江都褐稻虱发生规律和测报方法初探

根据1980～1987车灯下和田间褐稻虱(Nilaparvata lugens Stal)种群消长动态,结合气温分析,总结出本地褐稻虱迁入主峰期,与冬季日最低气温低于0℃的连续低温的频次,主害代田间虫量与8月中旬止灯下成虫累计迁入量、主害代田间虫量与8月盛夏季节日平均气温<28℃的日数的3条直线关系。相应地建立了:y=8.7+6.4x、y=109+1.54x±469、y=251.62x-4790±325的预测式,对迁入地褐稻虱中、长期预测方法进行索探。     

皖南稻区褐飞虱怀卵雌成虫数量和前期防控对褐飞虱种群动态的影响

通过褐飞虱怀卵雌成虫不同梯度数量下的田间药效试验,研究了安徽省黄山市徽州区单季中稻田二代褐飞虱怀卵雌成虫数量以及前期防控对后期褐飞虱种群动态的影响。试验结果表明:二代怀卵雌成虫数量(x)决定了后期褐飞虱种群大小(y);前期防控(防控:c=1;不防控:c=0)能够明显压低后期褐飞虱种群大小(y);并可建立广义线性回归模型:log(y)=0.943x-3.191c+0.703xc+7.200。根据该模型可以确定两个临界值:(1)x0.4头/百丛时,需要采取"压前控后"策略,即在二、三代低龄若虫高峰期各施药一次,才能有效控制褐飞虱发生危害;(2)x2.4头/百丛时,即使采取"压前控后"的策略,褐飞虱仍然会大发生。2006-2014年大田普查数据亦表明当x2.4头/百丛时,三代褐飞虱极易大发生。本研究明确了褐飞虱前期种群数量对后期发生程度的影响,并可依据前期怀卵雌成虫数量采取不同的防控策略,实现科学防控,减少用药。     

两索线虫寄生褐稻虱的初步观察

两索线虫Amphimermis sp.属于线虫纲Nematoda索科Merinithidae,寄生褐稻虱。湖北、湖南、广东、浙江等省已有报道。为了探讨褐稻虱防治的途径,我们在1980——1982年对寄生褐稻虱的两索线虫寄生率和寄生强度进行了初步的观察,结果整理如下: 1.三年自晚稻田捕得褐稻虱6533只,有     

茶园黑刺粉虱越冬代成虫发生期与发生量的模型分析

通过对浙江省松阳县茶园越冬代黑刺粉虱发生期与相关气象因子进行回归分析,表明越冬代黑刺粉虱的发生高峰日与1—3月的日平均气温呈负相关,气温越高、高峰日出现时间越早,回归方程为y=51.15-2.93x(R~2=0.971)。进一步对越冬代黑刺粉虱的虫口密度动态进行模拟分析,表明Logistic模型Y=1/e~((0.503t+9.738))(R~2=0.968)和幂模型Y=e~((3.061 lnt+0.027))(R~2=0.968)对其种群动态增长的拟合度最高。研究结果对茶园中越冬代黑刺粉虱发生期与发生量的预测具有指导意义。     

索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态及其防控效果

为明确田间水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)的主要寄生性天敌索线虫科线虫的寄生动态及防控效果,于2013—2015年在湖南省长沙市宁乡市通过田间调查和线虫罩笼法研究了索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态以及优势种长沙多索线虫Agamermis changshaensis Bao,Luo et Luo对褐飞虱的防控效果。结果表明,在长沙市,索线虫科线虫寄生白背飞虱始见期为6月底至7月初,1个月后出现高峰期,基本与白背飞虱发生高峰期同步;对褐飞虱寄生高峰期早稻多发生在7月中下旬,而晚稻在8月底至9月中旬。索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为16.95%、14.81%和7.69%;而对褐飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为43.33%、20.93%和11.63%。2014年和2015年罩笼盆栽试验结果表明,处理后45 d长沙多索线虫对褐飞虱的防控效果分别为36.11%和33.19%。研究结果表明长沙多索线虫可以作为水稻稻飞虱绿色防控的一种重要辅助性措施。     

