Horse Preference,Forage Yield,and Species Persistence of 12 Perennial Cool-Season Grass Mixtures Under Horse Grazing

Cool-season grass mixtures are rarely evaluated for preference, yield, and persistence under horse grazing. The objectives of this research were to evaluate horse preference, forage yield, and persistence of cool-season grass mixtures under horse grazing. Eight commercially marketed and four experimental perennial cool-season grass mixtures were planted in 2009 in a randomized complete block with five replicates and grazed by four adult horses during 2010, 2011, and 2012. All mixtures contained four to six cool-season perennial grass species. Specie density measurements were taken in each spring and fall, and yield was mechanically measured before each grazing period. After grazing, preference was determined by visually assessing percentage of forage removal on a scale of 0 (no grazing) to 100 (100% of vegetation removed). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance and liner regression. Horses preferred mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy (P < .001). Horses had less preference for mixtures containing ≥30% orchardgrass (P < .001). Mixtures had similar (P = .11) forage yields that ranged from 6,100 to 7,082 kg ha⁻¹. After 2 years of grazing, orchardgrass and tall fescue increased; Kentucky bluegrass remained stable; and festulolium, meadow fescue, and perennial ryegrass had the greatest rate of decline in mixtures. Orchardgrass became the dominate species, regardless of initial percentage in the mixture. Mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy should be planted in midwestern US horse pastures; however, mixtures will likely transition to tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass–dominated pastures.     

不同基肥对弃荒地牧草产量和质量的影响

在贪瘠的弃荒地使用不同组合的基肥探讨对牧草产量和质量的影响。结果表明,在相同的肥水管理条件下,以“复合肥 牛粪 石灰”基肥组合(A处理),可使多花黑麦草(特高)、多年生黑麦草(保利)的年产草量分别比“猪粪 牛粪 石灰”的基肥组合(B处理)提高10.6%和29.2%,差异显著(p<0.05);粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分分别有所提高;粗纤维、无氮浸出物有所降低。     

Establishment and Trends in Persistence of Selected Perennial Cool-Season Grasses in Western United States

Restoring western US rangelands from a site dominated by invasive annuals, such as cheatgrass and medusahead, to a diverse, healthy, perennial plant ? dominated ecosystem can be difficult with native grasses. This study describes the establishment and trends in persistence (plant/m²) of native grass cultivars and germplasm compared with typically used crested and Siberian wheatgrasses at four locations in Idaho (one), Wyoming (one), and Utah (two) that range in mean average annual precipitation (MAP) from 290 to 415 mm. Sites were cultivated and fallowed 1 yr before planting using two glyphosate applications to control weeds. We monitored seedling establishment of 10 perennial cool-season grass species and plant persistence over 5 yr. Precipitation during the seeding year varied with the Utah sites locations reviving below MAP (4% and 14%), while the Wyoming and Idaho sites received above MAP at 8% and 26%, respectively. Across these four sites, native grass seedling establishment of bottlebrush squirreltail (29 ± 0.08 [standard error] seedling/m²), bluebunch (28 ± 0.05), slender (30 ± 0.05), and Snake River wheatgrasses (28 ± 0.08) was similar to “Vavilov II” Siberian wheatgrass (36 ± 3.20). By yr 5, western, Snake River, and thickspike wheatgrasses were the only native grasses to have plant densities similar to Vavilov II (37 ± 0.29) Siberian and “Hycrest II” (36 ± 0.29) crested wheatgrasses. On sites receiving between 290 and 415 mm MAP, our data suggest that native grasses are able to establish but in general lack the ability to persist except for western, Snake River, and thickspike wheatgrasses, which had plant densities similar to crested and Siberian wheatgrasses after 5 yr.     

板栗园行间种草放养北京油鸡的肉品质和效益评价

于北京爱农养殖基地幼龄板栗园行间混种籽粒苋和高丹草(1:1)放养北京油鸡,测定了鸡胸肌和腿肌的营养成分、个体活重及其屠宰性能指标,结果显示两种草地放养密度(2250只/hm2、1125只/hm2)与对照(林下光板地、不种草区)相比,胸肌和腿肌的粗蛋白质、氨基酸和肌苷酸等营养成分含量提高,其个体活重、屠宰率、全净膛率、腿肌率和胸肌率等屠宰性能也有提高,可节约精料补饲量.2250只/hm2放养密度效果较佳,其胸肌肌肉的总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、粗蛋白质和肌苷酸含量分别达7.252g/kg、2.854g/kg、24.54％和1.36％,腿肌的分别达5.244g/kg、2.028g/kg、19.01％和0.45％;放养至80d,个体活重、屠宰率、全净膛率、腿肌率和胸肌率达1564.3g、78.1％、57.0％、12.8％和10.9％,分别较对照提高了13.1％、3.3％、8.6％、11.3％和12.4％.同时,放养至9～14周龄和15～20周龄时,每只鸡平均节约精料补饲量分别为7.7g/d和8.6g/d.     

