种公猪的营养需要及饲养管理

种公猪精液品质的好坏直接关系到猪场的生产成绩和经济效益,适宜的营养供给和科学的饲养管理是满足集约化公猪生产所必需的。     

A Comparison of Actual and Suggested Digestible Energy Intakes of Miniature Horses Derived from Different Feeding Recommendations

Despite being largely studied as models of equine nutrition, few published data exist on actual nutritional requirements of Miniature horses. Small equines are particularly prone to obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic disorders for which these are risk factors. Improper feed rationing, overfeeding in particular, puts horses at risk for these metabolic problems. Feed manufacturers, however, generally supply feeding recommendations for horses weighing ≥360 kg, whereas the average Miniature horse weighs around 100 kg. Lack of nutritional guidelines for small equines makes it difficult for owners to properly estimate the amount of hay and grain to feed their Miniature horse. The purpose of this study was to determine whether feeding recommendations provided by feed manufacturers for average-sized horses could be linearly extrapolated to Miniature horses. This study surveyed nutritional management of 12 mature Miniature horses that represented the ideal body condition of the breed. Each horse’s hay, grain, and pasture intake was recorded and the average daily digestible energy (DE) intake was calculated from those data. The daily DE intake of the surveyed horses was compared with the extrapolated recommendations published by several different sources. When linearly extrapolated to fit the body weight of a Miniature horse, recommendations significantly (P < .002) misestimated the amount of daily DE that the surveyed horses were consuming. The majority of recommendations overestimated the DE consumed by the Miniature horses per day. However, one source that was designed specifically for Miniature horses, severely (P < .001) underestimated their required DE.     

真鲷营养需求及饲料配方设计

真鲷是近海暖水底层鱼类，它肉质鲜嫩，味道鲜美，具有很高的经济价值，是我国海水鱼类养殖的重要对象。真鲷养殖，饲料是关键。日本真鲷养殖投喂配合饲料已相当普遍，本文阐述了真鲷的营养需求，并在此基础上，合理设计饲料配方。１真鲷的营养需求１．１蛋白质和氨基酸如同其他的鱼类，真鲷对蛋白质的需要量因饲料中蛋白质的质量、鱼体自身的大小、水温、溶氧等条件的不同而有所差异。米康夫（１９７６）的研究认为，幼鱼对蛋白质的需要量为５５％。吴善等（１９９３）认为，尾重１．６～３０g的幼鱼要求干性饲料中最适蛋白质含量为５２％…     

肉用山羊营养需要量的研究进展

本文综述了肉用山羊的饲料采食量，蛋白质、能量、矿物质及维生素等营养需要量的研究进展及现状。     

肉用羊营养需要及研究方法研究进展

肉用羊饲养标准是根据肉用羊营养需要量和饲料成分组成而拟定,是指导肉用羊饲养的依据.文章综述了国内外肉用羊饲养标准的研究进展以及肉用羊能量、蛋白质、矿物质和维生素的研究方法.     

奶牛日粮配制的营养需要原理与应用

奶牛日粮的配制是奶牛饲养管理的重要环节,本文根据奶牛的消化生理特性和反刍动物特殊营养需要的基本理论,着重讨论了各种营养物质对泌乳期和干乳期奶牛的功能作用和需要量,提供了一系列有生产实用价值的饲料营养应用数据资料,用以指导奶牛日粮的配制。     

梅花鹿能量代谢与能量需要研究进展

梅花鹿人工养殖在我国已有２００多年的历史。通过对近几年来我国梅花鹿能量代谢与能量需要方面研究的回顾,总结了成年公鹿绝食代谢产热量、维持能量需要量、生茸期能量代谢规律、不同生理时期饲粮中适宜能量浓度以及能量需要量等研究结果。     

人生的第二智慧——杨凤先生对科学的不懈探索

我国动物营养学发展到今天,凝聚了无数前辈、专家的智慧。他们对科学的不懈探索让人感动。在他们身上,沉淀的不仅仅是科学知识宝藏,更加闪烁着人生的感悟与哲学。他们不仅为动物营养事业做出了卓越贡献,更重要的是,言传身教感染着身边每一位满怀激情的学子。也正因为此,我们的事业才得以永续发展。杨凤先生即是如此。作为动物营养界泰斗,先生不仅在动物营养研究领域,尤其是在利用能量动态平衡和代谢组学来重新确定营养需要量的研究中贡献卓越,而且为人师表,启迪智慧,培养了大量的人才。在先生90寿辰来临之前,先生的学生,曾获"海外华人杰出青年科学家"荣誉的关新富教授,特撰此文,表达谢意。编辑部借此机会,向杨凤先生以及其他各位曾经对我国饲料及畜牧业做出突出贡献的前辈们表达敬意!     

