复方中药对热应激条件下杂交小尾寒羊生产性能、生理参数和血液理化指标的影响

针对目前生产中绵羊遭受热应激的现状,研究了热应激条件下复方中药对杂交羊（小尾寒羊×内蒙古细毛羊）生产性能、生理参数和血液理化指标的影响。选择4味中草药（香薷、大黄、厚朴和黄芩）,按3∶3∶2∶2进行组方。选择240只、体重（36.61±0.73） kg相近的育肥后期杂交绵羊,随机分为4组,各组羊分别饲喂含干物质含量的0（对照组）、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复方中药,每组60只羊。试验期为28 d,试验期间羊舍温湿指数平均达79.68。结果表明：1）从生理指标上,日粮中添加不同剂量的中药可显著降低羊的呼吸频率（P<0.05）,并提高了羊的躺卧比例,尤其是下午12：00-16：00,较对照组提高了13.38%~19.15%。2）从生产性能上,饲喂中药显著提高了羊的平均日采食量（ADFI）和平均日增重（ADG）（P<0.05）,不同中药组的ADFI较对照组提高了1.05%~7.21%（P<0.05）,ADG和料重比（F/G）以0.5%组效果最好,ADG较对照组提高了12.12%（P<0.05）,F/G降低了14.68%（P<0.05）。3）从血液理化指标上,饲喂中药组的血清甲状腺素（T₄）和皮质醇（COR）含量分别表现出增加和降低趋势（P<0.05）,尤其0.5%组,T₄含量较对照组提高了13.97%（P<0.05）,而COR含量降低了33.15%（P<0.05）。从血清常规代谢营养指标看,各组间尿素氮（BUN）和葡萄糖（GLU）含量均表现出显著性差异（P<0.05）,0.5%组GLU含量较对照组极显著提高（P<0.01）,而BUN含量显著下降（P<0.05）。4）从经济效益分析,饲喂0.5%~1.5%中药可使增重效益提高了7.50%~13.91%,0.5%组净收益最高（4.85元·d^-1·只^-1）。可见,该复方中药可以有效缓解杂交小尾寒羊的热应激,添加日粮干物质的0.5%最佳。     

SHH在美利奴羊与小尾寒羊背部皮肤表达差异的研究

为了研究音猬因子(sonic hedgehog, SHH)在不同品种绵羊背部皮肤中的表达差异,以探索SHH与羊毛弯曲形成的关系,选取美利奴羊和小尾寒羊作为研究对象,利用HE染色法观察2种绵羊背部皮肤的组织结构,采用免疫组织化学技术、实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法探究2种绵羊背部皮肤中SHH蛋白和基因水平的相对表达量差异。结果显示:HE染色显示美利奴羊与小尾寒羊背部皮肤毛囊的组织结构存在毛囊数量及弯曲程度等差异;免疫组织化学试验显示,SHH蛋白在美利奴羊和小尾寒羊背部皮肤中均有表达,在美利奴羊背部皮肤中的毛乳头、毛基质、内外根鞘、皮脂腺和表皮细胞中显著表达,在小尾寒羊背部皮肤中的毛基质、内外根鞘和皮脂腺中显著表达;光密度分析显示,美利奴羊背部皮肤组织中SHH蛋白的表达量显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.001);实时荧光定量PCR显示,美利奴羊SHH mRNA相对表达水平显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.01);Western blot显示,美利奴羊SHH蛋白相对表达水平显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.01)。提示:羊毛弯曲的形成与其组织结构有关,并受SHH的调控。     