划区轮牧对放牧型紫花苜蓿人工草地产量与品质的影响

为探究划区轮牧对放牧型紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)人工草地产量与品质的影响,本研究开展周期为36 d的6个小区划区轮牧试验,通过对在牧期和牧后再生期紫花苜蓿地上生物量与粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维指标含量的测定,研究在牧期和牧后再生期紫花苜蓿产量与品质的变化规律,以期为轮牧制度的合理制定提供依据。结果表明：7—8月进行划区轮牧时,在牧期紫花苜蓿的产量和品质均随放牧时间的延长而降低,根据地上生物量和粗蛋白含量的降低量计算出苜蓿草地平均每天为每只羊提供的干物质和粗蛋白量分别为1.65 kg和318 g。牧后再生期紫花苜蓿的产量随时间的延长而升高,品质则随时间的延长先升高后降低,在21 d时品质最好,经过30 d的再生,地上生物量可达3.73 t·hm^-2,粗蛋白产量可达0.8 t·hm^-2。另外,由于绵羊采食的选择性,导致仅剩木质化茎秆的残茬对再生初期苜蓿品质的影响较大,建议牧后对残茬进行刈割以提升再生期草品质。     

Long-Term Persistence of Cool-Season Grasses Planted to Suppress Broom Snakeweed,Downy Brome,and Weedy Forbs

Invasive plants are spreading throughout arid and semiarid rangelands of western North America. Long-lived perennial plants that can persist under harsh environmental conditions are needed to compete with invasive species. The objective of this study was to conduct a long-term evaluation of native and introduced grass species planted to suppress and prevent reinvasion of downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae [Pursh] Britt. & Rusby), and annual forbs. Seeding treatments comprised three introduced grasses: crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertner × A. desertorum [Fisch. Ex Link] Schultes), pubescent wheatgrass (Elytrigia intermedia spp. trichophorum [Host] Beauv.), and Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys junceus [Fisch.] Nevski); a mix of these introduced grass species, three native grasses: bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh]), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rybd.] A. Löve), and squirreltail (Elymus multisetus [J.G. Sm.] Jones); and a mix of these native grass species, or forage kochia (Bassia prostrata [L.] A.J. Scott). The treatments were seeded in October 2003. Frequency and biomass were measured in 2015 and 2017 in Howell, Utah and in 2015 and 2016 in Nephi, Utah. Crested wheatgrass persisted at both locations (> 62% frequency) along with the rhizomatous grass species, pubescent (> 65%) and western wheatgrasses (> 72%). Russian wildrye was still present at Howell (30%) with little remaining at Nephi (7%). Squirreltail frequency was 13% at Howell and 12% at Nephi. Bluebunch wheatgrass was no longer present at either location (< 1%). Forage kochia remained at Nephi (36%) with little remaining at Howell (4%). Downy brome was present at both locations and was suppressed relative to control plots, at Nephi, by crested wheatgrass and the introduced grass mix (< 9%). Downy brome was > 93% in all plots, at Howell, in 2017. In summary, crested, pubescent, and western wheatgrasses were able to persist over 12 yr at both locations.     

自由牧马对草甸草地群落结构及牧草品质的影响:以新疆昭苏夏马场为例研究

为探明自由牧马对草甸草地群落结构及牧草品质的影响,在新疆昭苏夏马场设置放牧试验,采用控制笼进行对照,分析了2013-2015年草地群落结构及牧草营养品质的动态变化。结果表明:(1)无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、羊茅(Festuca ovina)等一些马喜食的禾本科牧草的相对密度降低,狼毒(Euphorbia fischeriana)、龙胆(Gentiana scabra)等一些毒性植物和马不食植物的相对密度升高,但主要优势植物变化不大;(2)在3年夏场放牧中,草甸草地多样性指数(Simpson指数)维持在0.74～0.81;不同植物种类重要值变化趋势不同,白三叶(Trifolium repens)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)和龙胆在群落中重要值增加,而细果苔草(Carex stenocarpa)和羊茅的重要值显著降低;(3)牧草中的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)总体呈现上升趋势;粗蛋白(CP)含量随着放牧年限的增加从13.4%下降到11.3%,仍可达到马对粗蛋白含量(8%)的基本要求。由试验可知:目前的放牧强度(5匹马·ha-1)基本维持了草地的可持续性,但一定程度上降低了牧草的品质。     

Stand Establishment and Persistence of Perennial Cool-Season Grasses in the Intermountain West and the Central and Northern Great Plains

