江西省菜用大豆蛋白营养评价及地区差异比较

为了给江西省菜用大豆的产业发展和生产消费提供具体的数据支撑，以来自江西省17个县市共111份菜用大豆为研究对象，采用国标方法测定各材料水分、粗蛋白和氨基酸组分含量，以FAO/WHO氨基酸模式为评价标准，采用氨基酸比值系数法评价江西各地菜用大豆蛋白质营养水平，利用统计学方法对江西省各地区的菜用大豆进行系统聚类分析。结果表明：江西省区域内的菜用大豆粗蛋白鲜重含量平均为11.0%,水分含量平均为72.4%,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸比例平均为33.7%;江西省各地菜用大豆第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸，必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)平均值为92.7;不同地区的菜用大豆聚类为3类，蛋白质品质评价最好的是来自芦溪、高安和万载地区的菜用大豆，而萍乡安源、新余渝水和宜春地区采集的菜用大豆蛋白营养价值评价较差。研究结果表明江西省菜用大豆蛋白质营养价值存在地区差异，可能与江西省各地区品种、气候环境、土壤环境、田间管理习惯等因素相关。     

油菜华油杂62不同生长期氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

为明确甘蓝型油菜作为饲料使用的蛋白营养价值,以FAO/WHO提出的人体必需氨基酸模式评价标准,通过氨基酸比值系数法和必需氨基酸指数,评价华油杂62不同生长期植株蛋白质的营养价值。结果表明:华油杂62越冬苗期蛋白质随生长期的延续呈逐渐下降的趋势。不同生长期油菜蛋白质氨基酸种类丰富。必需氨基酸中盛花期蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(3.36%)、苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(10.11%)的含量和结荚初期的异亮氨酸(5.64%)、亮氨酸(9.45%)以及缬氨酸(6.73%)的含量占总氨基酸的比例高于其它生长期;盛花期和结荚初期的总必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(TEAA/TAA)(44.88%、44.36%)和总必需氨基酸/总非必需氨基酸(0.81、0.80)也高于其它生长期;通过氨基酸比值系数法和必需氨基酸指数评价,油菜盛花期及盛花期后(结荚初期、结荚后期)的必需氨基酸指数均优于其它生长期,盛花期的氨基酸比值系数分值最高达82。以肉牛、绵羊、山羊肉质中的必需氨基酸组成为参考标准,不同生长期油菜的必需氨基酸指数均大于0.95,且油菜盛花期及盛花期后(结荚初期、结荚后期)高于其它生长期,表明盛花期及盛花期后的植株可作为反刍动物的优质蛋白源。     

Protex7L中性蛋白酶改性大豆分离蛋白的工艺研究

利用中性蛋白酶Protex 7L对大豆分离蛋白进行改性研究,以水解度和蛋白质分散指数为评价指标,确定了中性蛋白酶Protex 7L改性大豆分离蛋白的最佳酶解反应条件:加酶量13.5AU/g大豆分离蛋白(SPI)、反应温度55℃、底物浓度为10%、pH值为7.0,酶解时间为1h.在上述条件下大豆分离蛋白的分散性得到显著改善,蛋白质分散指数(PDI值)达到91.8%.     

大豆乳清蛋白的热促凝聚及其对分离蛋白功能性的影响

分别在pH8.0和pH4.5对"碱提酸沉"法制备大豆分离蛋白过程中所得提取液进行热处理,研究了大豆乳清蛋白的热促凝聚效果及其对所制备分离蛋白功能性的影响。结果表明:加热处理可降低大豆乳清中乳清蛋白的含量,在pH8.0和pH4.5时提取液经70℃加热10 min分别使25.7%和40%乳清蛋白转移到分离蛋白产品中。以普通分离蛋白为对照,对3种分离蛋白产品进行功能性分析,发现3种产品均在pH4.5~4.8的范围内溶解度最小,70℃加热10 min所制备分离蛋白的持水性明显高于普通分离蛋白,但其持油性、起泡性、泡沫稳定性和乳化性均低于普通分离蛋白,而乳化稳定性无显著差异。     

