新台糖22号等8个甘蔗品种的种性研究

以桂糖11号为对照，在广西13个主产蔗区具代表性旱坡地设点，从抗性、农艺性状、产量、糖分和含糖量等方面对日本农林8号、新台糖22号、新台糖23号、新台糖16号、桂糖17号、新台糖20号、美国CPSO／1827等7个甘蔗新品种进行新植和一年宿根的比较研究，并进行综合评价。结果表明：(1)新植蔗茎产量最高的是桂糖17号，达112．04t／hm^2；新台糖20号糖分最高，达15．03％；新台糖22号蔗茎含糖量最高，达15．06t／hm^2。(2)宿根产量最高的是新台糖22号，为81．96t／hm^2；新台糖20号糖分最高，达16．55％；日本农林8号蔗茎含糖量最高，达12．11t／hm^2。(3)综合评价最优的是新台糖22号。     

关于北部湾总场甘蔗产业发展的思考

试验以ROC22作对照,通过大田甘蔗品种比较试验,对参试的14个甘蔗品种的农艺性状、蔗茎产量及甘蔗品质等指标的调查分析。结果表明：台89/1626、台88/99、C1-2003、粤糖96/86的综合评价值位居前4位,都高于对照品种ROC22,其余品种都低于对照,其中园林9号的综合评价值最小,属于比较差的品种类型。     

基于Super-GBS技术的高粱籽粒酿造相关性状QTL定位

为探究酒用高粱籽粒酿造性状的遗传基础,本研究利用超级基因分型技术（Supper-GBS）技术对BTx623×红缨子的205个家系的重组自交系（RIL）群体开展基因分型,构建了包含1 910个单核苷酸多态性标记（SNP）,标记平均间距为0.47 cM的连锁图谱。结合两年4个环境的表型数据,利用完备区间作图法（ICIM）对籽粒总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、单宁含量、硬度和颜色等5个酿造性状进行了数量性状位点（QTL）定位。结果表明,在高粱的1～9号染色体上检测到9、7、11、5和3个QTL分别与总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、单宁含量、籽粒硬度和籽粒颜色相关,一共涉及到35个不同的QTL,其中15个QTL与前人定位结果一致。在多个性状和环境中检测到3个重要遗传区段,分别位于1号染色体（66.30～71.55 Mb）、4号染色体（54.00～62.3 Mb）以及6号染色体（54.59～57.57 Mb）,其中包括已知的Tan1和Y1基因,以及6个与淀粉和类黄酮合成途径相关的候选基因,如编码β-淀粉酶、黄烷酮3-羟化酶和bHLH转录因子等。本研究结果为酿造性状相关基因的进一步克隆奠定了基础,也为利用标记...     

10个甘蔗新品种在崇左蔗区的比较试验

甘蔗品种比较试验是对特定区域甘蔗品种丰产性、稳产性和适应性的一种重要测试手段。通过对10个品种一年新植两年宿根进行比较试验,分析各参试品种的主要农艺性状、蔗茎产量、蔗糖分及含糖量、抗逆性,发现综合性状表现良好的品种是海蔗22号、桂糖06-2081、桂糖08-1180、福农09-2201等4个品种。研究结果可为崇左蔗区甘蔗新品种引进、示范和推广提供参考依据。     

氮肥处理下套作大豆根系建成与产量关系的研究

在小麦／玉米／大豆种植模式中，研究了施氮量对套作大豆（贡选1号）根系性状与产量的效应。结果表明，施氮能增加根干重、一级侧根数和根系活力，提高单株结荚数和百粒重。其中低氮（N45、90kg／hm^2）处理效果较明显，使套作大豆增产16．8％～19．9％；高氮（N180、225kg／hm^2）处理延缓大豆根系衰老，但大豆产量明显较低氮处理低。根系性状与产量之间存在着一定的相关性，在V3（三节期）与R5（始粒期）两个生育时期，所测4个根系参数与产量呈显著正相关，在其它生育时期与产量的相关性较差。     

四个甘蔗新品种比较试验初报

通过新品种桂糖42号、桂柳05136、桂糖46号和福农41号与对照新台糖22号的比较试验,结果表明:桂柳05136、桂糖46、福农41号蔗茎产量比新台糖22号分别增产6.63%、4.97%、1.43%,产糖量分别增加9.14%、3.21%、4.81%,桂糖42号蔗茎产量比新台糖22号减产1.85%,产糖量比新台糖22号增长0.06%,该品种分蘖率强,有效茎多,这几个品种综合性状好、适应性强,可以在兴宾区扩大推广种植。     

甜荞产量性状综合评价及AMMI分析

为了评价全国区域试验甜荞品种（系）在山西不同生态区的性状表现、品种稳定性及适应性,本研究以2019—2020年全国甜荞区试的6个参试品种（系）为试验材料,在山西省榆次（E1）、忻州（E2）、大同（E3）3个生态区种植,对参试品种的产量、每公顷株数、株高、主茎分枝、主茎节数、单株粒数、单株粒重、千粒重、生育期等9个主要性状进行考察;采用加性主效应乘积交互作用（AMMI）模型分析和双标图对3个试点进行产量稳定性、适应性及试点鉴别力分析,并对产量相关性状进行变异性分析和遗传相关分析。结果表明,在6个参试品种（系）中,丰产性、稳定性和适应性较好的品种为白荞3号和平荞2号。3个区试点均适宜甜荞品种鉴选,但相比榆次和大同,忻州试点的鉴别力最大。不同试验年份3个试点甜荞品种的产量及相关性状变异较大,6个品种（系）9个性状的变异范围在8.71%～35.80%,平均变异系数达19.34%。其中,变异系数较大的为主茎分枝,然后依次是每公顷株数、单株粒数和单株粒重,株高和生育期变异系数较小。对产量相关性状的遗传相关性分析也表明,株高与主茎分枝、单株粒数与单株粒重、单株粒数与产量以及单株粒重与产量均呈正向遗传...     

氢化物发生——原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的研究

通过对消化体系的选择及双道原子荧光光度计测试条件的优化，建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的方法。方法线性范围宽（As0-100μg／L；Hg0-10μg／L），检出限低（As0．05μg／L和Hg0.07μg／L）。无机肥料中As回收率为98．8％-100．4％，Hg回收率为98．9％-102．2％；有机肥料中As回收率为94．4％-105．6％，Hg回收率为97．6％-103．8％。     

稻瘟病菌T-DNA插入的突变表型分析

PCR技术检测28个形态发育和致病性相关T-DNA插入突变体，结果所有突变体均含磷酸转移酶基因序列。对这些突变体展开进一步生物学性状观察，发现15个颜色异常，8个菌落生长缓慢，2个分生孢子形态异常，2个附着胞形态异常，3个不能形成附着胞。致病性测定结果，9个突变体完全不能导致抗瘟（C101）和感瘟（日本晴）水稻苗致病，病害级别均为0级。用标准菌株1528和P131测定突变体有性世代的形成能力，结果发现， Y34-0211、Y34-1469和Y34-0635 3个突变体完全丧失产生有性世代的能力。     

优异种质Y3抗性改良及其新品系选育试验

研究Y2、Y3、Y4、云烟87以及MSK326共5个品种的综合性状。结果表明,5个品种间的农艺性状、经济性状、抗逆性等综合表现差异情况。农艺性状:Y2、Y3、Y4株高、有效叶片数比对照明显;各品种茎围、节距差异不明显;经济性状:Y2、Y3、Y4每667 m2产值比对照高371.47~705.88元;抗逆性:Y2、Y4、MSK326轻度感染花叶病,发病率为0.49%~0.98%。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.