不同基肥对弃荒地牧草产量和质量的影响

在贪瘠的弃荒地使用不同组合的基肥探讨对牧草产量和质量的影响。结果表明,在相同的肥水管理条件下,以“复合肥 牛粪 石灰”基肥组合(A处理),可使多花黑麦草(特高)、多年生黑麦草(保利)的年产草量分别比“猪粪 牛粪 石灰”的基肥组合(B处理)提高10.6%和29.2%,差异显著(p<0.05);粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分分别有所提高;粗纤维、无氮浸出物有所降低。     

Establishment and Trends in Persistence of Selected Perennial Cool-Season Grasses in Western United States

Restoring western US rangelands from a site dominated by invasive annuals, such as cheatgrass and medusahead, to a diverse, healthy, perennial plant ? dominated ecosystem can be difficult with native grasses. This study describes the establishment and trends in persistence (plant/m²) of native grass cultivars and germplasm compared with typically used crested and Siberian wheatgrasses at four locations in Idaho (one), Wyoming (one), and Utah (two) that range in mean average annual precipitation (MAP) from 290 to 415 mm. Sites were cultivated and fallowed 1 yr before planting using two glyphosate applications to control weeds. We monitored seedling establishment of 10 perennial cool-season grass species and plant persistence over 5 yr. Precipitation during the seeding year varied with the Utah sites locations reviving below MAP (4% and 14%), while the Wyoming and Idaho sites received above MAP at 8% and 26%, respectively. Across these four sites, native grass seedling establishment of bottlebrush squirreltail (29 ± 0.08 [standard error] seedling/m²), bluebunch (28 ± 0.05), slender (30 ± 0.05), and Snake River wheatgrasses (28 ± 0.08) was similar to “Vavilov II” Siberian wheatgrass (36 ± 3.20). By yr 5, western, Snake River, and thickspike wheatgrasses were the only native grasses to have plant densities similar to Vavilov II (37 ± 0.29) Siberian and “Hycrest II” (36 ± 0.29) crested wheatgrasses. On sites receiving between 290 and 415 mm MAP, our data suggest that native grasses are able to establish but in general lack the ability to persist except for western, Snake River, and thickspike wheatgrasses, which had plant densities similar to crested and Siberian wheatgrasses after 5 yr.     

刈割时期对昭苏马场人工割草地产量和品质的影响

分别于2013年7月上中旬和8月上中旬对新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州昭苏马场人工割草地进行刈割,并进行了产草量测定和牧草品质的比较分析。结果表明,刈割时期对建植第3年和第7年割草地的鲜草和干草产量无明显影响;8月上中旬刈割牧草的粗蛋白（CP）含量与7月上中旬刈割牧草相比显著降低（P〈0．05）;刈割牧草中。豆科牧草的比例无明显变化,但8月上中旬刈割牧草的叶茎比显著降低（P〈0．01）;在8月上中旬刈割的牧草中,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量有不同程度的增加（P〈0．05）。由试验可知,昭苏马场的合理割草时间以7月上中旬为宜,此时牧草的产量和质量较佳。     

NaCl胁迫下禾本科草坪草和牧草萌发特性的研究

应用室内培养皿萌发试验,在0和150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下对三个类型草坪草、五个类型牧草的46个品种进行了研究.结果表明,150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下草坪型多年生黑麦草、牧草型一年生黑麦草和多年生黑麦草的耐盐性较强;草坪型高羊茅、牧草型苇状羊茅次之;雀麦、鸭茅、翦股颖的耐盐性最差.前7d相对发芽率作为鉴定禾草耐盐性指标较好,并鉴定出部分耐盐品种.     