Comparison of Nutrient Digestibility Between Adult and Aged Horses

There is little published work comparing digestibility in healthy adult versus healthy aged horses. Researchers hypothesized that there would be no differences in macronutrient digestibility between eight adult (5–12 years) and nine aged (19–28 years) horses fed three diets in a Latin square design. Seventeen stock-type mares were randomly assigned for a 5-week period to one of three diets: hay only (HAY), hay plus a starch- and sugar-rich concentrate (CHO), or hay plus a fat- (oil) and fiber-rich concentrate (FF). Each diet period comprised 3 weeks of outdoor group drylot feeding, 2 weeks of indoor stalled individual feeding, followed by a 72-hour digestibility trial including total urine and fecal collection. Feed, fecal, and/or urine samples were analyzed to determine dry matter, crude protein, fat, energy, calcium, and phosphorus apparent retention as well as apparent digestibility. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was also determined. Mean body weight was lower in aged than in adult horses (455 ± 12 kg vs. 500 ± 13 kg; P = .02), but body condition score (BCS) did not differ between groups (aged horses, 4.8 ± 0.2 BCS and adult horses, 5.1 ± 0.2 BCS; P = .20). No age differences in digestibility, apparent digestibility, or apparent retention were seen for any of the variables measured. Based on the results of this study, total tract macronutrient digestibility appears to be similar between healthy adult and aged horses.     

饲喂水平对杂交肉羊(公)营养物质代谢及能量需要量的影响

本试验旨在利用开放式呼吸测热装置研究肉羊(公)营养物质代谢及能量需要参数。采用完全随机试验设计,将15只出生日期相近、体况良好、体重相近的杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代公羔随机分成3组(每组5只羊),分别按自由采食(AL)、限饲70%(IR70)和限饲40%(IR40)3个饲喂水平投喂饲粮。分别在体重达到22和35 kg时进行试验,每期试验包括消化代谢试验(预试期3 d,正试期5 d)和呼吸代谢试验(适应呼吸代谢室24 h,连续测定5 d)。结果表明:1)随饲喂水平降低,肉羊的平均日增重极显著降低(P0.01),IR40组末重极显著低于AL组(P0.01)。2)随饲喂水平降低,肉羊干物质和氮采食量极显著降低(P0.01),但是这2者的表观消化率没有显著变化(P0.05)。3)随饲喂水平降低,肉羊甲烷产生量、甲烷能及产热量均降低,IR40组均极显著低于AL组(P0.01)。4)肉羊绝食60 h,呼吸熵为0.71,第1期和第2期甲烷产生量分别为0.86和1.18 L/d,绝食产热量分别为0.211和0.260 MJ/kg W0.75,维持净能分别为0.252和0.312 MJ/kg W0.75。综合得出,随饲喂水平降低,肉羊的生产性能、营养物质采食量、平均日增重、甲烷产生量、甲烷能及产热量均降低,但营养物质表观消化率没有显著变化。绝食状态下,甲烷产生量为0.86~1.18 L/d,绝食产热量为0.211~0.260 MJ/kg W0.75,维持净能为0.252~0.312 MJ/kg W0.75。     

Concepts in Protein Digestion and Amino Acid Requirements of Young Horses

There are numerous industry situations in which horses are N sufficient, but amino acid deficient. Although simple formulation of diets and consideration of nutrient-to-calorie ratios against requirements may appear to produce feeding programs that are suitable for horses, other factors, such as diet, rate of intake, site of nutrient absorption, horse age, and growth rate, must be considered when determining whether or not requirements are actually met. As an example, some yearlings kept in confinement consume concentrate and hay that fail to satisfy amino acid requirements. Other yearlings grazing very high quality pastures with no supplemental feed are able to meet their lysine requirement and achieve moderate growth. Field studies have documented that trends to manage weanlings and yearlings in a similar nutritional fashion are contributing to problems associated with rapid growth. Weanlings cannot process roughage at levels used effectively in yearlings, yet farms typically provide concentrate-to-hay ratios for weanlings inconsistent with NRC requirements and recommendations. Research on protein intake, site of absorption, concentrate type and intake, and grazing behavior must all be combined to be precise regarding adequate supply of protein quality to horses.     

鱼类的营养需要及营养性疾病

养殖鱼类需要摄食营养全面平衡的饲料来进行生长、繁殖以及其他正常的生理活动。饲喂鱼类的目的就是为了满足养殖鱼类的营养需要，使鱼类获得最佳的生长、最佳的产量并保持良好的健康状况，同时产生最少的废弃物，从而达到最高的利润和最佳的经济和生态效益。随着水产养殖业的发展，鱼类病害问题日益严重，直接影响到养殖者的经济效益。而鱼病的发生是由于鱼体、病原体和养殖环境三者之间失去平衡所产生的现象，即鱼类疾病的发生与鱼类的健康状况有着密切的关系，而鱼类的健康状况又直接受到饲料营养水平的影响。饲料的营养水平不但与由病毒…     

