CaCl2在毛白杨幼苗抗冻性低温诱导中的作用

不同浓度的CaCl2 处理对毛白杨幼苗抗冻性的提高效应是不同的 ,其中 10mmol·L-1CaCl2 处理更有利于幼苗抗冻性的提高 ,而且处理最适宜时间为 5天 .低温锻炼不仅提高了毛白杨幼苗叶片和枝条中钙调素含量 ,同时也提高了幼苗抗冻性 .CaCl2 处理对低温锻炼的作用有加强效果 ,而钙离子螯合剂EGTA、钙离子通道阻断剂LaCl3 或钙调素拮抗剂CPZ处理则减弱低温锻炼效应 ,表现出CaM含量和幼苗抗冻性明显降低 .这表明Ca2 + CaM可能参与了幼苗抗冻性的诱导     

钙-钙调素对中东杨扦插苗的诱导抗冻作用

以零下低温锻炼和结合效应剂（CaCl2、钙离子螯合剂EGTA、钙离子通道阻断剂LaCl3或钙调素拮抗剂CPE）处理的低温锻炼下的中东扬扦插苗为试材，对其体内丙二醛（MDA）及钙调素CaM含量，SOD、POD及线粒体Ca^2-＋ATPase活性分别进行测定。结果表明，低温锻炼不仅在一定程度下提高了幼苗CaM含量，提高了SOD、POD和Ca^2＋-ATPase活性，降低了MDA含量；而且减少了低温胁迫所引起的SOD、POD，Ca^2＋＋ATPase和CaM含量的下降程度以及MDA的增加幅度。在低温锻炼的同时。用CaCl2处理能加强低温锻炼的效果，但这种效应可被EGTA、LaCl3或CPZ处理抑制。经低温锻炼后，幼苗中的CaM含量的增加有助于SOD、POD和线粒体Ca^2＋-ATPase活性的提高，进而对幼苗抗冻性的提高有明显的促进作用。     

在低温锻炼中毛白杨幼苗可溶性总蛋白、RNA、DNA、RNase及抗冻性的变化

低温锻炼不仅提高了毛白杨幼苗存活率和抗冻性以及RNA和可溶性总蛋白的含量 ,降低了RNase活性 ,而且能减轻低温胁迫引起的RNA和可溶性总蛋白含量的下降程度和RNase活性的提高 ,有利于幼苗在恢复过程中RNA和可溶性总蛋白水平的迅速回升以及RNase活性的降低 .进一步研究发现 ,DNA含量无论在低温锻炼中还是在低温胁迫下或是在随后的恢复生长期均保持相对稳定 ;低温锻炼所引起的RNA含量的增加 ,与RNase活性的降低呈明显的负相关 ,与可溶性总蛋白含量的增加以及幼苗抗冻性的提高成正相关 .这表明低温锻炼可能抑制RNase活性 ,有效地促进RNA含量的增加 ,而RNA可能参与了可溶性总蛋白的合成及抗冻性的诱导     

毛白杨抗冻性低温诱导过程中糖的效应(英文)

在低温锻炼和结合蔗糖处理的低温锻炼下 ,对毛白杨 (Populustomentosa)幼苗枝条和叶片的可溶性糖含量 ,以及幼苗存活率和抗冻性分别进行了测定 .结果表明 ,低温锻炼明显提高了幼苗枝条和叶片的可溶性糖含量 ,同时也提高了幼苗的存活率和抗冻性 .2 0 %蔗糖处理对上述低温锻炼的作用有加强的效果 .进一步分析发现 ,无论是单纯的低温锻炼还是结合蔗糖预处理的低温锻炼 ,幼苗枝条中可溶性糖含量的提高程度均较叶片明显 ,而且它们的含量增加与幼苗抗冻性的提高密切相关 .这表明低温锻炼所引起的可溶性糖积累可能参与了幼苗抗冻性的诱导     

甜杨抗冻性低温诱导过程中G6PDHase ,ATPase及蛋白质的变化(英文)