平衡施肥对多年生禾本科牧草产量的影响

在青海同德地区选取5龄同德老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus cv.Tongde）和5龄青海冷地早熟禾（Poa crymophilacv.Qinghai）人工草地连续两年进行了老龄人工草地平衡施肥试验。试验根据国际植物营养研究所（IPNI）中国项目部提供的测土施肥最佳配方（OPT）设6个施肥处理,另设一个不施肥对照,测量两种牧草品种的草产量及种子产量。结果施氮肥的经济效益高于施磷肥的效益,同德老芒麦的施肥效益高于冷地早熟禾的施肥效益,两种牧草平均草产量和种子产量以OPT-P施肥处理时为最高,分别为8946.2kg/hm2和368.1kg/hm2.氮磷肥互作产生负效应。施钾无显著增产作用。     

12种紫花苜蓿干草产量与土壤养份变化的关系分析

对3年的干草产量和种植前后土壤5种主要养份含量的测定结果表明,有机质、有效磷、速效钾和全氮4种养份种植后含量降低,只有水解氮含量增加.通过相关和回归分析,5种土壤养份含量的变化与干草产量之间存在明显的直线回归关系,其回归效果都达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)水平.此结果在紫花苜蓿种植生产实践中,对达到高产和培肥地力具有一定的指导意义.     

退耕退牧还草农牧户的社会认知与政策响应

基于宁夏回族自治区退耕退牧还草生态工程的实践,采用问卷、访谈等社会学研究方法,定性研究与定量研究相结合,对宁夏中部干旱荒漠草原区和南部黄土高原干草原区共4个县市160个农牧户进行了调查研究,并对宁夏草原生态环境恢复治理和退耕退牧还草中农牧户的社会认知与政策响应进行了分析研究.     

中美耐盐禾草建植和产量试验

对选自中国和美国的28份多年生耐盐禾草在内蒙古河套灌溉区盐渍荒地上进行的建植和产量试验结果表明,在表土含盐量为0.54%～0.72%、pH值为8.9～9.4的盐渍土中,引自美国的高薄冰草品种Tyrell、Jose、Largo、Alkar和中国的野大麦生长良好,建植率为57%～80%,干草产量为4700～6900kg/hm2;美国的阿尔泰赖草Prairieland、卡氏赖草Logon's、细披碱草Pryor、San Luis、西方牧冰草Rosana、Barton、Arriba、杂交偃麦草RS-Hoffman、RST-hybrid以及中国的羊草LECH2等品种/材料也可建植成功,并获得较高的牧草产量.     

林下轮牧放养对优质肉鸡屠体性状及肉品质的影响

试验检测分析了林下轮牧放养模式下岭南黄羽肉鸡的屠体性状、肉品质及脂类代谢相关血液生化指标,结果显示,试验组半净膛率、全净膛率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),屠宰率、腿比率、肌胃率均优于散养鸡(P>0.05),腹脂率降低12.2%(P>0.05);试验组胸肌肉色亮度值比对照组提高11.2%(P<0.01),红度值、黄度值无显著差异;胸肌蛋白含量比对照组提高2.3%(P<0.01),脂肪含量提高11.1%(P<0.05),水分含量无显著差异(P>0.05);试验组血清TC水平比对照组降低35.9%(P<0.01),TG、LDL-C、HDL-C无显著差异.试验结果表明,林下种植牧草环境下轮牧放养,可显著提高优质肉鸡屠宰性能,改善肌肉品质,调节脂类代谢,值得进一步研究和推广.     

藏系绵羊自然放牧条件下生长发育规律观察

在冬春季节自然放牧条件下,对藏系绵羊不同管理水平下的体重变化、羔羊成活率、繁殖成活率、成畜保活率进行对比研究。在不采取任何补饲措施的情况下,试验组夜间圈于标准化暖棚羊舍,对照组圈于简易羊舍。实验结果表明,在12月21日到次年5月21日的150d时间内,对照组羊自试验期开始的第一个月起,体重逐渐下降至4月份到最低体重。然后逐渐增重,但到6月份体重仍未恢复到期初水平。试验组当年羔羊、育成羊和成年羊体重下降幅度比对照组分别低0．57kg、2．25kg和2．61kg;羔羊成活率、繁殖成活率和成畜保活率比对照组分别高1．02、4．70和2．29个百分点。对照组羊体重减少9．83kg,减少产肉4．52kg,只均损失117．57元;试验组羊体重减少5．94kg,减少产肉2．73kg,只均损失70．98元,比对照组低46．59元。说明藏系羊在寒冷季节采取必要的保暖措施,可以减轻体重损失,提高羔羊成活率、繁殖成活率和成畜保活率。     