两索线虫对晚稻田不同类型褐飞虱的寄生力研究

在3个不同水稻品种上,研究江西南昌晚稻田内两索线虫对不同翅型和性别褐飞虱的寄生能力。结果表明:在同一水稻品种上,两索线虫对不同类型褐飞虱的寄生率之间存在显著差异,其寄生率的大小顺序为:短翅型雌虫长翅型雌虫短翅型雄虫长翅型雄虫。其中,在短翅型雌虫体内,最高寄生率达45.16%;而在长翅型雄虫体内,最低寄生率仅为2.15%。在水稻品种株两优120上,两索线虫对短翅型雌虫的寄生数量达3头的占9.68%,对短翅型雌虫和长翅型雌虫寄生有2头的分别占6.45%和8.33%;在丰华占和合美(丰)上,对短翅型雌虫寄生数量最多为2头,寄生率分别为5.25%和4.35%;对不同类型褐飞虱的寄生数量为1头的均较高。可见,两索线虫对田间褐飞虱种群具有较强的寄生能力,可有效抑制褐飞虱的发生与危害。     

寄生稻褐飞虱的二种索线虫的识别

据调查,目前我国寄生于稻褐飞虱Nilapar vata的索线虫有两种。一种属于两索属(Amphimermis)。另一种属于多索属(Agamermis)。由于这两种线虫从幼虫到成虫在外形上差别不大,容易将两者混淆。索线虫从褐飞虱体内脱出者为寄生后期幼虫,无明显的辩别特征。因此,首先得鉴别该线虫是否成熟。成熟阶段者雌虫的阴门及体内的生殖器官,如阴道、子宫等清晰可     

江苏沿江地区稻褐飞虱监测及综合治理技术推广应用

通过对褐飞虱发生消长的系统监测和对比调查,以及防治试验和示范.总结提出在测报方面运用短期预报同长期预报相结合,用逐步回归方程y=0.603+0.072 6x2+1.47x1-0.195x3±0.44预测发生程度,准确率达95%以上.在抗性监测方面,明确蛛虱比值或蝽虱比值小于2时,褐飞虱百穴虫量一般低于200头(7月中、下旬至8月上旬),蜘蛛、黑肩绿盲蝽基本上能控制褐飞虱为害.在防治技术方面明确了可推广应用吡蚜酮防治褐飞虱,加速淘汰吡虫啉,减少使用扑虱灵、氟虫晴.防治策略上,在褐飞虱大发生年,采取"治二控三压四"的方针,收到很好的效果.     

浙江三门县单季稻褐飞虱灾变预警技术研究

为了揭示褐飞虱种群数量灾变规律,提高监测预警水平,2012年对单季稻甬优9号露地栽培与笼罩栽培处理的褐飞虱种群数量消长与为害进行了系统监测.结果表明,无论在露地状态,还是田间笼罩状态下,褐飞虱种群数量增长拐点均出现在水稻拔节期(8月中旬)至孕穗期(8月底至9月初),然后种群数量快速上升,直至9月底水稻乳熟期达种群数量高峰,致使田间陆续出现冒穿、倒伏灾变.经统计分析,单季稻拔节期褐飞虱虫量(m2)、孕穗期褐飞虱虫量(m3)与产量损失率(y)关系模型分别为y1=2.840 9m2-18.940 1和y2=1.249 8m3-11.0669.故在单季稻区对褐飞虱的灾变预警应以8月中旬和9月上旬的虫口密度为主要指标,即一般虫量达到7～10头/丛时就应发布预警.     

斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇末龄幼虫捕食功能的测定

本文采用捕食性天敌日控量的方法,对斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇末龄幼虫的捕食功能进行了测定。初步建立了日控蚜量(y)与苹果黄蚜密度(x)相关数学模型:y=-146.960+4.524x-0.021x~2(r=0.9976 P<0.05),当 x=107.71≈108头时.其最大日控蚜量 y=97头,失控点 x_1=175.6≈176头。     

The use of Verticillium dahliae and Diplodia scrobiculata to induce resistance in Pinus halepensis against Diplodia pinea infection

The pathogenic fungi Verticillium alboatrum and Diplodia scrobiculata were assayed for biological control of Diplodia pinea on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). Young shoots were pre-treated with inoculations of either V. dahliae or D. scrobiculata, by placing colonized agar plugs on wounds made by removing a single needle fascicle. An inoculation with D. pinea was performed 15 days later. Two months after the shoot inoculations, the canker length on the stems was measured and the percentage of shoot dieback calculated. Verticillium dahliae and D. scrobiculata were found to significantly reduce the canker length of D. pinea (P < 0.05) when compared with positive controls. Diplodia pinea was slightly more sensitive to V. dahliae than to D. scrobiculata, but no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the mean canker length between the two treatments. Trees pre-inoculated with V. dahliae resulted in 31.12% shoot dieback, while those pre-inoculated with D. scrobiculata resulted in 32.18% shoot dieback, compared with positive controls (42.85%).     

