不同氮肥运筹对冬小麦产量、蛋白质及其组分的影响

2003～2004年在大田节水栽培条件下,研究了3个施氮水平(157.5 kg/hm2、226.5 kg/hm2、295.5kg /hm2)下氮肥一次性底施与分次施用(底肥 拔节期追肥)对两个小麦品种(强筋麦济南17与中筋麦石家庄8号)品质和产量的影响.结果表明:节水栽培条件下不同氮素水平及等量氮肥一次性基施与分次施用两小麦品种产量差异不显著,过量施用氮肥产量反而有所下降;施氮越多,氮肥生产力越低;不同处理对两品种小麦籽粒蛋白质及其各组分的影响也同样没有达到显著水平.     

丘陵旱地冬小麦覆盖施肥效应研究

1998年－2000年对丘陵旱地冬小麦进行了覆盖施肥效应的研究，结果表明：在试验条件下，施有机肥和覆膜或盖草较不施和裸地的处理耕层土壤含水量分别增加0.22%-1．05％和1．29％－4．11％；以有机肥16500kg/hm^2和33750kg/hm^2、尿素240kg/hm^2和360kg/hm^2、磷酸二铵371kg/hm^2和555kg/hm^2、硫酸钾149kg/hm^2和222kg/hm^2、覆膜或盖草为最佳组合，其经济效益达极显著水平，而覆膜与盖草处理间差异不显著。为此认为，深耕结合施有机肥、适量化肥和盖草是丘陵旱地小麦保护增产的经济有效措施，应推广应用。     

节水型小麦施肥模型与经济效益分析

采用正交旋转组合设计试验研究了节水麦田N、P2O5、K2O施用量与小麦产量、经济效益及成本的关系。结果表明,增施氮磷肥是小麦高产高效优化栽培的关键,合理的配比施肥量为每公顷施纯N 259.26~318.84kg,P2O5121.52~154.61 kg,K2O 71.42~130.22 kg,并对不同条件下的肥料配比和施肥量进行了经济技术分析。     

覆盖施肥对丘陵冬小麦增产效果的研究

对山东省烟台市丘陵冬小麦进行覆盖施肥试验研究,结果表明:覆盖和施有机肥能有效的促进丘陵冬小麦的生长发育、干物质积累和产量的提高.施有机肥较不施有机肥处理单株次生根、分蘖数和株高分别增加0.85～2.51条/株、0.22～1.52个/株和0.46～4.23 cm,干物质增加0.03～1.15 g/株,且均差异显著;覆膜和盖草处理的单株次生根、分蘖数和株高也显著高于裸地,分别增加0.25～3.36条/株、0.23～0.9个/株和0.27～3.57 cm,干物质增加0.02～0.74 g/株.在本试验条件下,施有机肥(22 500 kg/hm2)、化肥(碳酸氢氨990 kg/hm2,过磷酸钙815 kg/hm2,氯化钾228 kg/hm2)和覆膜或盖草处理组合的干物质积累量最高,产量与其它处理相比差异极显著,但覆膜和盖草处理之间的产量差异不显著.因此认为盖草、施用有机肥和适宜数量的化肥是丘陵冬小麦保水增产的有效措施,值得在冬小麦生产上推广应用.     

冬小麦对水肥的反应差异与节水冬施肥技术

通过研究小麦需水需肥规律，发现小麦的需水、需氧高峰期不吻合，且小麦需氮高峰前，需水高峰在后。为充分发挥肥水的最佳效益，研究提出了小麦节水冬施肥技术，即结合冬灌施入部分氮肥，适当推迟春灌时间，并结合浇水补施蓁部分氮肥；试验结果表明：小麦冬季追施氮肥，其肥效及籽粒氮素利用率与返青肥效果相当，明显高于春季追肥推迟到孕穗期的处理，但氮素损失率明显低于孕穗肥。     

豫西旱地冬小麦施用钾肥及其与氮肥配施的研究

在豫植孟津县旱农褐土丘陵区，进行了小麦施用钾肥及其与氮肥配施的研究，结果表明，钾肥施用明显的提高了冬小麦产量，但不同年份，不同肥力的土壤，其效果不一，干旱年份优于正常年份；中高肥力地优于低肥地。钾肥与氮肥配合利用，可获得更高的产量，二者适宜的配合比例，中高肥力地应为（Ｋ：Ｎ）０．８６：１，低肥地为０．６２：１。     