The choice of plant materials is an important component of revegetation following disturbance. To determine the utility and effectiveness of various perennial grass species for revegetation on varied landscapes, a meta analysis was used to evaluate the stand establishment and persistence of 18 perennial cool-season grass species in 34 field studies in the Intermountain and Great Plains regions of the United States under monoculture conditions. Combined across the 34 studies, stand establishment values ranged from 79% to 43% and stand persistence values ranged from 70% to 0%. Intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth & D. R. Dewey), tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum [Podp.] Z.-W. Liu & R.-C. Wang), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron spp.), Siberian wheatgrass (Agropyron fragile [Roth] P. Candargy), and meadow brome (Bromus riparius Rehmann) possessed the highest stand establishment (≥ 69%). There were no significant differences among the 12 species with the largest stand persistence values. Basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve), Altai wildrye (Leymus angustus [Trin.] Pilg.), slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus [Link] Gould ex Shinners), squirreltail (Elymus spp.), and Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides [Roem. & Schult.] Barkworth) possessed lower stand persistence (≤ 32%) than the majority of the other species, and Indian ricegrass (0%) possessed the lowest stand persistence of any of the species. Correlations between environmental conditions and stand establishment and persistence showed mean annual study precipitation to have the most consistent, although moderate effect (r = ～0.40) for establishment and persistence. This relationship was shown by the relatively poor stand establishment and persistence of most species at sites receiving less than 310 mm of annual precipitation. These results will be a tool for land managers to make decisions concerning the importance of stand establishment, stand persistence, and annual precipitation for revegetation projects on disturbed sites.     

刈割时期对昭苏马场人工割草地产量和品质的影响

分别于2013年7月上中旬和8月上中旬对新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州昭苏马场人工割草地进行刈割,并进行了产草量测定和牧草品质的比较分析。结果表明,刈割时期对建植第3年和第7年割草地的鲜草和干草产量无明显影响;8月上中旬刈割牧草的粗蛋白（CP）含量与7月上中旬刈割牧草相比显著降低（P〈0．05）;刈割牧草中。豆科牧草的比例无明显变化,但8月上中旬刈割牧草的叶茎比显著降低（P〈0．01）;在8月上中旬刈割的牧草中,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量有不同程度的增加（P〈0．05）。由试验可知,昭苏马场的合理割草时间以7月上中旬为宜,此时牧草的产量和质量较佳。     

NaCl胁迫下禾本科草坪草和牧草萌发特性的研究

应用室内培养皿萌发试验,在0和150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下对三个类型草坪草、五个类型牧草的46个品种进行了研究.结果表明,150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下草坪型多年生黑麦草、牧草型一年生黑麦草和多年生黑麦草的耐盐性较强;草坪型高羊茅、牧草型苇状羊茅次之;雀麦、鸭茅、翦股颖的耐盐性最差.前7d相对发芽率作为鉴定禾草耐盐性指标较好,并鉴定出部分耐盐品种.     

Water-Soluble Carbohydrates of Cool-Season Grasses: Prediction of Concentrations by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and Evaluation of Effects of Genetics,Management, and Environment

An excess of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) can present a risk for horses prone to pasture-associated laminitis or some other metabolic conditions. Determining WSC concentrations in commonly grazed cool-season grasses, at different times of day and under different fertilization treatments, can help optimize grazing times and management strategies. The goals of this study were to develop a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration curve for WSC and to apply it to four cool-season grass species. Tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass, and perennial ryegrass (10 cultivars) were sampled every two to four weeks from plots with or without added nitrogen, in the morning and afternoon. WSCs were quantified colorimetrically for a sample subset, and these values were used to develop an NIRS calibration predicting WSC concentrations with 90% accuracy. An interaction of species, nitrogen treatment, time of day, and harvest date influenced WSC concentrations in 10 harvests (P = .040). A modest positive relationship was observed between photosynthetically active radiation and WSC concentration when morning and afternoon samples were included (r = 0.503; P = .024). On nine harvest dates, perennial ryegrass or tall fescue were highest in WSC. High-WSC cultivars included “Aberzest” and “Calibra” perennial ryegrass, “Ginger” Kentucky bluegrass, and “Bronson” and “Cajun II” tall fescue. Water-soluble carbohydrates did not exceed 150 g/kg freeze-dried weight, possibly due to assay method, sampling times, or defoliation. The results suggest that minimizing WSC intake for horses may be possible by cultivar choice, grazing time, or mowing frequency.     