Identification and in planta detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato using PCR amplification of hrpZPst

A rapid detection method based on PCR amplification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato chromosomal sequences was developed. Primer design was based on the P. syringae DC3000 hrpZ_Pst gene, which maps on a pathogenicity-associated operon of the hrp/hrc pathogenicity island.A 532 bp product corresponding to an internal fragment of hrpZ_Pst was amplified from 50 isolates of P. syringae pv. tomato belonging to a geographically representative collection. The amplification product was also obtained from three coronatine-deficient strains of P. syringae pv. tomato.On the other hand, PCR did not produce any such products from 100 pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial strains of the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Erwinia, and Rhizobium and 75 unidentified bacterial saprophytes isolated from tomato plants. The method was tested using leaf and fruit spots from naturally-infected tomato plants and asymptomatic nursery plants and artificially contaminated tomato seeds. The results confirmed the high specificity observed using pure cultures.     

草地贪夜蛾对金银花的取食适应性

为明确新入侵农业害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对药用植物金银花Lonicera japonica的潜在为害风险,采用室内饲养观察法比较取食玉米Zea mays和金银花叶片后草地贪夜蛾的种群特征,并采用室内生测法测定取食2种植物幼虫体内消化酶和解毒酶的活性。结果显示,草地贪夜蛾在金银花上能完成完整的世代发育。取食金银花叶片的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期为24.08 d,显著长于取食玉米的幼虫发育历期（18.47 d）;取食金银花叶片的幼虫存活率为63.67%,较取食玉米叶片幼虫的存活率78.00%明显降低;取食金银花叶片的草地贪夜蛾雌、雄蛹重分别为197.98 mg和198.78 mg,显著大于取食玉米叶片时;取食金银花和玉米叶片的草地贪夜蛾成虫的繁殖力与寿命均无显著差异。取食金银花叶片的草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫中肠中的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和细胞色素P450酶的活性均较取食玉米叶片时显著降低,但羧酸酯酶活性较取食玉米叶片时显著升高。表明草地贪夜蛾在金银花上能较好地生长发育和繁殖,这对金银花的安全生产构成潜在威胁。     

Characterization of fungi (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia) and oomycetes (Phytophthora and Pythium) associated with apple orchards in South Africa

Several species of fungi and oomycetes including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora and Pythium have been reported as root pathogens of apple where they contribute to a phenomenon known as apple replant disease. In South Africa, little is known about specific species in these genera and their pathogenicity toward apple. Therefore, these aspects were investigated along with the development and optimization of qPCR tests for detection and quantification of the most virulent oomycete species. In eight investigated orchards, the oomycete Phythophthora cactorum was widely distributed, while nine Pythium species were differentially distributed among the orchards. Pythium irregulare was the most widely distributed and the most virulent species along with P. sylvaticum, P. vexans and Ph. cactorum. Seven binucleate Rhizoctonia anastomosis groups (AGs) were also differentially distributed among the orchards, with the majority appearing to be non-pathogenic while certain AG-I and AG-F isolates exhibited low virulence on apple. In the genus Fusarium, F. oxysporum was widely distributed, but isolates were non-pathogenic. Fusarium solani and F. avenaceum were less frequently encountered, with only some isolates having low virulence. qPCR data obtained from seedling roots inoculated with the most virulent Pythium species (P. irregulare, P. sylvaticum and P. vexans) and the genus Phytophthora were not always reproducible between trials, or isolates of the same species. In general, seedling growth inhibition was associated with the presence of a low amount of pathogen DNA (±40 fg μl⁻¹ to 2 pg μl⁻¹) in roots. Pythium irregulare, although having the lowest DNA concentrations in roots, was the only species for which a significant negative correlation was found between seedling weight and pathogen DNA concentration.     

Simultaneous and selective detection of two major soft rot pathogens of potato: Pectobacterium atrosepticum (Erwinia carotovora subsp. atrosepticum) and Dickeya spp. (Erwinia chrysanthemi)

Dickeya spp. and Pectobacterium atrosepticum are major pathogens of potato. Current methods to detect these soft-rotting bacteria require separate identification steps. Here we describe a simple method allowing simultaneous detection of both pathogens based on multiplex PCR. The sensitivity of the primer sets was first examined on purified genomic DNA of the type strains Dickeya chrysanthemi 2048^T and P. atrosepticum 1526^T. The specificity and detection limits of the primer sets were successfully tested on 61 strains belonging to various Dickeya and Pectobacterium species, on artificially inoculated and on naturally contaminated potato plants. This new method provides a gain in time and materials, the main advantages for large-scale processes such as pathogen-free seed certification.     