栽培因子与冬小麦籽粒蛋白质产量的关系

氮肥追施时期对冬小麦籽粒蛋白产量的影响是由产量和蛋白质含量共同决定的，但与产量的相关程度（ｒ＾２＝０．９８）比与蛋白质含量的相关程度（ｒ＾２＝０．９３）略大，在各追施时期中，拔节期一次追肥蛋白质产量最高。氮肥深追，由于产量和蛋白质含量的同步增加，导致蛋白质产量的提高，播期对蛋白质量的影响同年份相关，适期播种（９月２３日左右）蛋白质产量最高。蛋白质含量同灌浆期，乳熟期植株全氮含量呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０     

渭北旱塬不同降水年型冬小麦施肥技术的研究

渭北旱塬合阳旱棚冬小麦微区试验结果,分析了不同降水年型不同施肥技术的冬小麦增产效应,肥料利用率和冬小麦生育期土壤供氮状况。结果表明歉水年型下施肥技术为７月中旬一次深施,平水年型下施肥技术在８月中旬一次深施,丰水年型下施肥技术为９月中旬一次深施,施肥深度均为１５ｃｍ。同时播前播时一次施肥可满足冬小麦强度营养期的需要,而分闪施肥则难以满足。     

生态脆弱区农业可持续发展途径探讨--以宁夏改种冬麦的沙尘暴防治为例

我国春麦区主要位于西北地区 ,并与沙尘暴源区、路径区、多发区基本重合。根据沙尘暴形成机制、时空分布规律以及环境的暖干化趋势 ,历经 1 0多年的田间种植试验和推广证实 :我国沙尘暴多发区的春麦区改、扩种冬小麦可以在沙尘暴多发期增加地面植被覆盖 ,有效遏制扬沙条件 ;同时可以提高复种指数和光热利用率 ,进而提高粮食产量 ;推动西部大开发退耕还林、还草和粮食生产的可持续发展     

喷灌条件下冬小麦最佳水肥管理模式试验研究

为探讨喷灌条件下冬小麦水肥综合管理模式,采用二次回归正交设计方法安排试验方案,建立了作物产量与水肥关系经验公式,并提出了喷灌条件下最佳水肥管理模式。     

施氮对棉花苗期根系分布和养分吸收的影响

采用分层土柱挖掘法,研究大田苗期根系分布和养分吸收对施氮的响应。结果表明:增加氮肥的供应,根、冠生物量及养分吸收显著增加,根冠比下降;平均根长密度、根表面积指数随施氮量的增加而明显增加,但高氮抑制了平均根长密度的增加。提高氮素水平,根系在深层的分布比例明显增加;表土层根长、根表面积明显下降;亚表土层根长、根表面积增加,但当施氮量超过一定值时,根长的增加受到抑制。施氮对棉花的生长表现为促进作用或抑制作用,主要取决于施氮量的大小。适量的氮供应促进棉花的生长,氮肥供应过量则抑制了棉花的正常生长。     

Effects of Sowing Dates and Seeding Rates on Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency of Facultative Wheat

In this study, effects of different sowing dates and seeding rates on N uptake efficiency (NUE), N translocation efficiency (NTE), agronomic efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency (PE), water use efficiency for grain yield (WUE_g) and water use efficiency for biomass (WUE_b) of facultative wheat were investigated. As the average of cropping year, sowing dates and seeding rates, N uptake efficiency (NUE), N translocation efficiency (NTE), agronomic efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency (PE), water use efficiency for grain yield (WUE_g) and water use efficiency for biomass (WUE_b) values were respectively obtained as 1.17?kg N_uptake/kg N_applied, 68.5%, 36.9?kg grain/kg N_applied, 31.2?kg grain/kg N_uptake, 5.19?kg ha^?1 mm^?1 and 18.04?kg ha^?1 mm^?1.

Nitrogen and water use efficiencies decreased with delayed sowing dates and increased with increasing seeding rates. It is possible to maintain a high wheat yield, nitrogen and water use efficiency by increasing plant density through winter sowing. It was concluded based on present findings that sowing date and seeding rates had significant effects on nitrogen and water use efficiencies and winter sowing should be practiced as not to cause yield losses and high seeding rates (575 seeds m^?2) yielded greater nitrogen-water use efficiencies.

