奶牛皱胃变位发病机理及其治疗

最近20年来,我国奶牛集约化饲养的规模在大中城市近郊地区迅速扩大,其皱胃变位的发病率也有明显增加。调查发现,平均有3.3%的奶牛会发生皱胃变位,产前3周到产后4周的围产期是发生此病的危险期。其中有85%表现为左方变位（left displace,LD）,15%表现为右方变位（right displace,RD）。文章从皱胃弛缓、机械性因素、胃壁损伤、某些营养物质缺乏、有毒物质慢性中毒、遗传因素及饲养管理等方面阐述了皱胃变位的可能发病原因及可能的发病机理,从而对该病的实验室检验指标进行描述和分析,以便建立系统的诊断思路。     

奶牛皱胃变位

皱胃的正常解剖学位置改变,称为皱胃变位.皱胃变位是奶牛常见的一种皱胃疾病,按其变位的方向分为左方变位和右方变位两种类型.在兽医临床上,绝大多数病例是左方变位.皱胃变位发病高峰在分娩后6周内,也可散发于泌乳期或怀孕期,成年高产奶牛的发病率高于低产母牛.犊牛与公牛较少发病,断奶前常发生右方变位.奶牛皱胃变位病伴随着奶牛集约化饲养的扩大而逐年增加,每年有大量奶牛因该病死亡或产奶量下降,部分治愈的奶牛仍可复发或产奶量持续低下.     

奶牛分娩后血浆孕酮及电解质水平变化与皱胃变位的关系

本试验对产前产后奶牛及皱胃变位奶牛血浆孕酮、电解质水平的变化进行了研究,旨在揭示奶牛皱胃变位产后高发可能的病因和发病机理。结果表明,皱胃变位奶牛产后发病率较高可能与分娩和分娩后血清孕酮水平突然降低,导致醛固酮作用加强,使得分娩后奶牛出现低血钾,从而直接造成奶牛皱胃变位的发生。     

奶牛皱胃左方变位的诊治及其注意事项

1病因 目前临床上奶牛常发生皱胃变位,分左方变位及右方扭转。本病发生的原因主要有饲养管理不当,精料饲喂过多,运动不足。饲料不全价,缺乏钙、磷或比例不正确,缺乏各种微量元素,奶牛产后的突然运动也可引起皱胃变位。2症状与诊断皱胃左方变位多发生于奶牛分娩后,特别是头产奶牛,少数发生在产前。奶牛发生该病后表现胃肠弛缓,不愿吃料,喝水减少。     

奶牛皱胃变位的发生及诊治

奶牛皱胃变位是指奶牛皱胃左方变位和右方变位的总称。临床上以左方变位多见,研究也较多,而右方变位在临床上较少见。阵脱逃 近年来,伴随着奶牛集约化饲养的扩大,饲养管理方式的改变,以及饲养人员对该病的重视,使得皱胃变位的发病原因、诊治和预防等都有了较大的进展。     

奶牛皱胃变位的保守疗法

奶牛皱胃变位(DislocationAbomasi)是奶牛皱胃的自然生理位置发生改变的疾病,分左方变位和右方变位(皱胃扭转)两种,临床上以左方变位为多见。奶牛皱胃变位病伴随着奶牛集约化饲养的扩大而逐年增加,每年有大量奶牛因该病死亡或产奶量下降,部分治愈的奶牛仍可复发或产奶量持续低下。1病因1.1饲料及分娩因素日粮中精料过多,而粗饲料,特别是优质干草等容积性饲料缺乏,饲料在瘤胃停留时间缩短,消化不够充分就进入皱胃,在增加皱胃负担的同时产生大量挥发性脂肪酸及乳酸,使皱胃发生弛缓而扩张。与此同时,腹腔中的胎儿不断长大,对皱胃产生压迫,进一…     