SHH在美利奴羊与小尾寒羊背部皮肤表达差异的研究

为了研究音猬因子(sonic hedgehog, SHH)在不同品种绵羊背部皮肤中的表达差异,以探索SHH与羊毛弯曲形成的关系,选取美利奴羊和小尾寒羊作为研究对象,利用HE染色法观察2种绵羊背部皮肤的组织结构,采用免疫组织化学技术、实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法探究2种绵羊背部皮肤中SHH蛋白和基因水平的相对表达量差异。结果显示:HE染色显示美利奴羊与小尾寒羊背部皮肤毛囊的组织结构存在毛囊数量及弯曲程度等差异;免疫组织化学试验显示,SHH蛋白在美利奴羊和小尾寒羊背部皮肤中均有表达,在美利奴羊背部皮肤中的毛乳头、毛基质、内外根鞘、皮脂腺和表皮细胞中显著表达,在小尾寒羊背部皮肤中的毛基质、内外根鞘和皮脂腺中显著表达;光密度分析显示,美利奴羊背部皮肤组织中SHH蛋白的表达量显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.001);实时荧光定量PCR显示,美利奴羊SHH mRNA相对表达水平显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.01);Western blot显示,美利奴羊SHH蛋白相对表达水平显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.01)。提示:羊毛弯曲的形成与其组织结构有关,并受SHH的调控。     

Effectiveness of photoperiod stimulation on reproductive performance of sheep housed continuously indoors on an accelerated breeding schedule.

Over five breeding periods, the reproductive performance (fertility, prolificacy and fecundity) of three strains of sheep housed continuously indoors was measured. The sheep were maintained as two separate flocks, A and B, with similar genetic background on an eight month accelerated breeding schedule under one of three lighting regimes, abrupt, contracted or constant, to induce ovarian activity. Overall fertility to one estrus was 59%. For flock A, fertility was greatest under the contracted lighting regime and lowest under the constant lighting regime; the opposite was true for flock B. Among the three strains, fertility was lowest for the Dam 2 strain in flock A. Prolificacy averaged 1.8 lambs per ewe lambing and was similar under each of the three lighting regimes. Fecundity (averaging 106%), the number of lambs born per 100 ewes exposed to rams, generally followed the pattern of fertility.     

热应激对鸡生理机能的影响

热应激是由高温应激源引起的一种生理反应,是制约集约化养殖业发展的一个重要因素。文中综述了热应激条件下鸡血液生化指标、免疫机能、内分泌机能等生理机能的变化,旨在为生产实践中如何有效的预防及缓解热应激提供参考。     

Comparison on the Growth Performance between F1 Hybrid of Small-tail Han Sheep × Hu Sheep and Small-tail Han Sheep

This experiment was carried out to evaluate heterosis of the F1 hybrid of female Small-tail Han sheep and male Hu sheep in growth performance.The newborn lambs from Small-tail Han sheep and F1 hybrid of Small-tail Han sheep × Hu sheep were used in supplementary feeding (6 to 45 days old ) and fattening (46 to 150 days old) under the same conditions.The results showed that F1 hybrid were extremely significantly higher than Small-tail Han sheep in birth weight,weaning weight,three months weight and five months weight (P < 0.01),which were increased by 20.00%,25.17%,19.92% and 20.42%,respectively.The average daily gain of F1 were also extremely significantly higher than that of Small-tail Han sheep in both supplementary feeding period and fattening period (P < 0.01),the increase were 26.91% and 17.63%,respectively.At 5-month old,body height,chest circumference and cannon circumference of F1 hybrid were extremely significantly higher than that of Small-tail Han sheep (P < 0.01),but the body length had no significant difference (P > 0.05).The diarrhea rate of F1 hybrid was 8.33% lower than that of Small-tail Han sheep,and the survival rate was 5.55% higher.In addition,the economic benefit of F1 hybrid was 69.34% more than that of Small-tail Han sheep at the end of the experiment.The results suggested that the heterosis was obvious,meanwhile the survival rate and pre-slaughter live weight of F1 progenies could be significantly improved.     