     

河北省冬小麦生长和产量对气候变化的响应

利用河北省1981-2007年冬小麦产量资料和冬麦区23个农业气象站点冬小麦全生育期观测资料、逐日气象资料,采用最小二乘法、相关分析、通径分析等方法,分析冬小麦生长发育和产量对气候变化的响应。结果表明:冬小麦冬前各生育期、北部麦区起身期、中南部抽穗－开花期平均气温下降,其他发育期平均气温升高;各发育期平均日照时数减少;降水总量冬前增加,冬后减少。冬小麦冬前生育期延后,冬后生育期提前;播种－分蘖期和抽穗－成熟期延长,其他发育期缩短,实际生长天数变化不大。不同生育期内气象要素对冬小麦发育进程和产量影响不同:气温是影响发育进程的主要气象因子,各发育期内均有较大影响;降水对返青后发育进程影响较大;日照主要影响灌浆成熟期。北部麦区气象产量主要受冬前分蘖期、越冬期、起身－拔节期的气温,开花－成熟期的气温和日照,拔节－抽穗期的降水量影响;中南部麦区气象产量主要受全生育期降水量(以返青－抽穗期最为突出)、开花－成熟期的气温和日照影响。     

Tolerence of Wheat and Barley at Different Stages of Growth to 2, 4-D Sprays

Abstract

The tolerance of wheat and barley to 2, 4-D sprayed at six stages of growth, ranging from the 3-leaf stage up to the ripe grain stage, was studied. Five concentrations ranging from 500 to 8000 ppm (a.e.) of 2, 4-D were tested.

All the concentrations sprayed at the 3-leaf stage were phytotoxic to wheat and barley, whereas at the 5-leaf, jointing, and booting-to-heading stages, only 4000 and 8000 ppm were phytotoxic and caused lodging in the two crops. Reductions in plant height were significant at all concentrations used in the case of barley, and at 1000 ppm and above in the case of wheat.

The 8000 ppm treatment, applied at the jointing and anthesis stages, caused significant reductions in the grain yield of wheat; in the case of barley, significant reductions in the grain yield were observed at concentrations ranging from 2000 to 8000 ppm, sprayed at the 3-leaf, booting-to-heading, arid anthesis stages. At the 5-leaf stage, the 1000 ppm treatment gave a highly significant increase of 18.7% in the grain yield over the unweeded check. Significant reductions in the 1000-kernel weight and test weight of the two crops were observed only at the higher concentrations used.

The protein percentages of wheat and barley seeds were significantly increased as a result of the application of 2, 4-D at 2000 to 8000 ppm, sprayed at the 3-leaf, jointing, booting-to-heading, and anthesis stages of growth. However, significant reductions in the protein yield of the two crops were observed at these treatments. No significant effects were observed on the straw yield and germination percentages of wheat and barley as a result of 2, 4-D applications at the various stages of growth.     

Effectiveness of Some Insecticides on Wheat Blossom Midges in Winter Wheat

Orange wheat blossom midge damage can impart serious loss of quantity and quality of winter wheat. Wheat midges were evaluated in large scale field in winter wheat in Bad Lausick (Leipzig, Saxsony) central Germany. The present study aimed at studying the activity of wheat blossom midges WBM, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) and Contarinia tritici (Kirby) using pheromone, sticky traps and two types of water traps. Management of midges with different treatments was studied; Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide) were sprayed on wheat at heading stage (GS 55). Monitoring was conducted before the treatment and continued for 4 weeks after the treatment. Pheromone traps were used for forecasting midge adult population and determine the control date. Water traps were used to assess midge larvae, while midge adults were surveyed using sticky traps. A strong correlation between midge catches and weather conditions was obtained; as well a coincidence between pheromone catches and wheat midge infestation in the susceptible growth stages (GS 47–65) was recorded. Insecticide applications to fields of midge-infested winter wheat significantly reduced the wheat midge damage. There were significant differences in wheat midge numbers between treated and untreated; wheat midge numbers were lower in the treated than in control. The results proved that both Karate and Biscaya caused more mortality to wheat midges than NeemAzal T/S.     

在盐碱地上种植耐盐冬小麦的综合效益研究

种植耐盐冬小麦,是提高盐碱地生产力,收复弃耕三地,开垦盐碱荒地,提高土地利用的一最具生态效益,经济效益和社会效益的办法。本文是“科技兴阿”项目中“石冬五号耐盐冬小麦在阿克苏地区盐碱地推广示范”的工作总结。石冬五号耐盐冬小麦在阿克苏地区盐碱地上种植,表现出较好的耐盐,丰产等生态特性和较好的经济效益,同时具有晚播,利于轮作倒茬和改良土壤等作用。