CH_2弯曲振动模式(δ_(CH2)),CH_3对称弯曲振动模式(δ_(sCH3)),C-O-C伸缩振动模式(ν_(C-O-C)),CH_2平面摇摆振动模式(ρ_(CH2))等。研究发现,采用一维及二阶导数中红外光谱难以鉴别区分上述4种食用植物油脂。为此,依次研究解析了4种食用植物油脂的二维中红外光谱,包括ν_(asCH3)、ν_(asCH2)、νs_(CH3)、ν_(sCH2)、ν_(C=O)、δ_(CH2)、δ_(sCH3)、ν_(C-O-C)和ρ_(CH2)等。实验发现,以ρ_(CH2)为研究对象,在780～700 cm~(-1)的频率范围内,采用二维中红外光谱技术可以有效鉴别4种食用植物油脂。本项研究拓展了三级中红外光谱技术在食用植物油脂鉴别的应用范围。     

同步辐射(软X射线)对冬小麦的诱变效应及机理研究Ⅲ.辐照种子产生的自由基和辐照引起种胚DNA非按期合成的研究

应用电子自旋 (ESR)波谱术研究了同步辐射辐照种子产生的自由基及其与辐射损伤之间的关系。结果表明 ,同步辐射辐照的种子产生了大量的自由基 ,其种类、性质不同于γ射线 ,短寿命自由基 (小于 48h)产额高于γ射线 ,长寿命自由基 (大于48h)的稳定性大于γ射线。同步辐射自由基产额与辐照剂量呈线性关系。用3H TdR掺入法研究了受辐照种胚萌发早期DNA的合成动态 ,结果表明 ,同步辐射能够引起种胚DNA的损伤修复合成 ,其特点不同于γ射线。原冬 6号和北京41 1品种的DNA修复合成出现在种胚吸水后第一个正常的DNA合成峰之前 ,京冬8号品种出现在第一个小峰之后和 2个高峰之前     

质子对小麦的诱变效应及作用机理研究 Ⅱ质子处理对小麦种胚DNA损伤修复的影响

用3H TdR标记小麦种胚 ,研究了质子处理的种胚萌发早期DNA合成动态 ,并与γ射线辐照进行对比。表明质子处理能引起肿胚DNA损伤修复合成 ,即DNA非按期合成 ,京 41 1与原冬 977的修复复制峰期分别出现在正常的DNA合成峰期前 4h与 2h。以京 41 1为例 ,比较质子处理与γ射线辐照的种胚DNA损伤修复特点的差异 ,质子的DNA非按期合成峰期出现时间早于γ射线处理的 2h ,正常的DNA合成峰期晚于γ射线处理的 4h ,且在DNA非按期合成峰期后的DNA合成量明显低于γ射线。     

~(60)Coγ射线对中成药活心丹灭菌的研究

用60_(Co)γ射线及环氧乙烷对中成药活心丹进行灭菌对比试验研究,结果表明:60_(Co)γ射线在4350—13050Gy剂量范围内均能达到灭菌效果,而环氧乙烷灭菌效果则不显著。环氧乙烷灭菌后细菌数仍在10000/g以上,辐照灭茵则为0—600细菌/g,符合国家卫生标准。对服用辐照活心丹的小白鼠进行耐缺氧试验,以及对家兔进行抗心律失常和抗心肌缺血等药理实验的结果表明:辐照的活心丹与未经辐照的活心丹效果相同,没有显著差异。     

γ射线对小麦幼胚愈伤组织诱变效应的研究

用~(60)Coγ射线辐照小麦幼胚愈伤组织,可使愈伤组织分化成苗率达50％左右,适宜剂量为1～1.5krad。利用温室加代,在工年时间内可获得γR_0、γR_1两代种子,γR_0代长势弱,出现植株矮化、穗变小及不育株的变异,但基本不遗传,仅有少数穗形、壳色、芒性、籽粒等变异可遗传。γR_1代株高、穗形、壳色、芒性及籽粒性状都有较大变异,总变异率48％～65％,而未经辐照处理的对照,γR_1代的总变异率为32％～38％。γR_1代是选育优良单株的主要世代。γR_1代的变异性状在γR_2代中有80％趋于稳定,γR_2是选育优良无性系的较好世代。同工酶分析表明,各优良无性系与亲本相比都有其特征酯酶带。     