无角陶赛特与小尾寒羊杂交效果试验

以肉羊无角陶赛特为父本,小尾寒羊为母本进行经济杂交,旨在提高当地养羊业的经济效益。结果表明,陶寒F1代的初生重、3月龄断奶重、6月龄体重和10月龄胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重、净肉率均比同龄小尾寒羊有显著提高。     

热应激对山羊生理生化指标的影响

３只健康山羊置于人工热激环境中（环境温度３７．５～３８．５℃）,１小时后回到自然环境（２４．５～２６．５℃）。试验前及试验开始后第１５、６０、１８０分钟,分别测定心率、呼吸频率、体温、红细胞数（ＲＢＣ）、白细胞数（ＷＢＣ）、血糖、血清谷草转氨酶（ＧＯＴ）、谷丙转氨酶（ＧＰＴ）、肌酸激酶（ＣＫ）、总蛋白（ＴＰ）、清蛋白（Ａｌｂ）、尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）含量。结果表明,热应激时,山羊的心率、呼吸频率、血糖含量均有一定程度的上升;ＣＫ在热应激中有明显的上升;ＷＢＣ略有下降;ＲＢＣ和血清中ＧＯＴ、ＧＰＴ、ＴＰ、ＢＵＮ含量变化不显著。     

热应激对山羊生理生化指标的影响

3只健康山羊置于人工热应激环境中(环境温度37.5～38.5℃),1小时后回到自然环境(24.5～26.5℃).试验前及试验开始后第15、60、180分钟,分别测定心率、呼吸频率、体温、红细胞数(RBC)、白细胞数(WBC)、血糖、血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、肌酸激酶(CK)、总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(Alb)、尿素氮(BUN)含量.结果表明,热应激时,山羊的心率、呼吸频率、血糖含量均有一定程度的上升;CK在热应激中有明显的上升;WBC略有下降;RBC和血清中GOT、GPT、TP、BUN含量变化不显著.     

湖寒杂交F1代与小尾寒羊生长性能比较研究

试验旨在研究母本小尾寒羊与父本湖羊的杂交F1代在生长性能方面具有的杂交效果。试验以小尾寒羊为对照,选择新生（0日龄）小尾寒羔羊和湖寒杂交F1代羔羊,在相同舍饲饲养条件下,进行羔羊补饲（6~45日龄）和育肥（46~150日龄）试验研究。结果显示,杂交F1代羊初生重、断奶重、3月龄体重、5月龄体重分别比小尾寒羊提高20.00%、25.17%、19.92%及20.42%,差异极显著（P < 0.01）;补饲期和育肥期的平均日增重分别比小尾寒羊提高26.91%（P < 0.01）和17.63%（P < 0.01）。湖寒杂交F1代羊育肥到5月龄时,其体高、胸围、管围等生长指标极显著高于小尾寒羊（P < 0.01）,而体斜长不存在显著性差异（P > 0.05）。杂交F1代羔羊腹泻率比小尾寒羊降低8.33%,成活率提高5.55%。试验期末,5月龄杂交F1代羊经济效益比小尾寒羊提高69.34%。研究表明,利用湖羊改良本地肉羊品种小尾寒羊,其羔羊成活率和宰前活重明显提高,杂种优势明显。     

小尾寒羊不同品种组合的品种效果与杂种优势分析

试验以小尾寒羊做母本与国外引进肉羊品种及滩羊杂交,结果显示为除体高外,杂种羊在初生体重、体长、胸围和管围等性状均显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01);杂种后代均表现出一定的杂种优势,初生体重的杂种优势更明显,但没有超越最优亲本的现象.杜寒杂种的初生重、初生体尺及其相应的杂种优势率均最高,是一种比较理想的杂交组合.     

