黄河中游地区生态畜牧业发展探索

在研究黄河中游地区不同自然气候、资源、立地条件、畜牧业经营现状和人文条件的基础上，借鉴已有国内外良性生态畜牧业结构模式，确定该区畜牧业发展的划分类型区、适宜的经营方式和适应生态环境建设的主要畜牧配置措施，建立合理利用当地资源的畜牧产业化总体发展格局，使畜牧业经营活动和生产方式，逐步过渡为适应生态环境建设、退耕还林还草的整体轨道上，使区域现代畜牧业形成经营产业化、畜种品牌化、结构合理化；组成不同类型区生态气候多样性、畜牧业生态要素合理性、畜牧业生产规范性、畜牧业产品品牌性和生态经济高效性的畜牧支持服务体系。为改变脆弱的生态环境，提供有效的保障体系，并促进当地经济合理、持续发展。     

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich was studied in 20 birds varying in age from 2 weeks to 12 months. The lungs occupied the dorsal third of the thorax, and the heart lay in the cranioventral thorax perpendicular to the long axis of the body. There was no pleural cavity. The liver was situated in the caudoventral part of the thorax, and the proventriculus occupied the left cranial part of the abdomen between the 7th vertebral rib and the acetabulum. The gizzard lay in the cranioventral part of the abdomen, resting on the sternum and abdominal floor. The duodenum formed a loop from right to left, with the pancreas lying between the 2 limbs of the loop. The coiled jejunum and ileum occupied the ventral part of the abdomen between the gizzard and pelvis. The two caeca lay on either side of the terminal ileum with their apices in the pelvis. The rectum was the longest part of the intestine and could be divided into a thick proximal segment situated in the right dorsal part of the abdomen, and a thin distal part that occupied the left caudodorsal part of the abdomen. The trilobed kidneys lay along the ventral surface of the synsacrum, with the adrenal glands at their cranioventral poles. The testes lay ventrally to the cranial divisions of the kidneys, whereas the left ovary was situated ventrally to the cranial division of the left kidney. The spleen lay wedged in between the right kidney, caudal vena cava and proventriculus. The thyroid glands were situated at the cranial borders of the subclavian arteries, and the thymus lay at the base of the neck.     

Echocardiography of the normal bovine heart: technique and ultrasonographic appearance

Fifty-one clinically healthy cows were examined ultrasonographically from the third and fourth intercostal spaces on both sides of the thorax. A 3.0 MHz transducer was used and the heart was examined in the caudal long, caudal short and cranial long axes on the right side, and in the caudal and cranial long axes on the left side. In each position the optimal transducer orientation and the images of the structures were recorded. In the caudal long axis view of the heart on the right (transducer positioned at the fourth intercostal space), all four chambers were visible with the transducer positioned 8 to 10 cm dorsal to the level of the olecranon. The left ventricular outflow tract, consisting of the aortic valve and ascending aorta, were visible in the same position with the transducer rotated 10 to 40 degrees clockwise. In the caudal short axis view of the heart on the right, the left and right ventricles were visible in cross-section with the transducer held at right angles to the ribs in the fourth intercostal space, 3 to 6 cm dorsal to the olecranon and tipped slightly dorsally. In the cranial long axis view of the heart on the right, the right ventricular outflow tract, consisting of the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery, was visible in the third intercostal space, 8 to 10 cm dorsal to the olecranon with the transducer angled craniodorsally and rotated 10 to 20 degrees clockwise. In the caudal long axis view of the heart on the left, the left and right ventricles and the left ventricular outflow tract were visible with the transducer placed in the fourth intercostal space. In the cranial long axis view on the left, the right ventricular outflow tract was visible.     

波尔山羊体型外貌与部分生产性能的相关分析

体型外貌一直是家畜选种、选配的重要遗传标记.为了找出波尔山羊的体型外貌与生产性能的关系,以便正确选择,利用SPSS数据处理软件分析湖北省种羊场542只波尔山羊生长性能与耳型、鼻型、头部白色毛形状、耳部毛色、体表绒毛、体表毛色色区、皮肤颜色共7项体型外貌指标的关系,以及269只波尔山羊母羊繁殖性能与上述体型外貌指标的关系.结果表明上述体型外貌指标对羔羊生长发育没有显著影响(P＞0.05),但耳朵毛色、体表有无绒杂毛对繁殖性状有影响,其中红棕色耳朵的羊群窝产羔数比杂色耳朵的多0.22只(P＜0.05),体表无绒杂毛的羊群比有绒杂毛的产活羔数、断奶活羔数分别高0.3只和0.31只(P＜0.05).这些结果说明,耳朵颜色和体表绒毛特征可作为波尔山羊的选择指标,其他指标则没有必要进行选择.     