辐照对苦荞种子发芽及苗期细胞膜与保护酶活性的影响

利用不同剂量(100~500Gy)的60Coγ射线辐照处理3个苦荞品种的干种子,研究γ射线对苦荞幼苗的性状、膜透性和保护酶活性的生物学效应。结果表明,3个苦荞品种的发芽率、苗高、根长随着辐照剂量的增加逐渐降低,细胞膜透性、丙二醛含量、SOD酶活性和POD酶活性则逐渐增加,但在0~300Gy剂量辐照范围内的晋荞2号和九江苦荞的SOD酶活性呈现增加-降低-增加的趋势。γ射线对不同品种各性状产生的影响程度也不同,3个品种辐照敏感性依次为九江苦荞>西农1号>晋荞2号。     

辐照木霉菌株的生物学效应研究

本文研究了6 0 Coγ射线辐照木霉 (Trichodermaspp)菌株的诱变效果。结果表明 :在γ射线的作用下 ,木霉分生孢子萌发率显著降低 ,孢子萌发时间加长 ,部分萌发孢子菌丝生长畸形 ;随着照射剂量的增加 ,木霉孢子存活率急剧下降 ,剂量效应曲线符合一次击中模型S =e-λD;诱变效应方程为 :Y =-0 940e1 2 9x,r=0 953 3 (r0 0 1=0 765)。依各菌株对生长速度、产孢量、开始产孢时间、菌落颜色等变异情况 ,初筛得到变异菌株 1 3 0株。     

~(60)Coγ射线辐照毛竹种子的细胞学诱变效应

利用6种不同剂量的60Coγ射线辐照毛竹种子,研究γ射线辐照对毛竹种子根尖细胞有丝分裂、染色体畸变及核畸变的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内,剂量低于60Gy的辐照对毛竹根尖细胞有丝分裂有促进和刺激效应;高于90Gy对毛竹根尖细胞有丝分裂有一定的抑制作用。同时,辐照还能诱发染色体畸变和核畸变,出现染色体桥、落后染色体(团)、游离染色体(团)、染色体断片、染色体粘连、微核、小核、双核、核出芽、核耳和核裂等类型。染色体畸变率、核畸变率与剂量间存在显著的正相关,相关系数分别为0.8875、0.9982,线性方程式分别为Y=0.0392X-0.4313,Y=0.0530X-0.0783;染色体畸变率与微核率间也存在着较好的相关性,线性表达式为Y=0.8836X-0.4525,相关系数为0.8345,F=25.22>F0.01。     

冬小麦杂合子诱变效应的研究

小麦合子期不同阶段的辐射敏感性有明显差异,敏感高峰出现在授粉后11—13小时。γ射线辐照杂合子可获得较高突变率,F_2M_2总突变频率比辐照干种子提高约2.6倍,有益突变频率提高37.5％,而且变异谱较宽。合子期内不同阶段的辐射敏感性与突变频率有紧密的对应关系,合子敏感期是诱变的适宜时期。胚培养有效地提高了F_1M_1的幼苗成活率。     

质子对小麦的诱变效应及作用机理研究 Ⅰ.质子对小麦的诱变效应

用 2MeV～ 9MeV 7个能量 ,5C～ 1 60C 1 2个剂量的质子处理 5个品种 ,研究质子对小麦的诱变效应。结果表明 ,M1代的生物损伤随剂量的提高而加重 ,在一定能量范围内 ( 6MeV以下 ) ,随能量的增加而加大 ,超过一定能量 ,生物损伤有所减轻 ;M1代较易出现γ辐照中少见的叶绿素条状缺失损伤。M2 代诱变效果显著 ,突变谱宽 ,有益突变频率明显高于γ射线 ,较易诱发早抽穗性状变异 ;明确诱变小麦的适宜能量为4MeV ,适宜剂量为 1 4× 1 0 10 ～3 7× 1 0 10 P cm2 。     

基于近红外光谱的土壤全氮含量估算模型

土壤全氮是诊断土壤肥力水平和指导作物精确施肥所需的重要信息,建立土壤全氮的近红外光谱估测模型并对建模波段进行优化选择对于土壤养分信息快速获取和精确农业发展具有重要意义。该研究以中国中、东部地区5种主要类型土壤为研究对象,利用近红外光谱仪采集土壤样品的光谱信息,结合近红外区域分子振动特点选取全谱、合频、一倍频、二倍频和N-H基团及其组合的8个波段,采用多元散射校正等多种预处理方法组合进行处理,结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)对每个波谱区域进行定标建模。结果表明,利用4000～5500cm-1波谱区域结合附加散射校正处理过的原始光谱建立的模型精度表现最好,其内部互验证决定系数达到0.90,均方根误差为0.16。经不同类型土壤的观测资料检验,模型验证决定系数为0.91,均方根误差为0.15,相对分析误差RPD为3.40,表明模型具有极好的预测能力。因此,利用近红外光谱可以实现土壤全氮的快速估测,且以合频波段(4000～5500cm-1)为建模区域可以得到更好的预测效果。     