Effect of Lysine Supplement on the Digestion and Metabolism of the Rumen in Small-tail Han Sheep

5 male Small-tail Han sheep with the body weight of 45 kg at 1.5 years old,fitted with permanent rumen fistula,to study of the effect of the supplement of the untreated commercial lysine on the rumen microbiocoenosis,rumen metabolism and whole body metabolism by 5×5 Latin square design (5 groups:control,control with low urea (equal nitrogen),low lysine,control with high urea (equal nitrogen),high lysine).The amounts of lysine-HCl supplement were 0,4.0 and 8.0 g/kg diet (as DM basis) in each group respectively,with two urea supplement control groups of equal amount of nitrogen.The results showed that by supplement of 4.0 and 8.0 g/kg of lysine-HCl diet (as DM basis) respectively,the voluntary intake of dry matter of sheep were increased by 5.5%(P>0.05) and 11.8%(P<0.05) respectively.The total amount of rumen bacteria were increased by 18.9%(P<0.01) and 23.9%(P<0.01) respectively,as the amount of rumen Coccus was increased by 21.2%(P<0.01) and 30.1%(P<0.01) respectively.The amount of rumen big Bacillus was decreased by 16.7%(P<0.05) and 33.3%(P<0.01) respectively.The total VFA of was increased by 9.6%(P<0.05) and 12.2%(P<0.01) respectively,as the butyric acid was increased by 12.8%(P>0.05) and 20.2%(P<0.01) respectively.The apparent digestibility of organic matter was increased by 6.4%(P>0.05) and 10.0%(P<0.05) respectively,the apparent digestibility of crude protein was increased by 7.0%(P>0.05) and 18.3%(P<0.01) respectively;And nitrogen retention was increased by 46.4%(P>0.05) and 110.7%(P<0.01) respectively.However,there was no effect of lysine supplement on the amounts of the rumen protozoa and fungi,and the concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen.It was concluded that the supplement of untreated commercial lysine to adult sheep would increase the voluntary intake,digestibility,nitrogen retention the rumen microbiocoenosis and the total amount of rumen bacteria,especially the rumen Coccus of adult sheep.The effect of lysine supplement could not be replaced by urea supplement completely.     

添加赖氨酸对小尾寒羊瘤胃消化代谢的影响

试验选用5只1.5岁左右装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊(体重约45 kg),按照5×5拉丁方试验设计(对照组、低尿素对照(等氮)组、低赖氨酸组、高尿素对照(等氮)组、高赖氨酸组),研究添加未经任何处理的市售赖氨酸对成年小尾寒羊瘤胃微生物群落、瘤胃消化代谢和整体消化代谢的影响。赖氨酸盐酸盐添喂量分别为0、4.0和8.0 g/kg日粮(干物质计)。结果表明,绵羊添加4.0和8.0 g/kg赖氨酸盐酸盐日粮,自由采食量分别比对照组增加5.5%(P>0.05)和11.8%(P<0.05),瘤胃细菌总数分别增加18.9%(P<0.01)和23.9%(P<0.01),其中球菌分别增加21.2%(P<0.01)和30.1%(P<0.01),大杆菌数量减少16.7%(P<0.05)和33.3%(P<0.01),瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸分别比对照组增加9.6%(P<0.05)和12.2%(P<0.01),其中丁酸分别增加12.8%(P>0.05)和20.2%(P<0.01),有机物表观消化率分别增加6.4%(P>0.05)和10.0%(P<0.05),粗蛋白质表观消化率分别比对照组增加7.0%(P>0.05)和18.3%(P<0.01),氮保留率分别增加46.4%(P>0.05)和110.7%(P<0.01)。然而,添加赖氨酸对绵羊瘤胃原虫和真菌数量、瘤胃液氨态氮浓度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。由本试验得出结论,给成年小尾寒羊添加一定量的未经任何处理的市售赖氨酸,可提高小尾寒羊的日粮自由采食量和消化率,增加氮保留率;可调控瘤胃微生物群落的组成,增加瘤胃细菌总数,主要是瘤胃球菌数量;以上这些添加赖氨酸的作用是添加等氮量尿素所不能完全替代的。     