双缩脲法测定大豆乳清废水中蛋白质含量

利用双缩脲试剂和分析方法测定大豆乳清废水中乳清蛋白含量,结果表明:①采用酪蛋白为标准物质绘制标准曲线时,分析结果中的蛋白质为碱性可溶性蛋白质,采用代表性很强的样品(已知其蛋白质含量)为标准物质绘制标准曲线时,分析结果中的蛋白质为总蛋白质。②大豆乳清粉中总蛋白质含量为57.58%,大豆乳清废水原液的总蛋白质含量为0.47%;大豆乳清粉中碱性可溶蛋白质为50.44%,大豆乳清废水原液碱性可溶性蛋白为0.38%。     

棘托竹荪菌盖营养成分分析与评价

采用国标法测定棘托竹荪菌盖的营养成分和氨基酸组成,并与竹荪菌体进行比较。结果表明:棘托竹荪菌盖的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量分别为31.34%和12.95%,均是竹荪菌体的2倍,但其蛋白质的化学评分(CS)结果低于菌体,而氨基酸评分(AAS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、生物价(BV)、营养指数(NI)分别为65.71、76.58、71.77、29.05,均高于菌体部分。实验表明棘托竹荪菌盖有较高的营养价值,可作为蛋白源,以其为原料开发蛋白相关产品具有巨大的潜力和广阔的市场前景。     

辣木氨基酸分析与营养评价研究

分析测定了辣木嫩叶、成熟叶、老叶、种子及花中的氨基酸含量,通过必需氨基酸组成、氨基酸评分、必需氨基酸指数、氨基酸比值系数及氨基酸比值系数分等5个指标对构成辣木蛋白质的氨基酸进行评价。结果表明:Glu、Asp、Lys、Leu和Arg等含量丰富,尤其是种子中的精氨酸含量分别比花生、大豆中高22.48%、40.73%。辣木嫩叶、成熟叶的氨基酸总含量及必需氨基酸含量分别极显著(p0.01)、显著(p0.05)高于老叶、种子及花,且均高于花生。辣木嫩叶、成熟叶、老叶、花在必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总含量的比例上高于花生,且高于大豆。辣木叶、花的必需氨基酸组成中有5个项目分别高于花生、大豆、FAO/WHO模式、美国模式,辣木叶的必需氨基酸组成中有4个项目还高于鸡蛋模式。辣木叶、花中的第一限制氨基酸为Met+Cys,种子中为Lys。辣木嫩叶、成熟叶中必需氨基酸的数量充足、比例适宜,必需氨基酸组成比花生、大豆与鸡蛋中的必需氨基酸组成具有更高的拟合程度。     

醇法提取大豆浓缩蛋白的工艺优化

用含水乙醇浸提法制备大豆浓缩蛋白,研究制备工艺中的固液比、乙醇浓度、浸提时间和浸提温度对蛋白质含量的影响。根据正交试验,得出最适浸提条件:固液比1:7,乙醇浓度70%,浸提时间为80 min,浸提温度为55℃,在此条件下制得蛋白质含量为73.14%的大豆浓缩蛋白。此方法制备的大豆浓缩蛋白蛋白质含量较高,将为后续实验提供优质原料。     

利用大豆浓缩蛋白乳清制备水苏糖的发酵条件

利用酵母对大豆浓缩蛋白乳清进行发酵处理制备水苏糖.在确定最佳起始发酵液的糖度为31.8Brix后,对温度、pH、接种量、装液量等工艺条件进行了单因素试验及正交试验,结果表明最佳发酵条件为:温度32°C,pH5.5,接种量8%,在此发酵条件下利用酵母对大豆浓缩蛋白乳清进行发酵处理48 h,水苏糖的纯度达到了90%,保留率为68%.     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉加工现状及对鱼类影响

鱼粉价格上涨,饲料成本上升,严重制约着水产养殖业的可持续发展,开发新型饲料蛋白源、节约鱼粉蛋白成为亟待解决的重要问题。大豆浓缩蛋白(soy protein concentrate,SPC)是由豆粕经乙醇或甲醇提取后的大豆制品。它具有高蛋白质含量(65%～70%)、高消化率,较少的抗营养因子等特点,被广泛应用于鱼类配合饲料。本文概述了大豆浓缩蛋白的理化特性、产品分类、加工工艺及替代鱼粉对鱼类生长、消化、免疫、肠道组织、抗氧化、蛋白质代谢等方面的影响,为合理开发利用大豆浓缩蛋白,节约鱼粉蛋白,降低饲料成本提供理论依据。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).