鸡胃的副交感节前神经元和感觉神经元的定位——HRP法研究

本文用ＨＲＰ法研究了鸡胃的副交感节前神经元和感觉神经元的定位，结果如下：１．将ＨＲＰ注入腺胃左侧壁后，标记的感觉神经元位于双侧颈静脉神经节和运神经节，以颈静脉神经节占优势（６３．２％）；标记的运动神经元位于双侧走神经背侧运动核的大细胞亚核后部、中间小细胞亚核和腹侧小细胞亚核前部，在多形细胞亚核及疑核内也出现少数标记细胞。２．将ＨＲＰ注入肌胃左侧壁后，标记感觉神经元位于双侧大细胞亚核、多形细胞亚核和     

肃南县草原确权承包登记工作经验交流

为深入贯彻落实中央和省市改革决策部署,进一步深化农牧村经营体制改革,稳步推进我县草原确权承包登记颁证工作有序开展,有效调动农牧民群众自我管理、相互监督、合理利用、保护草原的积极性,促进草原畜牧业持续稳定、健康发展。根据农业部《关于开展草原确权承包登记试点的通知》和甘肃省农牧厅《关于印发甘肃省草原确权承包登记试点工作实施方案的通知》要求,将肃南县确定为甘肃省草原确权承包登记试点县。开展草原确权承包登记工作以来,我县创新工作方式方法,稳步推进各项工作顺利开展,取得了显著成效。笔者参与了草原确权承包登记各项工作,归纳总结了工作经验和取得的成效,与各位同行分享。     

家蝇体内猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的初步分离与鉴定

为调查养猪场环境中家蝇携带猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)情况,2010年采集贵州某猪场家蝇样本,采用RT-PCR方法筛选阳性样本,接种Marc-145细胞分离培养病毒,对分离获得的家蝇样本的PRRSV Nsp2基因进行克隆和序列分析。针对PRRSV N基因家蝇样本扩增出377 bp的特异性片段,阳性家蝇样本接种的Marc-145细胞出现明显CPE现象,针对PRRSV Nsp2基因细胞培养物扩增出1064 bp的特异性片段,测序结果显示,家蝇样本的细胞培养物的PRRSV Nsp2基因片段与贵州猪场猪源PRRSV流行株相比具有较高的核苷酸同源性,高达97.1%~98.5%。从而初步推断家蝇也可能成为PRRSV携带者。     

An Immunohistochemical Study on the Embryonic Development of Renin-containing Cells in the Mouse and Pig

The prenatal occurrence and distribution of renin-containing (RC) cells were investigated immunohistochemically in mouse and pig embryos. The RC cells of the mouse embryo were first observed at the 13th day of gestation at the walls of the renal, the mesonephric, the adrenal, the abdominal arteries, the adrenal glands and the testis. As the gestation of the mouse progressed, the RC cells had a tendency to localize in areas of the vascular pole of the metanephric glomerulus. In pig, when CRL was 0.8-2.0 cm, RC cells first appeared at the ventral walls of the dorsal aorta, the omphalo-mesenteric (i.e., the cranial mesenteric), the mesonephric, the mesonephric afferent glomerular arteries/arterioles and the inside of the mesonephric glomerulus. As the length of the pig embryo increased, no renin-immunoreactivity could be demonstrated at the degenerated mesonephros, while in the metanephros marked immunoreactivities were found only at the terminal regions of intralobular arteries, i.e., afferent arterioles or the vascular pole of the glomerulus.     

犊牛饲养福利关键点及生产意义

近年来我国奶牛养殖业迅速发展,犊牛作为发展养牛业的主要基础,也越来越受到人们的关注。提升犊牛成活率、规范初乳饲喂规程、降低犊牛应激反应,提升环境舒适度,是改善犊牛福利的主要措施。提升犊牛饲养管理福利,对奶牛终身产奶量的提升有积极的促进作用。本文从提高犊牛接产成活率,增强机体免疫机能,减缓机体应激,提高犊牛舒适度等方面综合分析了提高犊牛福利、促进奶牛健康养殖的关键点,旨在提升牛只健康养殖水平,为促进我国奶业蓬勃发展提供技术支持。     

Glycoproteins in the epithelium of lips and associated structures of a hill stream fish Garra lamta (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes): a histochemical investigation