首次研究了低温锻炼对甜杨 (Populussuaveotlens)幼苗抗冻性的效应 ,并对低温锻炼中的G6PDHase ,ATPase及蛋白质的动态变化过程进行了测定 .另外 ,在低温锻炼前用蛋白质合成抑制剂环己亚胺对甜杨幼苗进行预处理 .试验结果表明 ,适当的低温锻炼可明显提高甜杨幼苗的抗冻性 ,但整个低温锻炼过程必须分两个阶段进行 ,第一阶段在 - 10℃的温度下锻炼 6天 ,虽对甜杨幼苗抗冻性的提高效应不明显 ,但它是不可缺少的 ,它可为第二阶段的 - 2 0℃锻炼的进行及抗冻性的完全发育提供基础 .伴随着幼苗枝条中蛋白质含量及G6PDHase和ATPase活性提高的同时 ,也明显提高了幼苗的抗冻性 ;脱锻炼 2天后 ,幼苗抗冻性下降到未锻炼水平 ,而枝条中蛋白质含量及G6PDHase和AT Pase活性虽有下降但略高于未锻炼 .蛋白质合成抑制剂环己亚胺预处理则明显降低了幼苗抗冻性和蛋白质含量 .进一步分析发现 ,低温锻炼中的G6PDHase和ATPase活性及蛋白质含量的变化与幼苗抗冻性的提高密切相关     

低温锻炼对翅荚木幼苗抗氧化酶活性和保护物质的影响

采用梯度降温对翅荚木幼苗进行低温锻炼,测定其在低温锻炼过程中抵御低温保护物质的含量和抗氧化酶的活性,结果表明:低温锻炼使POD和SOD活性明显提高;可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量升高;在脱锻炼期间可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量和POD、SOD活性仍略高于或接近于对照水平。     

外施H2O2对黄瓜幼苗抗低温胁迫的影响

以"津研7号"和"津春4号"黄瓜幼苗为材料,在其生长期外施不同浓度的H2O2,研究了H2O2对黄瓜幼苗抗低温胁迫的影响.结果表明:黄瓜幼苗经低温胁迫后,其电导率和丙二醛含量急剧上升,而过氧化物酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量明显降低;与对照相比,外施H2O2能提高其过氧化物酶活性,降低膜渗漏率,增加可溶性蛋白含量,减缓膜脂过氧化作用,从而提高黄瓜幼苗的抗低温胁迫能力,其中以10 mmol.L-1的H2O2处理效果最为明显.     

外源硼酸钠对桂花幼苗抗寒性的影响

采用人工气候室模拟低温环境,研究不同浓度的外源硼酸钠对桂花幼苗抗寒性的影响。结果显示:在4℃低温胁迫下,随时间的延长,外源硼酸钠处理桂花叶片MDA含量和可溶性蛋白含量逐渐升高,游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量以及SOD、CAT酶活性变化趋势为先上升后下降,POD活性持续上升;外喷0.5%~1%浓度的硼酸钠可显著减少桂花叶片MDA含量,增加游离脯氨酸,促进可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的积累,提高SOD、POD、CAT抗氧化酶活性;0.5%浓度的硼酸钠可促进植株纵向生长,1%~2%浓度的硼酸钠对低温胁迫下桂花幼苗纵向生长产生一定的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制性越强。低温胁迫对桂花幼苗产生一定程度的伤害,适当浓度外源硼酸钠处理可以有效缓解低温胁迫对桂花叶片的伤害,提高桂花幼苗的抗寒性。     

不同浓度CaCl_2对宜昌润楠幼苗的抗寒性研究

本文以多年生宜昌润楠(Machilus ichangensis)为材料,采取室内控温系统模拟低温胁迫条件,研究不同浓度CaCl_2处理对低温胁迫下宜昌润楠幼苗叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性以及激素ABA含量的影响,初步探究CaCl_2对润楠幼苗抗寒性的调节机理。结果表明:(1)宜昌润楠幼苗在-5℃条件下喷施5 mmol/LCaCl_2后叶绿素含量最高。(2)宜昌润楠幼苗在5℃条件下喷施25 mmol/LCaCl_2后丙二醛(MDA)含量最低。(3)宜昌润楠幼苗在低温胁迫条件下,通过喷施CaCl_2能影响可溶性蛋白的含量。(4)宜昌润楠幼苗在-5℃条件下喷施25mmol/LCaCl_2后可溶性糖含量最高。(5)宜昌润楠幼苗在低温胁迫条件下,通过喷施CaCl_2能提高SOD和POD的活性,其中在0℃条件下,宜昌润楠幼苗经5 mmol/LCaCl_2喷施后的SOD活性达到最高,在-5℃条件下宜昌润楠幼苗经5 mmol/LCaCl_2喷施后的POD活性达到最高。(6)宜昌润楠幼苗在低温胁迫条件下,通过喷施CaCl_2能提高激素ABA含量,在-5℃条件下喷施5 mmol/LCaCl_2后ABA含量最高。     