小白菜的中红外光谱特征及其在氮营养诊断中的应用

采用不同中红外光谱（漫反射光谱、 衰减全反射光谱和光声光谱）对不同氮处理的小白菜进行表征。结果表明,小白菜不同的红外光谱具有明显不同的光谱特征,主要表现于峰形、 峰位以及相对峰强度;中红外漫反射光谱的主要吸收峰分别为2800~3800 cm-1、 2200~2500 cm-1、 1500~1700 cm-1和1000~1500 cm-1,衰减全反射光谱由于水的强烈干扰可用的吸收峰主要在1200~1500 cm-1,而中红外光声光谱的主要吸收峰分别为2800~3800 cm-1、 1500~1700 cm-1、 1200~1500 cm-1和1000~1200 cm-1。漫反射光谱、 衰减全反射光谱和光声光谱的主成分分析表明,不同氮处理主成分分布特征明显不同,且第一主成分（PCA1）均与施氮量显著相关,相关系数（r）分别为0.9103、 0.8527和0.9366。这三种光谱利用主成分分布均可实现小白菜氮营养快速诊断,且光声光谱由于其独特的原位逐层扫描功能而表现出更好的诊断效果,在植物营养诊断中表现出较强的应用潜力。     

Comparisons of IR-spectra from melanins of microscopic soil fungi,humic acids and model phenol polymers

Microscopic soil fungi, such as Epicoccum nigrum, Stachybotrys chartarum, Hendersonula toruloidea and others when cultivated on glucose form high molecular weight melanins in the culture media and in the cells. The melanins resemble humic acids with respect to certain chemical properties and the IR-spectra also indicate similarities in functional groups. However, bands at 2900, 1460 and 1380 cm^?1 suggest a higher content of aliphatic CH-components, and a pronounced shoulder at 1540 cm^?1 suggests peptide-like material. A shoulder at 1720 cm^?1 and a broad band at 1630–1650 cm^?1 form evidence of fewer free carboxyl groups than in most soil humic-acid preparations. Upon hydrolysis with 6N HCl methylation or a short heat treatment, distinct adsorptions at 1720 and in the 1600 cm^?1 region appeared in the residues, indicating C=O vibrations of free carboxyl groups and aromatic C=C vibration. Comparisons with the variability of the carboxyl band in model polymers from phenols of various structures and prepared either by phenolase or autoxidative polymerization in the presence or absence of amino-acid compounds, suggested that the carboxyl group in fungal melanins may be bonded by H-bridges which shift the C=O absorption into lower frequences.Addition of clay minerals to the culture media of fungi accelerated or increased biomass and melanin formation. Comparison of band locations and shape of the spectra from the melanins with or without clays indicated that no basic alteration occurred in the composition of the melanins from clay culture. However, a higher ash content and the presence of specific bands from the added clays, together with sharpening and a shifting of the broad 1650 cm^?1 band from the controls into higher frequencies, suggest chemical bonding of the melanins with clays through participation of the carboxyl groups. The model polymers from specific mixtures of phenols together with peptones and prepared either by oxidation with phenolase or by autoxidation, closely resembled the fungal melanins. This represents strong evidence for a similarity in the structural units and their linkages in both the melanins and the model polymers. The similarity of fungal melanins to some humic acids from recent lake and marine sediments and soil humic-acid fractions is discussed.     