Prediction of Energy Digestibility of Hays in Horses

Difficulties in applying in vivo methods encourage the prediction of energy values of feeds in horses from alternative methods. Previous attempts to predict energy values from chemical composition have ignored differences among experiments. The current evaluation aimed to find the most reliable predictors (chemical composition and nutrient digestibilities) of apparent total tract energy digestibility of hays. Prediction was done with treatment means from a diverse collection of studies conducted worldwide. Experiment was included as a random effect in models to control for differences among experiments, and treatments means were weighted to account for unequal variances of the means across experiments. Organic matter digestibility (OMD; %) proved to be the most reliable (root mean square error [RMSE] = 1.6486; R² = 0.8871) predictor of gross energy digestibility (GED; %) when calculated from 44 treatment means (n) obtained from 28 experiments conducted in 16 different studies (GED = 5.527 + 0.8124 OMD). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF; g/kg dry matter) presented a single chemical entity that was preferred over any multipredictor equation (GED = 70.4638−0.0360 NDF; RMSE = 2.9462; R² = 0.6309; n = 58). However, the obtained equations should be validated against observed values, whereas alternative methods should be explored to predict OMD.     

蜜蜂营养需要研究的必要性及策略

本文提出了蜜蜂营养需要的概念,对蜜蜂营养需要研究的必要性、应遵循的原则以及蜜蜂营养需要的类型、研究方法、衡量参数等方面进行了阐述,并对蜜蜂营养需要的研究策略进行了讨论.     

不同驱虫药对伊犁马营养物质表观消化率的影响

[目的] 研究不同驱虫药对伊犁马营养物质表观消化率的影响,为驱虫药在马属动物养殖中的科学应用提供参考。[方法] 选择平均体重相近的1岁龄伊犁马40匹,随机分为5组,每组8匹（公母各半）,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组。在相同的饲养管理和日粮营养水平条件下,对照组马不驱虫,试验Ⅰ组马灌服伊维菌素乳剂0.1 mL/（kg·BW）,试验Ⅱ组马灌服吡喹酮片剂0.01 g/（kg·BW）,试验Ⅲ组马灌服阿苯达唑片剂0.025 g/（kg·BW）,试验Ⅳ组马灌服伊维菌素10 mg/（kg·BW）+阿苯达唑350 mg/（kg·BW）。驱虫后进行20 d的消化代谢试验,预试期15 d,正试期5 d;正试期采用全收粪法采集样品,测定或计算马营养物质消化代谢指标。[结果] 试验Ⅳ组的干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、粗蛋白（CP）、总能（GE）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、磷（P）采食量和排出量高于其他4组（P>0.05）。试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的DM、OM、GE、NDF、ADF、Ca和P消化量与对照组相比均有所提升（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组的DM、OM、CP、GE、NDF、ADF、Ca和P表观消化率提高幅度分别为1.91%、1.87%、1.42%、2.27%、3.05%、2.13%、13.68%和2.06%（P>0.05）,试验Ⅲ组的DM、OM、GE、NDF、ADF、Ca和P表观消化率与对照组相比提高幅度分别为2.45%、2.83%、2.26%、2.10%、1.20%、20.24%和6.55%（P>0.05）;试验Ⅳ组除Ca的表观消化率高于对照组（P>0.05）,其余营养物质的表观消化率均低于对照组（P>0.05）。[结论] 在该试验条件下,单独使用吡喹酮片剂或阿苯达唑片剂对1岁龄伊犁马进行驱虫处理,对提高营养物质表观消化率表现出一定的积极作用。     

The Feeding Practices and Estimated Workload in a Cohort of New Zealand Competition Horses

Data on the feeding, management, and training schedules during the week before the competition were collected via a face-to-face survey of riders competing in dressage, show jumping, or eventing at 1* and 3* level competitions. Data were collected using a pro forma recording sheet, and measurements of horse height, weight, and body condition score (BCS) were also obtained. A total of 158 of 582 riders (and horses) were surveyed, providing a response rate of 27%. The mean height, weight, and median BCS of the horses were 162 ± 1 cm, 533 ± 5 kg, and 6 (interquartile range [IQR], 5–7), respectively. The majority of horses were at pasture, most (68%, 107 of 158) 24 hr/d and fed supplementary feed either once (42%, 67 of 158) or twice daily (54%, 86 of 158). The supplementary feed was predominately a commercial premix feed (90%, 142 of 157) with additional alfalfa chaff or ensiled chopped alfalfa. The horses were offered approximately 60 MJ digestible energy (DE)/d (33–86 MJ DE/d) from supplementary feed. The horses worked for a median of 6 d/wk (IQR, 5–6 d/wk) with one rest day. The median total time trained during the week was 200 minutes (135–265 minutes), which consisted of eight separate training activities. There was no difference in time spent on different activities between the disciplines. Individual training activities were 30–40 minutes, and the median number of competitions per month was 2 (IQR, 2–3). Training workload and pattern of work were similar to reports from other countries, with the exception that many riders regularly added a “hack out” after training.