奶牛皱胃变位的保守疗法

奶牛皱胃变位是奶牛皱胃的自然生理位置发生改变的疾病,分左方变位和右方变位(皱胃扭转)两种,临床上以左方变位多见。奶牛皱胃变位病伴随着奶牛集约化饲养的扩大而逐年增加,每年有大量奶牛因该病死亡或产奶量下降,部分治愈的奶牛仍可复发或产奶量持续低下。     

奶牛皱胃变位的保守疗法

奶牛皱胃变位是奶牛皱胃的自然生理位置发生改变的疾病，分左方变位和右方变位(皱胃扭转)两种，临床上以左方变位多见。奶牛皱胃变位病伴随着奶牛集约化饲养的扩大而逐年增加，每年有大量奶牛因该病死亡或产奶量下降。部分治愈的奶牛仍可复发或产奶量持续低下。     

奶牛皱胃变位的辩证论治

<正> 皱胃变位是成年奶牛的一种消化机能障碍性疾病,近年来该病的发病率有上升趋势。由于皱胃变位的病因学和发病机理还未确定,所以该病的防制或预防还没有一个明确的方案。但皱胃弛缓、低钙血症等可能是诱发该病的主要因素。本病的发生,临床上表现以下特征:约80％的变位发生在分娩后30d以内;以2～4胎次体格健壮的、11月份到次年5月份奶牛发     

奶牛皱胃变位的辩证论治

皱胃变位是成年奶牛的一种消化机能障碍性疾病，近年来该病的发病率有上升趋势。由于皱胃变位的病因学和发病机理还未确定，所以该病的防制或预防还没有一个明确的方案。但皱胃迟缓、低钙血症可能是诱发该病的主要因素。本病临床上表现以下特征：约80％的变位发生在分娩后30天以内、以2～4胎次体格健     

An outbreak of dictyocaulosis in lactating cows on a dairy farm

CASE DESCRIPTION: The owner of a herd of 74 Holstein-Friesian cattle reported decreased milk production, weight loss, and coughing among lactating cows. Owner-initiated antimicrobial treatment was unsuccessful; 1 lactating cow died, and 50% of the lactating cows had clinical signs of respiratory distress, such as tachypnea and coughing. CLINICAL FINDINGS: On the basis of history, physical examination findings, and fecal examination results, affected animals were determined to have Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm) infestation. The disease history suggested that the herd contained cows with subclinical patent lungworm infestations; after introduction of susceptible heifers, the pastures had become heavily infested with D viviparus and clinical problems subsequently developed in both newly introduced and resident cows. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Affected and unaffected heifers and adult cows were treated with a pour-on formulation of eprinomectin (0.5 mg/kg [0.23 mg/lb]). One animal died, but 2 weeks after treatment, clinical signs among affected cattle were markedly improved. Ten weeks after treatment, milk production improved from 23 kg/cow/d (51 lb/cow/d) to 28 kg/cow/d (62 lb/cow/d). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The outbreak provides additional evidence that dictyocaulosis is becoming more common among adult dairy cattle, rather than almost exclusively affecting young stock. This may be attributable to anthelmintic use and management practices on dairy farms. Combined with anecdotal reports of an increase in the incidence of dictyocaulosis among adult cattle in North America, D viviparus infestation should be included as a differential diagnosis for decreased milk production, weight loss, and coughing among adult dairy cattle.     

The effect of an outbreak of respiratory disease on herd-level milk production of Norwegian dairy farms

This study was done to evaluate the effect of an outbreak of acute respiratory disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on the daily milk yield per cow in Norwegian dairy-cattle farms. Retrospective data from 184 dairy herds located in two neighbouring veterinary districts during the study period (December 1994–May 1995, during which an epidemic of acute respiratory disease associated with BRSV occurred in this area) were analysed. Data on the bulk-milk deliveries and the date of the outbreak were collected at herd level, whereas information on calving dates and parity was collected at cow-level. The effect of the herd outbreaks on the daily milk yield was analysed with a repeated-measurement approach. The average daily milk loss was estimated to be 0.70 kg per cow for 7 days after a herd outbreak (compared with the period >1 week prior to an outbreak), adjusted for the herd-level lactation stage, parity and their interaction term. We consider the estimated milk loss associated with a herd outbreak of epidemic respiratory disease to be of minor importance.     