Quantitative aqueous ammonium ion analysis by transmission infrared spectroscopy

An investigation was undertaken to determine whether ammonium ion could be quantitated in aqueous solution by using commercially available infrared filter instruments such as the Multispec M1 analyzer. Ammonium salt solutions were scanned using an infrared spectrophotometer modified specifically to facilitate the study of aqueous systems and were shown to have 2 main absorption bands at 3.49 microns (2865 cm-1) and 6.89 microns (1451 cm-1). The 3.49 microns band did not correspond to any individual band noted in the literature and was concluded to be a composite of fundamental bands and Fermi resonances due to hydrogen bonding affecting the ion in solution. The response of the 6.89 microns band to NH4+ concentration was approximately twice that of the 3.49 microns band, and quantitation of the ammonium ion was assessed by the dual wavelength method as employed in filter-based commercial infrared analyzers. Good quantitation was obtained using 5.56 microns as a reference wavelength, and the slope of the standard curve of ammonium sulfate was not significantly affected by pH in the pH 3-8 region. A 6.86 microns sample filter and a 5.56 microns reference filter were installed in a Multispec M1 analyzer and a linear response was obtained for concentrations of up to 0.6% ammonium sulfate. Accurately weighed samples of ammonium sulfate were converted to ammonia by using the micro-Kjeldahl procedure and then distilled into standard acid, diluted to volume, and assessed by titration and transmission infrared analysis. The infrared method was more accurate than the titration method in replicating the initial weights.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Elucidation of protein-lipid interactions in a lysozyme-corn oil system by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy

Lysozyme (25% in D2O, corn oil, and their emulsions (10% w/w oil/D2O solution) were examined by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. Emulsions showed three layers, namely, top oil, middle cream, and bottom aqueous layers. Raman spectral analysis revealed hydrophobic interactions involving both protein and lipid components. Compared to lysozyme in D2O, the difference spectrum obtained after subtraction of oil from the cream layer spectrum showed reduced intensity of tryptophan bands at 760, 1013, 1340, and 1360 cm(-)(1), reduced intensity ratio of the tyrosine doublet at 850 and 830 cm(-)(1), and increased intensity of the C-H bending band at 1455 cm(-)(1). Compared to corn oil, the difference spectrum after subtraction of lysozyme from the cream layer spectrum indicated decreased intensity at 2855 cm(-)(1) (lipid CH(2) symmetric stretch) and 3011 cm(-)(1) (unsaturated fatty acid hydrocarbon chain =C-H stretch) and a higher intensity ratio of the C-H stretching band at 2900 cm(-)(1) to bands at 2885 and 2933 cm(-)(1). Spectra of the top and bottom layers resembled corn oil and lysozyme, respectively, except for changes in the D2O band. Raman spectroscopy can be used to detect structural changes in proteins, lipids, and D2O due to protein-lipid interactions.     

Cd对小白菜萌发生理影响的FTIR-ATR研究

应用傅立叶变换-衰减全反射红外光谱（FTIR-ATR）分析方法,用在一定浓度（0.0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0mg·kg-1）Cd胁迫下萌发3d的小白菜做试验材料,揭示了小白菜幼芽和幼根中蛋白质、碳水化合物的含量以及蛋白质二级结构对Cd胁迫的不同响应。结果表明,Cd处理导致幼根和幼芽1632cm-1和1030cm-1吸收峰强度显著增强,且1632cm-1峰的波数降低,说明蛋白质、碳水化合物含量增高以及蛋白质二级结构保持稳定,是小白菜种子萌发过程中抵御Cd毒害的重要原因。幼根FTIR谱未出现1710cm-1峰,说明分泌有机酸螯合Cd并非种子萌发初期幼根抗Cd毒机制。幼根中碳水化合物吸收峰强度,随着Cd处理浓度的增加增大,而幼芽中则先减小后增大,说明幼芽（主要为子叶）中的糖类转运至根部,以提高对Cd的耐受性。FTIR谱主要吸收峰强度与生理指标之间的相关性分析结果表明,小白菜幼根FTIR谱中主要吸收峰的强度与根长、超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）活性、丙二醛（Malondial dehyde,MDA）含量等指标之间显著相关。以上结果说明FTIR-ATR法可用于植物对Cd胁迫的...     

基于骨蛋白拉曼光谱特异性的肉骨粉种属鉴别方法

为了快速检测肉骨粉的种属来源,该研究开发了一种简便、可靠、科学、高效的肉骨粉种属鉴别方法。以87个肉骨粉(猪,鸡,牛和羊肉骨粉)为研究对象,利用拉曼光谱技术,结合化学计量学方法,建立了基于骨蛋白拉曼光谱特性的肉骨粉种属鉴别分析方法与模型。研究结果表明:根据偏最小二乘判别分析(PartialLeastSquaresDiscriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)模型,发现鸡和哺乳动物(猪,牛和羊)肉骨粉主要在1 659、2 930、2 852、1 246和1 455 cm-1附近的特征谱带具有差异性;猪和反刍动物(牛和羊)肉骨粉主要是在2 852、1 659和1 246 cm-1附近的特征谱带具有差异性;牛和羊肉骨粉主要是在878、853、2 930、2 852、1 246、1 455和1 659 cm-1附近的特征谱带具有差异性,并且PLS-DA模型鉴别肉骨粉的灵敏度和特异度均大于93.8%。研究结果可以丰富肉骨粉种属鉴别方法体系以及为开发便携式拉曼光谱仪提供参考。     