新疆褐牛与同龄牦牛放牧增重对比试验

对10头30月龄的新疆褐牛（（??）及牦牛（（?））,进行了128天暖季草原放牧增重对比试验。结果表明:新疆褐牛30月龄的体重为184.7 ±20.2kg,是同龄对照组牦牛的138％。36月龄的体重为253.6±32.5kg,是同龄对照组牦牛的154.7％。日增重538.4±157.5g,是同龄对照组牦牛的227％。两者之间差异极显著（P<0.01）。每头褐牛比牦牛多收入403.65元,经济效益明显。     

放牧条件下柴达木绒山羊畜群结构优化与设计

在完成柴达木绒山羊生长发育测定,调查生产现状和产品市场的基础上,建立畜群结构优化分析模型,规划求解后,得出最佳畜群结构,并对现有的不合理环节提出指导意见,有利于在有限的资源条件下,充分发挥品种特性,实现经济利益的最大化.     

Grass Yields Under Clipping and Watering Explain Varied Efficacy of Management Intensive Grazing on Rangelands

Management intensive grazing (MIG) may not maximize plant productivity on rangelands because of morphophysiological traits of grassland vegetation. We examined defoliation and moisture effects on the biomass yield of rhizomatous and caespitose grass pairs that were either phylogenetically similar or of similar agroclimatic adaptation, including two agronomic grasses. From relatively low to high moisture regime adaptation, species pairs included western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb.] A. Love) and needle-and-thread (Hesperostipa comata [Trin. & Rupr.] Barkw.), northern wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus [Scribn. & J.G. Sm.]) and western porcupine grass (H. curtiseta [Hitchc.] Barkw.), plains and foothills rough fescue (Festuca hallii [Vasey] and F. campestris Rydb.), and smooth and meadow brome (Bromus inermis Leyss. and B. riparius Rehm). Response variables were shoot yield, root-shoot ratio, and water-use efficiency. We hypothesized that caespitose grasses, regardless of their origin or adaptation to agroclimate regime, would respond more determinately in biomass accumulation. Defoliation effects on shoot biomass were more pronounced under high moisture. Low intensity ? high frequency defoliation yielded similarly to deferred controls in all grasses, and the same was true for high-intensity ? low-frequency (HILF) defoliation in 1 rhizomatous grass. Three of the 4 rhizomatous grasses and 1 caespitose grass yielded greater under HILF defoliation compared with high-intensity ? high-frequency defoliation. Caespitose grasses allocated more biomass to roots under low moisture conditions. Water-use efficiency decreased under high moisture conditions and more intense and/or frequent defoliation and peaked in agronomic grasses. Overall, our results suggested that growth patterns corresponded more with phylogenetic similarity as opposed to growth form. A conceptual model from these results showed that across all species, only the introduced bromes generated greater biomass under HILF defoliation, and this may explain why past research consistently concludes that MIG does not enhance plant productivity on rangelands.     

杂交狼尾草作为能源植物的产量和品质特性

于2006～2009年在北京地区进行田间试验,研究杂交狼尾草作为草本能源植物的适应性、生物质产量和品质特性。结果表明:在北京地区杂交狼尾草不能越冬,其干物质产量可达40.14～48.54t/hm2,热值为17.02MJ/kg,纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量分别为36.15%、21.01%和8.92%,碳、氢、氮元素含量分别为41.86%、5.62%和1.52%,C/N为27.54∶1,灰分含量为9.26%,灰熔点的变形温度、软化温度、半球温度和流动温度分别为942.0℃、980.8℃、1010.3℃和1054.8℃。杂交狼尾草适宜作为草本能源植物在北京及周边地区推广应用,但存在不能越冬和生物质含水量下降速率慢的缺点。     

Use of Best Management Practices and Pasture and Soil Quality on Maryland Horse Farms