低温锻炼对冷胁迫下油茶幼苗光合速率与抗氧化酶活性的影响

以油茶品种"杂优闽1"为试验材料,以未经低温锻炼的油茶幼苗为对照,研究了油茶幼苗在(10±0.5)℃低温锻炼、(2±0.5)℃冷胁迫和常温恢复期间的光合速率和抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:低温锻炼3 d可明显提高油茶幼苗的抗寒性;冷胁迫3 d,经低温锻炼后的油茶幼苗叶片净光合速率和相对含水量明显高于对照;且其在常温下的恢复也较对照迅速。在低温锻炼和冷胁迫期间,油茶幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量明显增加,且丙二醛(MDA)含量明显低于对照;经低温锻炼的油茶幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性则均明显高于未经低温锻炼的油茶幼苗,说明渗透调节物质含量增加和保护酶活性增强在低温锻炼诱导油茶幼苗的抗寒性上发挥着重要的作用。     

Effects of cold-hardening on compatible solutes and antioxidant enzyme activities related to freezing tolerance in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus seedlings

Cold acclimation is associated with many metabolic changes that lead to an increase of freezing tolerance. In order to investigate the biochemical process of cold acclimation in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, seedlings were acclimated at 2℃ under 16-h photoperiod （150 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetically active radiation） for 14 d. Freezing tolerance in seedlings increased after 14 d of cold-hardening. Contents of protein, proline and solute carbohydrate in cotyledon increased after cold acclimation. Patterns of isozymes of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） were investigated. The activities of SOD, peroxidase and PPO in cold acclimated plants were increased during cold-hardening. We deduced that compatible solutes and antioxidant enzymes play important roles in development of freezing tolerance during cold acclimation in this evergreen woody plant.     

Characterization and Role of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase of Populus suaveolens in Induction of Freezing Resistance

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) was purified from the leaves of 8-week-old Populus suaveolens cuttings. The enzyme activity in the absence and presence of reduced dithiothreitol (DTTred) was determined. The results show that the G6PDH activity is not inactivated by pre-incubation with DTTred, indicating that the purified enzyme probably presented in cytosol of P suaveolens. The catalytic characteristics and kinetic parameters of cytosolic G6PDH purified from P.suaveolens cuttings were also studied. The results show that G6PDH is characterized by Km value of 360/amol.L^-1 for G6P and 16μmol.L^-1 for NADP, a pH range of 7.3-8.9, and the maximum activity around pH 8.2. The enzyme activity is inhibited by various metabolites such as NADPH, NADH, GTP, UTP, ATP, AMP, ADP, CoA, acetyl CoA, fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P), ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) (all at 1 mmol‘L i except for NADPH and NADH)to different extents. NADPH is the most effective inhibitor of enzyme activity, with an inhibition of 72.0%. The addition of metal ions such as MgC12, CaC12 and KC1 (all 1.0 mmol.L^-1) to the standard reaction mixture has no remarkable influence on the cytosolic G6PDH activity. However, CdCl2 (1.0 mmol.L-1) causes high inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. To explore the role of G6PDH on the enhancement of freezing resistance induced by freezing acclimation, the changes in the cytosolic G6PDH activity and freezing resistance (expressed as LTs0) of P. suaveolens cuttings during freezing acclimation at -20℃ were investigated. The results reveal that freezing acclimation decreases LTs0 of cuttings, and increases the activity of cytosolic G6PDH compared with control ones,while 2 d of de-acclimation at 25 ~C result in a decrease in cytosolic G6PDH activity, and caused an increase in LT50. Furthermore,the change in cytosolic G6PDH activity is found to be closely correlated to the degree of freezing resistance of cuttings during freezing acclimation. It is suggested that cytosolic G6PDH may be involved in the induction of freezing resistance of cuttings.     