THE HUMIC ACIDS EXTRACTED BY VARIOUS REAGENTS FROM A SOIL

The infra-red, visible, and ultra-violet absorption spectra of humic acids extracted from a red-brown earth by various reagents, are described. The variations in the intensity of various absorption bands in the infra-red spectra are related to the method of extraction, yield, and titration data. For example, the humic acids extracted by milder reagents give rise to spectra which show relatively weak aliphatic C-H absorption whilst the intensity of the bands arising from oxygen-containing groups (carboxyl and ketone carbonyl) is relatively strong. The opposite behaviour is shown by the corresponding bands in the spectra of humic acids extracted by stronger reagents. The intensities of other infra-red bands are also considered. The optical density of the C═O band at 1720 cm^?1 in the humic-acid spectra and of the carboxylate ion band at 1380 cm^?1 in the spectra of the K salt is linearly related to the exchange capacity. The presence of carboxyl groups ionizing above pH 7 and extending to as high as pH 11, is demonstrated.     

Interpretation of infrared spectra for OM characterization of soil structural surfaces of Bt‐horizons

The surfaces of macropores or aggregates can act as hot spots for biogeochemical processes and solute transport during preferential flow. For the characterization of organic matter (OM) at macropore surfaces non‐destructive methods have been applied such as diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT). However, effects of organic components on DRIFT signal intensities are often difficult to distinguish from those of mineral components. Here, DRIFT spectra from intact earthworm burrow walls and coated cracks were re‐evaluated to improve the interpretation of C–H and C=O bands. We compared DRIFT and transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of entire samples that were from the same pedogenetic soil horizon (Bt) but different in mineral composition and texture (i.e., glacial till vs. loess). Spectra of incinerated samples were subtracted from the original spectra. Transmission FTIR and DRIFT spectra were almost identical for entire soil samples. However, the DRIFT spectra were affected by the bulk mode bands (i.e., wavenumbers 2000 to 1700 cm^?1). These bands affected spectral resolution and reproducibility. The ratios between C–H and C=O band intensities as indicator for OM quality obtained with DRIFT were smaller than those obtained from transmission FTIR. The results demonstrated that DRIFT and transmission FTIR data required separate interpretations. DRIFT spectroscopy as a non‐destructive method for analyzing OM composition at intact surfaces in structured soils could be calibrated with information obtained with the more detailed transmission FTIR and complementary methods. Spectral subtraction procedure was found useful to reduce effects of mineral absorption bands. The improved DRIFT data may be related to other soil properties (e.g., cation exchange capacity) of hot spots in structured soils.     

ATR-FT/IR study on the interactions between gliadins and dextrin and their effects on protein secondary structure

The effects of heat treatment and dextrin addition on the secondary structure of gliadins were investigated by means of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT/IR). Gliadins and gliadin/dextrin mixtures (before and after thermal treatment) were prepared as a dried protein film on the ATR-FT/IR zinc selenide cell plate and equilibrated at a water activity (a(w)) of 0.06. The results show that gliadins undergo conformational changes upon thermal treatment both in the absence and in the presence of dextrin. In particular, in the thermally treated gliadins, the decrease of the band at around 1651 cm(-)(1) and the increase of the bands at around 1628 and 1690 cm(-)(1) suggest a loss of alpha-helix structure and a higher content of protein aggregates. The same trend was observed in the presence of dextrin. Concerning the interactions between gliadins and dextrin, gliadin/dextrin mixtures show variations in the amide I region compared to native gliadins (e.g., an increase of the band at 1645 cm(-)(1) and the absence of the band at around 1668 cm(-)(1)) that might be due to hydrogen bond formation between gliadins and dextrin. It was also found that the spectrum of gliadin/dextrin mixtures was less affected by the hydration state than that of native gliadins, as observed from the differential spectra obtained by subtraction of the spectrum obtained at a(w) = 0.06 (driest condition tested) from the spectrum of the sample equilibrated at a(w) = 0.84. This could be due to the fact that C=O and N-H groups of gliadins are engaged to form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups of dextrin, and so they are not perturbed by the presence of water molecules. Finally, water activity effects on the secondary structure of gliadins are also discussed.