Agricultural operations, including horse farms, can contribute nonpoint source (NPS) pollution to surface water. The use of best management practices (BMPs) is the most effective way to prevent the movement of pollutants to surface water from nonpoint source pollution. Previous mailed survey studies have assessed the use of BMPs at the county and state level, but a visual assessment of horse farms is necessary to validate survey results. An observational field study was conducted to assess BMP use and soil and pasture quality and to create a model to predict soil erosion on Maryland horse farms. Fifty-one farms were selected based on stocking density (acres per horse [ac horse^-1]), farm use, and presence of water on property. All farms were visited from September through November 2009. In each pasture with grazing horses, the correct use of BMPs was assessed, grass height and vegetative cover were measured, and composite soil samples were collected. Less than half of the 18 assessed BMPs were being used by participants. Although most participants maintained the recommended vegetative cover and grass height, soil erosion was a major problem in pastures. Most farms had optimum soil nutrient concentrations (Ca, K, and P), excessive Mg values, and basic soil pH. Vegetative cover and grass height measurements were positively correlated with stocking density (r = 0.345, P < .0001; and r = 0.291, P < .0001, respectively). Farm use was the only variable that predicted soil erosion on farms (P = .006). Farms used for pleasure were least likely to have soil erosion, whereas farms used for breeding were more likely to have soil erosion (P = .0058). Despite the low-to-moderate adoption of BMPs, the maintenance of recommended vegetative cover and grass height as well as optimum values of soil nutrients indicated participating Maryland horse farms have a low potential for nutrient movement and NPS pollution.     

蚕沙发酵肥对连作延胡索产量和品质的影响

为了拓宽蚕沙发酵肥在农业生产领域的应用范围,通过盆栽试验,用连作2年的延胡索土壤为栽培基质,以不同施用量的蚕沙发酵肥为处理方式,研究蚕沙发酵肥对连作延胡索产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与连作相比,外源施用不同剂量的蚕沙发酵肥均能不同程度地提高连作延胡索产量,以及地下块茎内的生物碱和核苷含量及其产量,随着蚕沙发酵肥施用量的增加,上述指标呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中,施用4.5 g/kg蚕沙发酵肥的调控效果最佳。可见,在延胡索连作条件下增施蚕沙发酵肥可以有效地延缓延胡索的连作障碍,维持延胡索产量和品质的稳定性。     

放牧绵羊牧食行为及采食量研究

在锡林郭勒草原对三种放牧绵羊(蒙古羊、引种羊、杂种羊)进行不同月份的牧食行为观察及采食量测定,结果表明:放牧绵羊9月份的采食时间比例均高于8月份;沙质草地放牧绵羊的采食和游走时间比例低于高平原草地;蒙古羊、引种羊和杂种羊沙质草地的平均采食量分别为1.15kg/d、1.60kg/d和1.35kg/d,高平原草地为1.56kg/d、1.82kg/d和1.71kg/d,分别相差0.41kg/d、0.22kg/d和0.36kg/d。     

放牧强度对荒漠草原土壤物理性质及其侵蚀产沙的影响

针对荒漠草原退化已经由植被退化演变到土壤退化的特征,采用野外调查取样和人工模拟降雨相结合的研究方法,探讨不同放牧强度下荒漠草原的土壤紧实度、容重、总孔隙度、水分及其侵蚀量的变化情况,研究结果表明:(1)不同放牧强度下0~10cm土层土壤紧实度受放牧的影响差异显著,且随放牧强度加重而呈明显的增加趋势,对深层土壤的影响有限;(2)0~10cm土层土壤容重差异性显著,且随放牧强度的增加而不断增大,与对照未放牧草地相比,不同放牧强度草地土壤容重增加幅度为5.1%~11.7%;(3)放牧强度对0~20cm深度的土壤含水量影响显著,放牧强度越大,土壤含水量越小,与对照未放牧草地相比,不同放牧强度草地土壤含水量降低12.5%~35.4%;(4)雨强一定时,坡度与放牧强度越大,其土壤侵蚀量明显增加,雨强、坡度条件相同情况下,重度放牧的土壤侵蚀量可达到对照样地4.9~13.6倍;(5)土壤容重与土壤紧实度、土壤总孔隙度之间存在显著正相关,土壤紧实度与不同坡度、降雨、放牧强度的土壤侵蚀量均存在显著正相关,且均为幂函数关系。     

影响苜蓿草产量和品质诸因素研究进展

分析了苜蓿草产量和品质构成因子对株丛密度(播种量)、施肥 (N、P、K)、刈割制度、利用年限(生长年限)及形态发育的响应,阐明了协调苜蓿草产量和品质关系的管理技术.