Incidence and transmission of Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in Holstein dairy cows in a hospital pen: A case study

The objective was to determine the incidence and transmission of mycoplasma mastitis in the hospital pen in a dairy herd of 650 lactating cows after a hospital pen was established following an outbreak of this disease. Mycoplasma mastitis status was monitored for 3 months through repeated collection of milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis (CM) and from bulk tank milk. During the outbreak 13 cows were diagnosed with Mycoplasma bovis CM, 1 cow with Mycoplasma sp. mastitis and 8 cows showed signs of arthritis, 3 of which were confirmed as having M. bovis arthritis. M. bovis isolates from cows with CM, arthritis and bulk tank milk had indistinguishable chromosomal digest pattern fingerprints. Incidence rates of M. bovis CM cases in the milking and hospital pens were 0.01 and 1.7 cases per 100 cow-days at risk. Approximately 70% of cows with M. bovis CM became infected within 12 days of entering the hospital pen. Transmission of M. bovis in the hospital pen occurred as 3 episodes. Each episode corresponded to the introduction of a cow with M. bovis CM from a milking pen. Evidence indicates that cows with M. bovis CM from milking pens were the source of transmission of the disease in the hospital pen and thus their presence in the hospital pen appeared to be a risk factor for transmission of M. bovis mastitis in this single case study herd.     

Association between milk production, somatic cell count and bacterial dermatoses in three dairy cattle herds

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlations between three bacterial dermatoses in cattle, milk production and bulk-milk somatic cell count (BMSCC). DESIGN: Field observations in three dairy cattle herds. METHODS: Milk production, BMSCC, fertility and all herd diseases were recorded by computerised dairy management systems. Each herd was visited twice weekly and the clinical signs, course of diseases and morbidity and culling rates were noted. Bulk-tank milk was sampled twice monthly and analysed for somatic cell count. Bacteriological and histological examinations were carried out from samples collected from affected animals in the respective herds. RESULTS: The acute exudative form of dermatophilosis was diagnosed only in first-calving cows. The morbidity rate was 53% and the culling rate was 16% of the affected animals. The BMSCC increased by a factor of 2.4 times, and there was an average loss of milk production of 30%/cow/day in affected animals. Ulcerative lymphangitis was diagnosed in first-calving cows (22%) and older cows (15%). The culling rate was 28%. The BMSCC increased by a factor of 17.3 times, and the average loss of milk production was 5.5%/affected animal/day. Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) was diagnosed in first-calving cows (25%) and in older cows (18%). The culling rate was 8%. The BMSCC increased by a factor of two times, and the average loss of milk production was 1.7%/affected animal/day. CONCLUSIONS: The correlations between three skin diseases (ulcerative lymphangitis, dermatophilosis, papillomatous digital dermatitis), milk production and BMSCC have been found to be unfavourable.     

奶牛繁殖疾病的调控

本文综述了奶牛繁殖疾病的发病原因和调控措施，分析认为奶牛的营养状况是影响奶牛繁殖力的重要因素。理想的奶牛管理应做到整个泌乳期始终监测奶牛的体况和奶牛日粮中微量元素的维生素的含量，避免营养素的不平衡而引发的奶牛繁殖障碍，同时应避免奶牛过肥或过瘦。适当补充某些维生素和矿物质十分重要。     

初产母牛乳腺炎的防制

乳腺炎是一种多病因疾病,同时受到环境、病原菌及动物自身条件的影响,初产母牛乳腺炎的发病率要高于经产母牛,针对初产母牛的特点,作者从卫生管理、乳头密封剂的应用、疫苗控制、产前挤奶、蝇的控制、乳腺炎母牛乳汁的饮用、乳房水肿的防控、综合管理等方面对其进行了多角度的分析,以其为临床治疗提供参考。     

Patterns of uterine prolapse in dairy cows and prognosis after treatment

A 12-month study was undertaken in a 9-veterinarian dairy practice to determine patterns of uterine prolapse and factors associated with posttreatment survival. Of 220,000 cows in herds visited by veterinarians from the practice, 200 (0.09%) developed prolapses mostly (155/169 with data) in the first 24 hours after calving. Most cows (130/200) had prolapses during fall and winter months, and assistance was required in 47 of 200 calvings that resulted in prolapses. Treatment of affected cows (n = 196) consisted of cleansing and replacement of the uterus, insertion of perivulvar retention sutures, local and systemic administration of antibiotics, and parenteral administration of dexamethasone and oxytocin. Calcium was administered to cows with milk fever (n = 117) and to multiparous cows without milk fever attended by veterinarian 9 (n = 8). Crude recovery rate after 2 weeks was 72.4%, but recovery was significantly better if the calf was born alive (P = 0.001), the cow was primiparous (P = 0.03), the cow did not have stage-3 milk fever (P = 0.003), or if the cow was attended by veterinarian 9 (P = 0.01). Time to treatment was not significantly associated with recovery, but affected cows were treated mostly (127/156) within 2 hours of occurrence of the prolapse. By multivariable analysis, presence of a liveborn calf, parity, and lack of stage-3 milk fever, but not attending veterinarian, were significant (P less than 0.05) prognostic indicators of 2-week survival.     

奶牛复合酶制剂FE907对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响

目的:研究酶制剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能和疾病的影响.方法:选取28头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,每组14头.2组奶牛在全混合日粮上分别添加0、20 g/(头·d)复合酶制剂FE907,实验期4周.结果:实验组奶牛日均产乳量提高了1.6 kg/d(P＞0.05);实验组乳脂率比对照组提高0.08％,乳脂量提高0.09 kg/d,差异显著(P＜0.05),乳蛋白率提高0.06％,乳蛋白量提高0.07 kg/d,经济效益每天每头奶牛比对照组多盈利6.28元.结论:奶牛日粮中添加20 g/(头·d)的奶牛复合酶制剂FE907,可以提高产乳量,改善乳成分,提高经济效益,同时,可以在一定程度上降低患乳房炎的风险.     

A herd level analysis of a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis outbreak in a dairy cattle herd

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in an Israeli dairy cattle herd is described. The disease was characterized by ulcerative granulomatous lesions, which occurred in an epidemic form. Thirty-two cows and two heifers were affected, the ratio of the number affected to number at risk being 17.5 : 1 and 9.5 : 1, respectively. The culling rate was 50% of the affected animals. Most of the affected animals were cows (91.2%), with one first-calving cow (2.9%) and two heifers (5.9%) also affected. The infection occurred during the summer to autumn months (August-December), and lasted 118 days. The incubation period is about 2 months. The disease appeared in two clinical forms - cutaneous and mastitic - or as a mixed form. C. pseudotuberculosis organisms that were isolated from the ulcerative granulomatous lesions and from milk samples failed to reduce nitrate. A decrease in milk production (4%) and an increase in the bulk-milk somatic cell count from a herd mean of 240 x 10(3) mL(-1) to 460 x 10(3) mL(-1) were noted during the morbidity period. The organism was isolated from milk samples of eight animals (25%). Clinical, epizootiological and microbiological aspects of the infection are described.     

Nutritional myodegeneration in dairy cows

A syndrome is described in which parturient dairy cows showed clinical signs consistent with milk fever but failed to respond to conventional therapy. The affected cows were reluctant to walk, moved stiffy and in severe cases became recumbent. The condition was apparently precipitated by low vitaimin E and selenium intake, stress of pregnancy and in one outbreak erratic feeding. Skeletal and cardiac myodegeneration were observed grossly and histologically but an almost full term fetus from an affected cow showed no muscle lesions. A high incidence of retained placentae was also recorded.