布鲁菌感染早期抗免疫机制研究进展

布鲁菌引起的布鲁菌病在我国被列为二类动物疫病之首。虽然宿主本身具有复杂的免疫机制,用以抵御病原体,并保持宿主抗性和布鲁菌毒力之间的平衡,但布鲁菌作为一种成功的细胞内病原体,已经进化出多种策略来逃避免疫应答并在宿主内建立持续感染和繁殖。论文将从布鲁菌的毒力因子、布鲁菌在先天性免疫和适应性免疫系统中隐身策略,以及布鲁菌调控并抑制细胞凋亡、布鲁菌微小RNA(mircoRNA)在宿主免疫应答中的研究进展等方面进行综述,为了解布鲁菌病发病机理、开发新型疫苗和治疗布鲁菌病提供参考。     

基于HOOF-Prints技术的布鲁菌疫苗株基因序列遗传变异分析

通过分析布鲁菌疫苗株基因序列遗传变异情况,为疫苗的免疫保护力的评价提供理论依据,本研究利用高变量八聚物寡核苷酸指纹技术(HOOF-Prints)对国内主要布鲁菌疫苗-羊种布鲁菌疫苗M5、猪种布鲁菌疫苗S2、牛种布鲁菌疫苗S19、人用布鲁菌疫苗104M进行序列分析,并基于布鲁菌标准参考株采用软件DNAMAN进行系统进化树分析。结果表明4种疫苗株的基因序列均发生了变异,但系统进化树分析显示这些疫苗株与对应的参考株遗传关系仍然最近,同时表明该指纹技术在分子水平上可以用于分析和了解国内主要疫苗的变异情况,为疫苗的免疫效果提供理论依据。     

粗糙型布鲁菌M111菌壳的安全性和免疫原性

以粗糙型布鲁菌M111株和重组裂解质粒制备出布鲁菌菌壳,利用小鼠模型对布鲁菌菌壳、布鲁菌M111活菌和福尔马林灭活菌的安全性和免疫原性进行比较研究。结果显示,与布鲁菌弱毒菌株M111比较而言,布鲁菌菌壳具有更好的安全性,免疫小鼠后能产生与弱毒菌株相似的血清抗体水平、脾CD3+和CD4+T淋巴细胞反应,甚至产生更高水平的IFN-γ。这些结果表明,布鲁菌菌壳具有与弱毒菌株相似的体液免疫和细胞免疫能力,将来可能作为预防布鲁菌感染的新型候选疫苗,但布鲁菌菌壳疫苗的有效性和特异性免疫机制还有待深入研究。     

布鲁菌主要免疫抗原研究进展

布鲁菌主要免疫相关抗原有脂多糖、外膜蛋白、菌体蛋白,研究这类抗原是解决目前布病菌疫苗存在保护时间短以及布病血清学诊断无法区分免疫、感染以及毒力返强的重要突破口。生物技术的发展促进了对抗原的结构、抗原表位及其诱导的免疫应答等方面的深入研究,并在此基础上构建了多种重组融合蛋白疫苗、DNA疫苗、亚单位疫苗、包含优势表位的多价疫苗;同时免疫相关抗原的研究也为布病诊断试剂的开发奠定了基础并提供了更多选择。     

布鲁菌外膜蛋白的糖基化及免疫效果检测

为研制安全、有效、新型靶向化布鲁菌外膜蛋白疫苗,采用去污剂连续抽提与电洗脱法分离纯化出布鲁菌外膜蛋白,并进行α-D-甘露吡喃异硫氰酸苯酯糖基修饰、佐剂乳化.依据统计学中完全随机实验设计试验,免疫BALB/c小鼠,收集不同时间点血液样品,ELISA法检测血清中IgG和IFN-γ含量.结果显示分离纯化出37.5 kD与47.2 kD的目的蛋白并成功糖基化修饰;纳米颗粒佐剂乳化后的试验用疫苗免疫小鼠,血清IFN-γ水平呈显著升高趋势(P＜0.05);抗体水平略显优势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).表明试验用疫苗能激发机体的细胞免疫应答,且产生了免疫记忆.本研究为研制布鲁菌新型靶向化疫苗的研发和推广提供了研究依据.     