A series of histochemical procedures were employed to localize and characterize glycoprotein (GP) classes elaborated in the epithelia of the upper and lower lips and associated structures, namely the rostral cap, the adhesive pad, the horny upper and lower jaw sheaths and the folds of skin between them, of a hill stream fish Garra lamta. The epithelia of the lips, the folds of skin and the major portions of the rostral cap and the adhesive pad are mucogenic. The epithelia of the horny jaw sheaths and parts of the rostral cap and the adhesive pad are keratinized. Based on the histochemical characterization of GPs, the cells involved in the secretions in the epithelia at the mucogenic regions of the rostral cap and the adhesive pad comprise the epithelial cells, the type A mucous cells and the club cells. In the lips and the folds of skin, in contrast, the club cells are absent and most mucous cells belong to the type B category. Type A mucous cells are few. GPs elaborated by cellular components of the mucogenic epithelia include GPs with oxidizable vicinal diols, GPs with O-sulphate esters, GPs with sialic acid residues without O-acyl substitution or with O-acyl substitution at C7, C8 or C9 and GPs with O-acyl sugars. The different types of cells show significant differences in the classes as well as in the concentrations of the GPs elaborated by them. GPs have also been identified in the subcorneal space between the unculi and the epithelial cells in the replacement layer in the epithelia at the keratinized regions. Elaboration of more than one type of GPs suggests a basis for functional discrimination in their role in the mucous secretions at the surface as an adaptation to the feeding ecology and the environment inhabited by the fish.     

草业学院课程设置及教学效果调查分析

对草业科学专业本科4年的课程设置和实验、实习等情况以问卷的形式进行调查和分析,结果显示:学生对基础课程和专业课程设置的平均满意度都达80%。部分同学认为应增加思想品德修养、线性代数、概率论、农业微生物、体育、计算机应用基础、计算机程序设计VB、植物学、草坪学、草地保护学、专业英语、植物分类学、植物生理学等课程的总学时、实习学时或学分;建议英语课程增加自主独立和协作探究学习,并加强英语口语、听力训练;高等数学、线性代数、田间试验与统计学等理科类课程,课后作业练习有助于提高学习成绩;多媒体教学方式受到大家欢迎;学生对社会实践、实验、毕业实习兴趣很高。     

Le développement de l' activité des estérases carboxyliques et de la phosphatase alcaline dans l' oesophage,le réseau,le rumen et le f euillet du boeuf1

The development of carboxylic esterases and alkaline phosphatase activity in the bovine forestomachs and esophagus The reticulum, the rumen, the omasum and the esophagus of 8 adult cattle, 6 veal calves, one four-day-old calf and 4 fetuses were examined for esterase and alkaline phosphatase activity. The localization and the intensity of these enzymes in the proventricular compartments are age-related. In the fetuses and the four-day-old calf the esterases are found only in the deeper epithelial cell layers, whereas in the veal calves and in the adults the horny and the transitional cell layer become strongly positive. Alkaline phosphatase is not present in the epithelium of the fetuses. A reaction band of this enzyme occurs at the level of the stratum transitionale in the four-day-old calf. In the adults the upper cells of the stratum spinosum and all the cells of the strata transitionale and corneum are positive. The enzyme activity in the esophagus is very slightly agerelated. The esterases are only found in the deeper epithelial layers, and alkaline phosphatase does not appear in the epithelium. The activity and the localization of these enzymes may be related to the keratinization and especially in the proventricular compartments of the adult, also to the absorption.     

Estimation of the volume of the gall bladder of 32 dogs from linear ultrasonographic measurements

The maximum length and depth of the longitudinal section, and the maximum width and depth of the transverse section of the gall bladders of 32 dog cadavers were measured ultrasonographically; the contents of the gall bladder were then aspirated and its actual volume measured. The volume of the gall bladder was estimated from the ultrasonographic measurements by using formulae suggested for assessment of the volumes of the urinary bladder in human beings and the gall bladder of dogs, and these formulae were compared with a formula derived from the measurements made in this study. In 21 of the dogs, the measurements were repeated twice so that their reproducibility could be evaluated. All the formulae gave good estimations of the volume of the dogs' gall bladders, but the formula for the human urinary bladder volume was better than the other two. The actual volume of the gall bladder was related to the dogs' bodyweight. There were no significant differences between the repeated measurements of the maximum length and depth of the longitudinal section or the width of the transverse section of the gall bladder, but there were significant variations in the depth of the transverse section.     

垄上覆盖牧草对苹果园垄沟中土壤特性的影响

在起垄种草苹果园中,将果园牧草刈割后覆盖在垄上,研究牧草覆盖后对垄沟0~60 cm土壤中水分含量、微生物数量、土壤酶活性及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,与未覆盖牧草相比,垄上覆盖牧草后,垄沟中土壤水分含量提高,土壤微生物总数、细菌、真菌和放线菌数量增加,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性增加,土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K、速效N、速效P、速效K也均有不同程度的增加。而这种差异以浅层土壤较明显,覆盖牧草后显著改善了垄沟0~40 cm的土壤特性(P < 0.05),对40~60 cm土壤无显著影响。说明果园刈割牧草可作为一种较好的覆盖材料,将其覆盖垄上可改善垄沟中土壤特性、提高土壤含水量和肥力,是果园牧草的一种有效利用方式。     

5年模拟增温后矮嵩草草甸群落结构及生产量的变化

5年模拟增温后观察表明,植物生长期4～9月暖室内10cm、20cm地下土壤平均增温1.86℃,10cm、20cm地上空气平均增温1.15℃,地表0cm平均增温1.87℃,且增温在植物生长初期大于生长末期及枯黄期。在模拟增温初期年生物量比对照高,增温5年后生物量反而有所下降。增温使禾草类植物种增加,杂草减少。从表面来看,增温可使植物生长期延长,利于增大生物量,实际受热效应作用,植物发育生长速率加快,植物成熟过程提早,生长期反而缩短,加之玻璃纤维的存在使暖室内外温度交换减缓,减少了温度日变化,限制干物质积累,终久导致生物量减少。这说明小气候的作用,环境条件诱发土壤结构变化,植被的种群结构也随之改变,甚至出现演替的过程,全球变暖不仅对植物的生物生产力影响较大,而且对植被类型的演替有着不可忽视的作用。     

Anatomic and radiologic observations of the clavicle of adult dogs

In an anatomic and radiologic study of the clavicle of 50 adult dogs of 10 breeds, the clavicle had ossified in 96% of the dogs. The clavicles studied had various shapes, and each clavicle was attached to the caudomedial part of the clavicular intersection of the brachiocephalic muscle, to the mastoid part of the cleidocephalic muscle, and to 4 radiating bands of connective tissue fasciculi. One band was attached to the caudal border of the scapula and fascia deep to the latissimus dorsi muscle, 1 was attached to the manubrium of the sternum, and 1 each was attached to the epimysia of the superficial pectoral and sternocephalic muscles. We concluded that, during movements of the thoracic limb, the clavicle and the 4 fasciculated connective tissue bands associated with it stabilize the position of the brachiocephalic muscle with relation to the crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus. Also, the fasciculated band attached to the caudal border of the scapula provides protection for nerves from the brachial plexus and axillary blood vessels that supply the thoracic limb.     

环境认知与家庭禀赋差异对肉羊养殖规模的影响——基于西藏牧区885户肉羊养殖户的调查

本文依据西藏那曲地区和日喀则市885份入户调查数据,运用有序Logit模型考察了牧民肉羊养殖规模的影响因素。研究表明:牧民扩大养殖规模较为普遍;牧民的生态环境认知、政策认知、家庭收入水平、肉羊养殖收入比重、文化程度、村民相处情况、村干部经历等对家庭控制肉羊规模有显著正向影响。对此,政府在草原保护中需要强化草原监管中牧民参与、加强政策内容与草原退化情况宣传、提高牧民政策满意度、拓展牧民增收渠道,在降低牧民肉羊养殖规模的同时提高牧民家庭生计水平,进而促进草原畜牧业可持续发展。     

Elektronenoptische Untersuchungen über Transsudationsvorgänge zwischen Blut- und Lymphkapillaren im Lymphobulbus des Kopulationsorganes beim Haushahn (Gallus domesticus)

Electronmicroscopical studies of transudation between blood capillaries and lymph capillaries in the lymphobulbus of the phallus of the cockerel (Gallus domesticus) The blood capillaries of the lymphobulbus cloacae may be divided into circulatory and transudation capillaries and may be distinguished from one another and from the lymph capillaries by ten criteria. The specific structure of the wall of these capillaries permits transudation of lymph from the blood-vascular to the lymphatic system. The lymph passes through the pores and fenestrae of the transudation capillaries into the interstitium and from here by two routes into the lymphobulbus. One route is intracellular-vesicular, and the other is intercellular (between the endothelial cells of the lymph capillaries). The contraction of the striated M. sphincter cloacae during erection of the phallus presses the lymph through the ductus lymphaticus bulbospongiosus cloacae into the corpus cavernosum of the phallus. There is a relationship between the structure and functional stages of the lymphobulbus and age, and between the former and the levels of the steroid sex hormones.     

数学探究教学的主要特征与局限性

探究教学是新课程改革所倡导的教学方式。从数学认识的过程出发,结合数学认识的特点,数学探究教学具有问题的导向性、数学世界与生活世界的整合、过程与结果的统一等主要特征。数学探究教学的局限性主要包括:适用的局限性、效率的局限性、效果的局限性、操作的局限性。