瓜类细菌性果斑病菌hrcN基因的生物学功能分析

以分离自西瓜上的Aac5菌株为例,通过同源重组的方法,构建了hrc N基因插入缺失突变体,通过PCR方法和Southern blot验证突变菌株,对突变体进行致病性、致敏性、生长曲线和运动性测定。为明确hrc N基因与其他基因的关系,通过实时荧光定量PCR法定量检测了hrp A、hrc V、hrc U、Lux I、LuxR 5个基因的表达量。结果显示:与野生型相比,突变体致病力和致敏性明显减弱,致病时间延迟,群体感应信号减弱,生长能力明显下降,运动性减弱,互补菌株只能恢复部分功能;5个基因在突变体中的表达量均上调,hrc N基因与这5个基因之间均为负调控关系。说明hrc N基因在果斑病菌致病能力上发挥重要作用。     

Antagonismusin vitro vonBacillus spp. gegenüberRhizoctonia solani undPythium spp.

Es konnten 132Bacillus-Stämme isoliert und gegenüber7 Rhizoctonia-solani- und 6Pythium-Stämmen auf Antagonismusin vitro untersucht werden. Die gefundenen Antagonisten hemmten die Pilzisolate unterschiedlich stark, so daß Gemische von Antagonisten für die Praxis zu empfehlen sind.There were 132Bacillus-strains isolated and tested for antagonism against 7 strains ofRhizoctonia solani and 6 strains ofPythium spp. The isolated antagonists didn't show a uniform effect against the tested strains ofRhizoctonia solani andPythium spp. For an application in practice it will be better to use a mixture of antagonists.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen und einer Tabelle     

棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效及其作用机理

为明确棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效及其作用机理,利用圆盘滤膜法和平板对扣培养法测定菌株CEF-373对大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae菌丝生长的抑制作用,测定其对棉花黄萎病的温室和田间防效,并通过活性氧含量及防御基因表达情况来分析其作用机理。结果表明,菌株CEF-373的挥发性代谢产物和非挥发性代谢产物对大丽轮枝菌菌丝的生长均有显著抑制作用,抑制率最高分别可达37.75%和100.00%。用1×107CFU/mL的菌株CEF-373分生孢子悬浮液灌根后,对棉花黄萎病的温室防效可达71.12%,用质量比为3%的菌株CEF-373固体菌剂拌土栽培后,对棉花黄萎病的温室防效可达62.74%,防治作用显著。菌株CEF-373的发酵液滴灌和微生物肥料处理40 d后,对棉花黄萎病的田间防效达到最大,分别为36.23%和27.71%,而在后期有所降低。菌株CEF-373可以诱导棉花叶片中细胞活性氧的爆发;且菌株CEF-373成功激活了苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、几丁质酶和病程相关蛋白基因PR10的表达,对大丽轮枝菌的侵染具有抵御作用。表明棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株通过抑制大丽轮枝菌生长以及诱导寄主系统抗病性来有效防治棉花黄萎病,具有较好的生物防治应用前景。     

象耳豆根结线虫Hsp70基因的克隆与原核表达

采用RT-PCR、c DNA末端快速扩增法(RACE),克隆了象耳豆根结线虫Hsp70基因的全长c DNA(Me Hsp70)序列。Me Hsp70 c DNA全长2 203 bp,含有1 959 bp的开放阅读框,编码653个氨基酸,相对分子量为71.09 k Da,具有3段Hsp70家族的签名序列,Gen Bank登录号KF739434。同源性分析表明,氨基酸序列与其他真核生物的Hsp70序列具有很高的相似性。该Hsp70与其他物种中的Hsp70进行系统进化分析,结果显示,Hsp70的系统发育树不能体现物种间的亲缘关系,推测其反映的是不同物种间Hsp70生物学功能的相似性程度。构建了一个原核表达载体p EASY-E1-Me Hsp70,当IPTG终浓度为0.4~1.0 mmol/L时,能诱导表达融合蛋白。Me Hsp70基因的克隆和表达,将为象耳豆根结线虫的生态适应性机理研究提供依据。