两种接种途径对羊布鲁菌病疫苗免疫抗体变化的影响

<正>动物布鲁菌病是一种严重影响牛、羊养殖业的人兽共患传染病,给畜牧业生产和人类健康带来了巨大的危害。在疫情比较严重的地区,通过给易感动物接种布鲁菌病疫苗,是目前防控动物发生布鲁菌病的主要措施之一。在疫苗厂家提供的布鲁菌病疫苗使用说明书中,规定可以通过口服或肌肉注射等方法进行免疫,但是这两种免疫方法在实际的疫苗免疫中的免疫效果以及差异并没有提到。本试验通过口服和肌肉注射两种接种途径对羊进行     

羊布鲁菌体内诱导基因的筛选与初步鉴定

本研究利用体内诱导表达抗原技术(IVIAT)来筛选和鉴定羊布鲁菌特异的体内诱导抗原,为筛选新的毒力分子,诊断靶标、疫苗候选抗原和药物靶点提供科学依据。通过收集临床上羊布鲁菌阳性血清,吸附后作为探针,构建羊布鲁菌16M基因组表达文库,进行体内诱导抗原的筛选,同时利用RT-PCR验证筛选得到的基因,对筛选得到的基因进行测序比对及生物信息学分析。结果显示:利用临床上感染布鲁菌的羊阳性血清作为探针,通过体内诱导抗原技术成功地从羊布鲁菌的基因组中筛选得到了14个体内诱导表达的基因。这些基因主要参与布鲁菌的糖代谢、tRNA修饰、离子转运和跨膜运输等生物过程,这些分子有的已经被证实是布鲁菌的药物靶点和毒力分子,有的可能与布鲁菌的毒力和免疫相关,可以作为疫苗候选抗原和诊断标识。体内诱导抗原技术(IVIAT)成功地应用到布鲁菌候选抗原和诊断标识的筛选和鉴定研究中,利用该技术成功获得14个体内诱导基因,这些基因将为布鲁菌疫苗的研制和诊断产品的研发提供候选抗原和诊断标识。     

羊用布鲁菌病疫苗研究进展

布鲁菌病是重要的人兽共患病,对畜牧业发展和人类健康威胁严重。疫苗免疫仍是目前预防和控制动物布鲁菌病的措施之一,用于羊布鲁菌病防控有多种疫苗,如S19、RB51、Rev.1等,每种疫苗均各有利弊。现今,众多研究者也通过基因工程等技术积极研究DNA疫苗、基因缺失疫苗、亚单位疫苗等。论文就羊用布鲁菌病疫苗的应用及新型疫苗的研究现状进行综述,以期为羊布鲁菌病的预防提供参考。     

布鲁菌基因缺失疫苗侯选株研究进展

布鲁菌病是由布鲁菌引起的人兽共患传染病,接种疫苗是预防和控制该病最有效的方法之一。目前国内外使用的疫苗主要是减毒活疫苗,这种活疫苗具有一定的毒力,但不能区分野毒感染与疫苗免疫产生的抗体,会干扰该病的检疫,国内外许多研究者致力于基因缺失标记疫苗。论文综述了近年来布鲁菌基因缺失疫苗株的研究及应用概况,以加深对布鲁菌病新型疫苗的认识。     

浅谈影响兽用生物疫苗免疫效果的因素

在动物疫病防控工作中,采用兽用生物疫苗免疫是最好的方法之一.但在接种疫苗的动物群体中,不同个体的免疫应答程度都有差异,免疫应答的强弱或水平高低呈正态分布,因而绝大多数动物在接种疫苗后都能产生较强的免疫应答,但因个体差异,会有少数动物应答能力差,因而在遇强毒感染时,不能抵抗攻击而发病.笔者认为影响疫苗免疫效果的因素主要有以下七个因素.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein