甘肃地方小麦品种资源HMW GS组成及其品质效应

为了解甘肃小麦地方品种资源HMW-GS的遗传组成及品质效应,检测了340份品种的HMW-GS和其中250份品种的沉淀值、蛋白质和湿面筋含量.结果表明,甘肃小麦地方品种资源Glu-1位点有21种亚基变异,冬、春小麦资源均以null(87.9%和77.4%)、7+8(93.2%和88.7%)和2+12(82.1%和76.7%)为各自位点的优势亚基;有42种亚基组合形式,冬、春小麦资源均以null/7+8/2+12为优势组合(分别占67.1%和56.4%).甘肃小麦地方品种资源中5+10和5+12亚基频率高于国内已报道小麦地方资源.春小麦地方品种1、7+8和5+10亚基在各自位点的品质效应值最高,冬小麦地方品种2*、7+8、5+12亚基在各自位点的品质效应值最高.从供试材料中筛选出在2个以上基因位点具有优质亚基的地方小麦品种48份,其中14份在3个位点都具有优质亚基.     

黄淮麦区部分小麦种质资源高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了深入了解黄淮麦区小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种质资源高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成情况,为品质育种提供信息,利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术对185份普通小麦材料和5份黑粒小麦共计190份种质材料的HMW-GS组成进行了分析.结果表明这些材料在Glu-A1位点具有2种亚基类型(null,1),Glu-B1位点具有5种亚基类型(7 8,7 9,14 15,6 8,17 18),Glu-D1位点上具有3种亚基类型(2 12,5 10,5 12).对面包加工品质具有正效应的优质亚基14 15出现频率为7.36%,5 10出现频率为34.74%,5 12出现频率为2.63%.对面包烘烤而言,优质亚基组合1/14 15/5 10、1/7 8/5 12和1/7 8/5 10出现频率较低,分别为 0.53%、0.53%和11.58%;适合制作优质手工馒头的亚基组合1/7 8/2 12和null/7 8/2 12出现频率分别为6.32%和19.47%;适合制作优质面条的理想亚基组合1/14 15/2 12出现频率为4.21%,较好的亚基组合共计占23.16%.黄淮麦区的小麦种质资源主要适合面条和馒头专用品种的选育.     

陕西关中地区部分小麦新品种(系)的HMW-GS组成分析

为了解陕西省小麦新品种(系)的HMW-GS组成情况及优质亚基的分布特点,为陕西省小麦品质改良提供参考,利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术对参加陕西省2006~2007年度小麦品种区域试验和预备试验的60份小麦新品种(系)的HMW-GS组成及其品质得分进行了分析。结果表明,在参试的60份小麦新品种(系)中,共出现了13种亚基和16种亚基组合类型。Glu-A1位点的1(60.0%)和Null(36.7%)亚基、Glu-B1位点的7 8(38.3%)、7 9(41.6%)亚基和Glu-D1位点的2 12亚基(73.3%)是主要亚基;优质亚基14 15和5 10的出现频率分别为13.4%和20.0%;亚基组合Null/7 8/2 12和1/7 9/2 12为主要组合类型,其频率都为18.3%,优质亚基组合1/14 15/5 10的出现频率仅为3.3%;出现了一些携带17 18、6 8和20等稀有亚基和少见的亚基组合(如1/6 8/5 10、1/20/5 10和Null/7 9/3 12等)类型的材料。参试材料的HMW-GS品质评分平均7.1分,8分以上的材料有23个,占总材料数的38.3%。说明陕西省近年新育成的小麦新品种(系)Glu-1位点的遗传基础有所改善,但仍不太理想。在品质育种上,应加强优质亚基种质材料的引进、筛选与利用,同时加强优质亚基的聚合育种。     

黄淮麦区部分小麦地方品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了解黄淮麦区小麦地方品种的遗传多样性,并为品质改良提供基础材料,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)方法,分析了黄淮麦区(黄淮平原副区、汾渭谷地副区)1 389份小麦地方品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)的组成.结果表明,在供试材料中,Glu-1位点共有23种等位基因,其中Glu-A1位点3种,Glu-B1位点11种,Glu-D1位点9种,亚基null、7 8、2 12在各自的位点上出现频率最高,分别达到了98.63%、82.83%和92.65%.亚基组成类型共有42种,主要为null/7 8/2 12,频率达75.65%.筛选出一些含有1、2*、13 16、14 15、5 10、5 12等优质亚基的材料,其中有9份材料具有优质亚基组合,可作为优质基因源.同时,还对多个材料具有同一名称的254份材料从HMW-GS组成和农艺性状方面进行了综合分析,最终筛选出了18种共计51份同名材料,分别疑为同种材料,2份白芒糙和2份紫茎白,分别可确定为同一份材料.     

50份哈萨克斯坦小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基解析

为发掘优良的小麦种质资源,利用SDS-PAGE技术分析了50份哈萨克斯坦小麦种质高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及其品质得分。结果表明,50份供试材料中共检测到8种亚基类型,其中在 Glu-A1位点有2种亚基类型（Null,1）, Glu-B1位点有2种亚基类型（7＋8,7＋9）,在 Glu-D1位点有4种亚基类型（5＋10, 2＋10,2＋12,4＋12）。利用PCR分子标记对所得到的高分子量谷蛋白亚基进行验证,结果一致。在50份哈萨克斯坦小麦中,优质亚基1、7＋8、5＋10的出现频率较高,分别为34%、22%、56%。亚基组合Null/7＋9/5＋10在所有亚基组合类型中出现频率最高,为28%,品质得分为7分,而组合1/7＋8/5＋10出现频率仅为8%,品质得分为10分;供试材料品质得分大多为7、8分,平均为7.10分。出现频率较高的优质亚基可以作为改善现有品种亚基组成状况的亲本材料。     

黄淮南片小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及其与品质的关系

为了解小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成与品质之间的关系,对177份黄淮南片地区小麦品种(系)的HMW-GS组成及其品质进行了检测。结果表明,177份材料在Glu-A1位点上有3种亚基类型(N、1、2*),在Glu-B1位点上有5种亚基类型(7+8、7+9、14+15、17+18、13+16),在Glu-D1位点上有3种亚基类型(2+12、5+10、5+12),1、14+15、5+10亚基的出现频率分别为73.45%、11.86%和48.02%。1、7+8、17+18、5+10亚基对蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、峰值曲线面积、峰高、SDS沉淀值、8min带高、8min曲线面积、形成时间、稳定时间都具有较大的正向效应。共检测到19种不同的亚基组合类型,其中1/7+8/5+10亚基组合的小麦品种(系)各项品质指标均较优,其次是1/7+8/2+12亚基组合品种(系),N/7+9/2+12和N/14+15/5+10亚基组合类型小麦的品质较差。     

甘肃省冬小麦农家品种与改良品种的HMW-GS变异及品质效应比较

为了解甘肃冬小麦农家品种和改良品种HMW-GS变异及品质效应,为小麦品质改良和亲本选用提供依据,采用SDS-PAGE法和近红外反射光谱法检测340份品种的HMW-GS和其中252份的沉淀值、蛋白质和湿面筋含量.结果表明,340份品种在Glu-1位点共有14种亚基变异,34种亚基组合形式.Glu-A1位点共有3种变异,亚基缺失(null)的频率最高,1和2*亚基出现的频率改良品种(36.9%)比农家品种(12.0%)高;Glu-B1位点共有7种变异,7+8亚基出现的频率最高,改良品种比农家品种降低36.1个百分点;Glu-D1位点有4种亚基变异,2+12亚基出现频率最高,改良品种比农家品种降低11个百分点,5+10亚基的频率改良品种较农家品种提高17.6个百分点.含5+12亚基的农家品种及含14+15亚基的改良品种综合品质较优.从供试改良品种中筛选出在2个以上基因位点具有优质亚基的品种46个,其中10个品种在3个位点上都具有优质亚基.     

西藏小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及其与蛋白质含量和沉淀值的关系

为明确西藏小麦品种不同高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)对小麦品质的作用,对210份小麦品种的HMW-GS组成与蛋白质含量和沉淀值之间的关系进行了研究,结果表明,在Glu-A1位点上,亚基1、null和2*出现的频率依次为50.00%、34.76%和15.24%,各亚基对蛋白质含量和沉淀值的作用均为2*＞1＞null;在Glu-B1位点上,亚基7 8和7 9出现频率分别为45.71%和37.14%,远高于其它亚基出现的频率,各亚基对蛋白质含量的作用为7＞14 15＞17 18＞6＞7 9＞22＞7 8＞6 8,对沉淀值的作用为17 18＞7＞14 15＞7 9＞7 8＞6＞6 8＞22;在Glu-D1位点上,5 10与2 12出现频率分别为52.38%和47.14%,亚基12出现频率较低,各亚基对蛋白质含量的作用为 5 10＞12＞2 12,对沉淀值的作用为5 10＞2 12＞12.HMW-GS所对应的蛋白质含量与沉淀值之间的相关系数为0.6535,达到了显著水平.以蛋白质含量为评价指标,较优的亚基组合有1/17 18/2 12、1/7/5 10、1/17 18/5 10、1/6 8/2 12、null/22/2 12、2*/17 18/5 10.以沉淀值为评价指标,较优的亚基组合有1/14 15/2 12、2*/17 18/5 10、2*/7/5 10.以蛋白质含量与沉淀值相结合为评价指标,本研究中HMW-GS的最优搭配为2*/17 18/5 10,其次为2*/7/5 10.HMW-GS组成类型所对应的蛋白质含量与沉淀值之间的相关系数为0.5571(P＜0.05),达到了显著水平.     

绵阳(绵麦)系列小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基分析

为研究高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)在四川小麦品质育种中的价值,利用SDS-PAGE方法对43个绵阳(绵麦)系列小麦品种的HMW-GS进行了分析。结果共检测出7种HWM-GS类型和9种亚基组合类型。Glu-A1位点有2种亚基,null(N)占优势;Glu-B1位点有3种亚基,7+9与7+8占优势;Glu-D1位点有2种亚基,优质亚基5+10占优势。优势亚基组合类型为N、7+8、5+10。在优质亚基中,1亚基出现的频率为27.91%,7+8亚基出现的频率为44.19%,5+10亚基出现的频率高达65.12%。随时间变迁,优质亚基1和5+10呈上升趋势,而7+8呈下降趋势。优质亚基对蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间和沉降值等品质性状都有正向影响,尤其是优质亚基1或5+10的导入显著提高了沉降值。因此,在四川小麦品质育种中,可以通过聚合优质亚基1和5+10来改善沉降值等品质性状;同时还应引进优质亚基2*、17+18和14+15。     

西藏小麦品种资源HMW-GS组成研究

为了给小麦品质改良提供基础材料,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)方法,分析了西藏地方品种、西藏主要育成品种和近几年从国内外引进品种(系)等805份小麦的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HWM-GS)组成。结果表明,Glu-1位点共有24种等位基因,其中Glu-A1位点4种、Glu-B1位点10种、Glu-D1位点10种;亚基N、7 8和2 12在各自位点的频率最高,分别为66.70%、40.25%和59.88%;另外,在Glu-D1位点,还发现有了稀有亚基2.2 12,其频率为0.62%。引进品种的2^*、14 15、17 18和5 10等优质亚基出现的频率较西藏主要育成品种高,西藏主要育成品种中优质亚基5 10的频率仅为0.24%,西藏品种亚基组合类型主要为N,7 8,2 12。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.