杜泊羊、小尾寒羊及其杂一代生产性能的测定

对杜泊羊,小尾寒羊及其杂一代羔羊的生产性能进行了测定。结果显示,杜寒杂一代的初生重较纯种杜泊羊和小尾寒羊分别提高了22．27％、34．03％（P〈0．01）。其60日龄平均旧增重小尾寒羊增加117g（P〈0．01）。从出生到周岁的体尺测定结果表明,杜寒杂一代的胸围比纯种杜泊羔羊、比小尾寒羊羔羊分别提高了0．13cm、2．57cm,差异显著（P〈0．05）。杜寒杂一代初产母羊的产羔率比纯种杜泊羊初产母羊的产羔率提高了36．32％。5月龄杜寒杂一代比同龄小尾裳革的屠宰率高2．6％．净肉率提高10．93％．     

杜泊羊、小尾寒羊及其杂一代生产性能的测定

对杜泊羊,小尾寒羊及其杂一代羔羊的生产性能进行了测定。结果显示,杜寒杂一代的初生重较纯种杜泊羊和小尾寒羊分别提高了22.27%、34.03%(P<0.01)。其60日龄平均日增重小尾寒羊增加117g(P<0.01)。从出生到周岁的体尺测定结果表明,杜寒杂一代的胸围比纯种杜泊羔羊、比小尾寒羊羔羊分别提高了0.13cm、2.57cm,差异显著(P<0.05)。杜寒杂一代初产母羊的产羔率比纯种杜泊羊初产母羊的产羔率提高了36.32%。5月龄杜寒杂一代比同龄小尾寒羊的屠宰率高2.6%,净肉率提高10.93%。     

陶赛特羊和小尾寒羊在青海湟源地区的生态适应性分析

为评定引入青海省湟源县良种肉羊繁育基地的陶赛特羊和小尾寒羊两个绵羊品种的生态适应性,对其18个生理生化指标进行了系统测定分析,结果表明：①引入的陶赛特羊和小尾寒羊两个绵羊品种大多数生理生化指标在品种内或不同品种间的不同性别、不同年龄个体间以及同性别、同年龄个体间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。②两绵羊品种所测血浆CO2结合力远超出本地藏绵羊水平;体温（T）、呼吸频率（R）、脉搏（P）和瘤胃蠕动频率以及白细胞数（WBC）、红细胞数（RBC）、血红蛋白含量（HGB）的测定结果均大致在本地藏绵羊的各生理指标测定范围之内。③与已引入青海牧区的小尾寒羊大多数生理生化指标相比,本次引进的小尾寒羊在经过一段时间的适应性饲养后,其大多数生理生化指标已与其基本接近或一致;同时,引入的陶赛特羊和小尾寒羊与原产地相应品种在基础生理指标上相比较接近。     

急性短期热应激对家兔行为指标、生理常数及血清抗氧化指标的影响

为了研究和探讨急性短期热应激对家兔行为、生理及血清抗氧化指标的影响,选取4月龄健康的雄性新西兰兔75只单笼饲养,随机分为5组,分别对应5个时间段,每组15只,试验期间则进行(36±1)℃的12 h高温热应激处理,并分别在试验前(0 h)和热应激1、3、6和12 h对家兔各种行为进行分析比较,同时对生理常数及血清抗氧化指标进行测量。结果表明:在行为指标上,与0 h时相比,1 h、3 h、6 h和12 h时家兔的趴卧显著增加(P0.01),而取食显著降低(P0.01);1 h、3 h时饮水、运动和站立显著增加(P0.01),6 h、12 h时显著下降(P0.01);修饰行为各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。在生理常数上,与0 h时相比,1 h、3 h时体温差异不显著(P0.05),6 h、12 h时体温显著升高(P0.01);与0 h时相比,1 h、3 h、6 h和12 h的呼吸频率显著增加(P0.01)。在血清抗氧化指标上,与0 h时相比,1 h、3 h、6 h和12 h时丙二醛(MDA)的含量逐渐增加(P0.01),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)则逐渐下降(P0.01),而总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)的活性则表现出先升高后下降(P0.01)。研究表明,急性短期热应激对家兔的行为和生理生化指标有着显著影响,在饲养管理中应注意观察分析,并建立预警机制及时采取防治措施。     