平衡施肥对多年生禾本科牧草产量的影响

在青海同德地区选取5龄同德老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus cv.Tongde）和5龄青海冷地早熟禾（Poa crymophilacv.Qinghai）人工草地连续两年进行了老龄人工草地平衡施肥试验。试验根据国际植物营养研究所（IPNI）中国项目部提供的测土施肥最佳配方（OPT）设6个施肥处理,另设一个不施肥对照,测量两种牧草品种的草产量及种子产量。结果施氮肥的经济效益高于施磷肥的效益,同德老芒麦的施肥效益高于冷地早熟禾的施肥效益,两种牧草平均草产量和种子产量以OPT-P施肥处理时为最高,分别为8946.2kg/hm2和368.1kg/hm2.氮磷肥互作产生负效应。施钾无显著增产作用。     

12种紫花苜蓿干草产量与土壤养份变化的关系分析

对3年的干草产量和种植前后土壤5种主要养份含量的测定结果表明,有机质、有效磷、速效钾和全氮4种养份种植后含量降低,只有水解氮含量增加.通过相关和回归分析,5种土壤养份含量的变化与干草产量之间存在明显的直线回归关系,其回归效果都达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)水平.此结果在紫花苜蓿种植生产实践中,对达到高产和培肥地力具有一定的指导意义.     

不同放牧强度对荒漠草原牧草微量元素和营养成分的影响

[目的]探明不同放牧强度下荒漠草原牧草和主要优势牧草的微量元素和营养成分含量的变化特征.[方法]在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市鄂托克旗荒漠草原不同放牧强度区域(适度放牧区、禁牧区和重度放牧区)进行连续3年野外调查和室内检测,综合分析不同放牧强度对荒漠草原牧草以及优势牧草微量元素和营养成分含量的影响.[结果]适度放牧区优势牧草...     

退耕退牧还草农牧户的社会认知与政策响应

基于宁夏回族自治区退耕退牧还草生态工程的实践,采用问卷、访谈等社会学研究方法,定性研究与定量研究相结合,对宁夏中部干旱荒漠草原区和南部黄土高原干草原区共4个县市160个农牧户进行了调查研究,并对宁夏草原生态环境恢复治理和退耕退牧还草中农牧户的社会认知与政策响应进行了分析研究.     

中美耐盐禾草建植和产量试验

对选自中国和美国的28份多年生耐盐禾草在内蒙古河套灌溉区盐渍荒地上进行的建植和产量试验结果表明,在表土含盐量为0.54%～0.72%、pH值为8.9～9.4的盐渍土中,引自美国的高薄冰草品种Tyrell、Jose、Largo、Alkar和中国的野大麦生长良好,建植率为57%～80%,干草产量为4700～6900kg/hm2;美国的阿尔泰赖草Prairieland、卡氏赖草Logon's、细披碱草Pryor、San Luis、西方牧冰草Rosana、Barton、Arriba、杂交偃麦草RS-Hoffman、RST-hybrid以及中国的羊草LECH2等品种/材料也可建植成功,并获得较高的牧草产量.     

林下轮牧放养对优质肉鸡屠体性状及肉品质的影响

试验检测分析了林下轮牧放养模式下岭南黄羽肉鸡的屠体性状、肉品质及脂类代谢相关血液生化指标,结果显示,试验组半净膛率、全净膛率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),屠宰率、腿比率、肌胃率均优于散养鸡(P>0.05),腹脂率降低12.2%(P>0.05);试验组胸肌肉色亮度值比对照组提高11.2%(P<0.01),红度值、黄度值无显著差异;胸肌蛋白含量比对照组提高2.3%(P<0.01),脂肪含量提高11.1%(P<0.05),水分含量无显著差异(P>0.05);试验组血清TC水平比对照组降低35.9%(P<0.01),TG、LDL-C、HDL-C无显著差异.试验结果表明,林下种植牧草环境下轮牧放养,可显著提高优质肉鸡屠宰性能,改善肌肉品质,调节脂类代谢,值得进一步研究和推广.     

藏系绵羊自然放牧条件下生长发育规律观察

在冬春季节自然放牧条件下,对藏系绵羊不同管理水平下的体重变化、羔羊成活率、繁殖成活率、成畜保活率进行对比研究。在不采取任何补饲措施的情况下,试验组夜间圈于标准化暖棚羊舍,对照组圈于简易羊舍。实验结果表明,在12月21日到次年5月21日的150d时间内,对照组羊自试验期开始的第一个月起,体重逐渐下降至4月份到最低体重。然后逐渐增重,但到6月份体重仍未恢复到期初水平。试验组当年羔羊、育成羊和成年羊体重下降幅度比对照组分别低0．57kg、2．25kg和2．61kg;羔羊成活率、繁殖成活率和成畜保活率比对照组分别高1．02、4．70和2．29个百分点。对照组羊体重减少9．83kg,减少产肉4．52kg,只均损失117．57元;试验组羊体重减少5．94kg,减少产肉2．73kg,只均损失70．98元,比对照组低46．59元。说明藏系羊在寒冷季节采取必要的保暖措施,可以减轻体重损失,提高羔羊成活率、繁殖成活率和成畜保活率。