Cold acclimation induced accumulation of phenolic compounds and freezing tolerance in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, the only freezing tolerant evergreen broad-leaved shrub, local species of the Alashan desert, northwest sand area of China, can survive -30°C or even lower temperature in winter. In the present study, the secondary products phenolics in A. mongolicus cotyledons were determined to study the effects of phenolics on cold tolerance. Cytochemical localization of phenolics in cotyledon cells was observed by electron microscopy and the content of phenolic compounds was assayed by spec-trophotometric measurement. The results showed that the freezing tolerance of A. mongolicus seedlings increased after acclimation at 2-6°C for 14 days, which accompanied the increase of the content of phenolic compounds in cotyledons. Cytochemical observation showed that phenolic deposits were mainly localized in vacuoles and in close proximity to tonoplast, and also in the cytoplasm. The amount and the size of phenolics droplets increased obviously in cytoplasm and vacuoles after cold acclimation, predominantly ag-gregated along membranes of vacuoles and tonoplast. No phenolic deposits were found in cell walls. As hydrogen-or elec-tron-donating agents, phenolics may protect plant cells against reactive oxygen species formed during chilling or freezing stress and improve the freezing tolerance of cold-acclimated A. mongolicus seedlings.     

Characterizing the frost sensitivity of black spruce photosynthesis during cold acclimation

We used photosynthetic light response curves to measure and model the responses of two provenances of 3-year-old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings to severe artificial frost treatments applied at 2-week intervals during cold acclimation. Black spruce seedlings responded to cold acclimation with long-term suppression of photosynthetic capacity (Amax) and apparent quantum-use efficiency (alpha'). Short-term reductions in both photosynthetic parameters following frost treatments were dependent on the extent of cold acclimation of the seedlings and the severity of the frost treatments. Large reductions in Amax in response to the frost treatments were observed in seedlings that had undergone little cold acclimation and these reductions were associated with an irreversible reduction in alpha'. Such seedlings recovered only partially during the subsequent 23 days, whereas seedlings in most other treatments showed complete recovery of Amax after 13 days. The impact of frost treatments on Amax and alpha' did not vary with seedling provenance. We propose an algorithm that predicts the combined effects of cold acclimation and severe freezing temperatures on the extent of the suppression of A(max) during autumn. The algorithm is based on (1) the maximum Amax observed during the growing season, (2) the accumulation of cold degree-days, based on a minimum nocturnal temperature < 5 degrees C, and (3) the severity of freezing temperatures during autumn. The parameters developed in the algorithm showed that cold acclimation of black spruce seedlings had a greater impact on the reduction of Amax in autumn than did the severe frost treatments. Mean Amax of seedlings subjected to artificial frosts showed a strong correlation with values predicted by the algorithm (r2 = 0.91).     

10个香橼半同胞家系子代苗抗寒性研究

对10个3年生香橼半同胞家系子代进行了抗寒性研究。结果表明,各家系子代苗之间的抗寒性有显著差异。春江7号和新世纪2号的抗寒性差,在田间-11℃自然低温下受冻级别均达Ⅲ级,耐寒指数为3.25～3.40,半致死温度分别为-7.91℃和-7.05℃。春江5号抗寒性较强,耐寒指数为2.17,半致死温度为-13.28℃。其余家系抗寒性中等,-11℃田间自然低温下受冻级别均为Ⅱ级,耐寒指数为2.33～2.86,半致死温度为-11.69℃～-9.91℃。在-3℃～-15℃低温胁迫下,家系子代苗叶片内SOD活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量及丙二醛(MDA)含量均有极显著差异,并随处理温度降低总体呈先上升后下降的趋势。SOD活性、可溶性蛋白质含量及脯氨酸含量与耐寒指数、半致死温度均呈负相关,MDA含量与耐寒指数、半致死温度呈正相关。一般SOD活性、可溶性蛋白质含量及脯氨酸含量高,MDA含量低的家系,耐寒指数、半致死温度低,抗寒性强;反之,SOD活性、可溶性蛋白质含量及脯氨酸含量低,MDA含量高的家系,耐寒指数、半致死温度高,抗寒性差。香橼各家系通过上述生理指标的综合变化来调节自身对逆境的适应性,增强抗寒性,减少逆境的伤害,为耐寒品种选育提供生理基础。