纤维素复合酶不同添加量对舍饲绵羊增重的影响

以纤维素酶为主的复合酶在反刍动物中的应用越来越广泛 ,但由于酶制剂的费用较高限制了其应用。为进一步掌握最佳添加量 ,我们在以往试验的基础上 ,对纤维素复合酶不同添加量对舍饲绵羊的增重效果进行了试验研究。1　材料和方法1 1　纤维素复合酶　主要成分为纤维素酶、木聚糖     

Postnatal behavioral and physiological responses of piglets from gilts housed individually or in groups during gestation

Gestational housing of sows remains a controversial issue that may affect the well-being of both sows and piglets. Therefore, 2 types of gestational housing were used to evaluate the stress imposed on pregnant gilts by each system and the effects on the offspring by comparing production, physiology, and behavioral measures of the piglets. Forty-eight Landrace x Yorkshire gilts were randomly assigned to groups (G) of 4 per pen (n = 8 pens; 3.9 m x 2.4 m) or to individual stalls (S; n = 16 stalls; 2.21 m x 0.61 m). Gilts were moved into individual farrowing crates 5 d before the expected farrowing date. Piglets were weighed at birth, d 14, and d 35. Two barrows from each litter were weaned at d 14 (early weaning) and housed together in pens. Maintenance behaviors (head in feeder, drinking, lying, eating mash) were videotaped and observed for the first 3 d after weaning using a 10-min interval scan sampling. Belly nosing and play/fight interactions were recorded from video observations for 3 d postweaning. An isolation test (30-min duration) was performed on one piglet from each pen of barrows on d 35. Time spent lying, the number of jumps against test box walls, and grunts and squeals were recorded in real time. Salivary cortisol was collected at 30-min intervals from baseline, and 0, 30, 60, and 90 min posttest. Jugular blood was collected from 2 barrows from each litter on d 1, 7, 14, 17, 21, and 28. Plasma TNF-alpha was analyzed by ELISA, and haptoglobin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and immunoglobulin G were analyzed by radial immunodiffusion. More piglets from the S treatment needed to be fed a liquid feed at weaning and drank more frequently on d 2 postweaning (P < 0.05). Additionally, by d 35 piglets from S gilts had a lighter BW (10.3 kg) than G piglets (12.8 kg; P < 0.01). Piglets from S gilts also grunted more during the 30-min isolation test (number of grunts = 356) than G piglets (number of grunts = 138; P < 0.01). Salivary cortisol and immune measures were not different. These data show some behavioral and production differences between piglets from individually stalled gilts and group-housed gilts. Therefore, there may be production advantages to housing first parity gilts in groups.     

不同肉羊品种与小尾寒羊杂交试验研究

本试验用世界著名肉羊品种萨福克羊、无角陶赛特羊、杜泊羊和夏洛来羊为父本,以适应性较强的小尾寒羊为母本,分别采用了"萨×寒、陶×寒、夏×寒和杜×寒"等二元杂交模式,并对各种杂交模式的肉用指标进行了统计分析,结果"杜×寒"杂交繁育6月龄的羔羊,胴体重比萨×寒、陶×寒和夏×寒组合分别高出2.20kg、2.22kg、和2.42kg;净肉重分别高出2.07kg、1.84kg和2.04kg;屠宰率分别高出0.96、1.14和2.02;骨肉比分别高出0.16、0.07和0.12,杜×寒"杂一代的生长发育、屠宰成绩、胴体形态、胴体切割等高出其他三种组合且差异显著(P<0.05),说明杜×寒杂交组合后代肉用性能良好,能在我省景泰县乃至周边地区大面积推广。